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The Sarbanes-Oxley , 2002 contains following provisions which determines more adequacy of control over financial statements. One of the core elements of Sarbanes-Oxley was to clearly define and place responsibility for a company’s financial statements with its cchief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO), SOX mandated that these executives certify the following items (among others) for each annual and quarterly report: • They have reviewed the report • Based on their knowledge, the financial information included in the report is fairly presented • Based on their knowledge, the report does not contain any untrue statement of material fact or omit a material fact that would make the financial statements misleading • They acknowledge their responsibility for establishing and maintaining internal controls over financial reporting and other disclosures • They have evaluated the effectiveness of these controls, presented their conclusion as to effectiveness and disclosed any material changes in the company’s controls. SOX required companies to provide audit committees with the resources and authority to engage independent counsel and advisers to help them carry out their duties. SOX also required audit committees to establish procedures for receiving whistleblower complaints regarding accounting, auditing and internal control irregularities and to provide for the confidential and anonymous treatment of employee concerns regarding such matters. In addition, SOX enhanced the external auditor’s required communications with the audit committee to include the following: • A discussion of all critical accounting policies and practices used by the company • All alternative accounting treatments that have been discussed with management, the ramifications of the use of alternative disclosures and accounting treatments and the accounting treatment preferred by the audit firm • Other material written communications between the auditor and management. Conclusion: I think the provisions of Sarbanes oxely Act are adequate, We should also focus on the practicality of ever changing corporote world . A recent report showed that chances of reinstatement of financial statements are 46% higher for the companies who do follow sarbanes- oxley act. See this provision of Sarbanes oxely act. Officers and directors are prohibited from trading during pension “blackout” periods: The Act prohibits corporate officers and directors from trading company securities during a pension fund “blackout” period . It was never there . It was aptly introduced by Sarbanes-oxely Act. Solution The Sarbanes-Oxley , 2002 contains following provisions which determines more adequacy of control over financial statements. One of the core elements of Sarbanes-Oxley was to clearly define and place responsibility for a company’s financial statements with its cchief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO), SOX mandated that these executives certify the following it.
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1Emerging Auditing IssuesByWeek .docx
1
Emerging Auditing Issues
By
Week 8 Assignment 4
ACC 571 Emerging Auditing Technologies
Instructor
Dr.
University
February 27, 2016
ABSTRACT
Following the numerous pre-2002 accounting scandals that bedeviled corporate America, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Law of 2002 (SOX,2002), to prevent and deter future accounting fraud, protect investors and increase confidence in public company financial accounting reporting and ensure confidence in the US stock markets. SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) charged with overseeing public company audits, setting audit standards, and investigating acts of noncompliance by auditors or audit firms. The PCAOB which is set up by the Securities and Exchange Commission under SOX, 2002 has the following responsibilities: registration of public accounting firms that audit publicly traded companies, establishing or adopting auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to audits of publicly traded companies, inspecting public accounting firms, investigating registered public accounting firms and their employees, conducting disciplinary hearings, and imposing sanctions were justified, performing such other duties as necessary to promote high professional standards among registered accounting firms, and enforcing compliance with the SOX Act, 2002, the rules of the Board, professional standards, and securities laws relating to public company audits.( Kranacher, et, al 2010).
In this document attempt is made to evaluate the impact of PCAOB, herein after called the Board, in improving the reliability of audited financial statement of public companies, and assess the impact of the Board’s regulatory role on the accounting profession. The document further evaluates whether or not the Board should issue additional regulations regarding the responsibilities for corporate officers and auditors of financial statements and their impact on financial statement integrity. It looks at the impact of SOX regulation on internal control environment and speculates on the level of testing necessary to provide assurance of completeness and accuracy for CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. The document assesses how the System Design Life Cycle model would impact the emerging issues, recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issues and determine the types of fraud schemes that might go undetected if these recommendations are not implemented.
Has PCAOB been effective with improving the reliability of audited financial statement for the public users of the information?
The establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in line with SOX as an independent oversight body of public company audits has ended more than 100 years of self-regulation and improved the quality and integrity of financial reporting. By shifting responsibility for external auditor relationship from.
Cost benefits of sox compliance
The purpose of this paper to highlight key rules introduced in Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002 and cost/benefits of compliance process.
BACK TO P r e s id i k 0 f I,, Tikofi &I A s s o c i a.docx
BACK TO P r e s i
d i k 0 f I,
, Tikofi &
I A s s o c i a t e s , C h i c a g o , 111.
( 7 7 3 ) 2 6 8 - 8 0 0 6 ^
M a r y T o t t e n , P r e s i d e n t ,
T o t t e n & A s s o c i a t e s ,
Oak P a r k , 111.
( 7 0 8 ) 3 8 3 - 1 1 1 5
Governance in the Spotlight: What the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Means for You
F
ollowing a wave of high-profile corporate business and
governance scandals, Congress passed the Public
Company Accounting Reform & Investor Protection Act
of 2002 (Public Law 107-240), better known as the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. This legislation contains the most sweeping and
comprehensive set of public-company
governance, financial and accounting
reforms enacted in more than 30 years.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, intended to
protect investors and renew public trust in
corporations and their boards, set the stage
for even broader reforms promulgated by
the stock exchanges and other business
and investor protection groups.
These emerging requirements and
standards are widely perceived as
governance "best practices" for both for-
profit and not-for-profit organizations
alike. Attorneys, consultants and
governance experts agree that it is only a
matter of time before the Sarbanes
legislation and the rules and regulations
designed to implement it. will be broadly
applied to not-for-profit governance and
used as the yardstick against which board
performance and accountability are
measured.
S a r b a n e s a t a G l a n c e
While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act leaves
many questions unanswered and allows
federal agencies broad discretion in
enforcing its requirements with publicly-
held companies, the following provisions
are applicable to nonprofit organizations:
• The role of independent directors and
their representation on audit and other key
board committees
• Executive compensation and loan
arrangements
• New disclosure requirements for
changes affecting the company's financial
status and the adequacy of company
financial statements and controls
• Detailed codes of ethics, business
conduct and comprehensive conflict-of-
interest policies.
Each of these areas is discussed in
more detail below.
Independent directors. Independent
directors arc the linchpin of many of the
public-company reforms. To be
considered "independent." directors must
be tree of relationships with the
company/organization or its management
that might influence their decisions.
Relationships affecting director
independence include employment,
vendor, or consulting arrangements, as
well as indirect links through family,
business or charitable organizations in
which the board member may hold an
officer or director position.
Sarbanes-Oxley and the related rules
of stock-listing organizations (such as the
New York Stock Exchange) sharpen the
focus on the role of independent directors
by specifying governance oversight
activities in which only independent
direetors should be involved. For example.
independent directors must meet together
at regular intervals without eithe.
BACK TO P r e s id i k 0 f I,, Tikofi &I A s s o c i a.docx
BACK TO P r e s i
d i k 0 f I,
, Tikofi &
I A s s o c i a t e s , C h i c a g o , 111.
( 7 7 3 ) 2 6 8 - 8 0 0 6 ^
M a r y T o t t e n , P r e s i d e n t ,
T o t t e n & A s s o c i a t e s ,
Oak P a r k , 111.
( 7 0 8 ) 3 8 3 - 1 1 1 5
Governance in the Spotlight: What the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Means for You
F
ollowing a wave of high-profile corporate business and
governance scandals, Congress passed the Public
Company Accounting Reform & Investor Protection Act
of 2002 (Public Law 107-240), better known as the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. This legislation contains the most sweeping and
comprehensive set of public-company
governance, financial and accounting
reforms enacted in more than 30 years.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, intended to
protect investors and renew public trust in
corporations and their boards, set the stage
for even broader reforms promulgated by
the stock exchanges and other business
and investor protection groups.
These emerging requirements and
standards are widely perceived as
governance "best practices" for both for-
profit and not-for-profit organizations
alike. Attorneys, consultants and
governance experts agree that it is only a
matter of time before the Sarbanes
legislation and the rules and regulations
designed to implement it. will be broadly
applied to not-for-profit governance and
used as the yardstick against which board
performance and accountability are
measured.
S a r b a n e s a t a G l a n c e
While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act leaves
many questions unanswered and allows
federal agencies broad discretion in
enforcing its requirements with publicly-
held companies, the following provisions
are applicable to nonprofit organizations:
• The role of independent directors and
their representation on audit and other key
board committees
• Executive compensation and loan
arrangements
• New disclosure requirements for
changes affecting the company's financial
status and the adequacy of company
financial statements and controls
• Detailed codes of ethics, business
conduct and comprehensive conflict-of-
interest policies.
Each of these areas is discussed in
more detail below.
Independent directors. Independent
directors arc the linchpin of many of the
public-company reforms. To be
considered "independent." directors must
be tree of relationships with the
company/organization or its management
that might influence their decisions.
Relationships affecting director
independence include employment,
vendor, or consulting arrangements, as
well as indirect links through family,
business or charitable organizations in
which the board member may hold an
officer or director position.
Sarbanes-Oxley and the related rules
of stock-listing organizations (such as the
New York Stock Exchange) sharpen the
focus on the role of independent directors
by specifying governance oversight
activities in which only independent
direetors should be involved. For example.
independent directors must meet together
at regular intervals without eithe ...
Sarbanes Oxley: the architecture for operations risk management
Sarbanes Oxley: the architecture for operations risk managementKishore Jethanandani, MBA, MA, MPhil,
Enterprise Risk Management is increasingly important as Sarbanes Oxley raises the costs of lapses in corporate governance. Companies have to learn to preempt disasters and other causes of shortfalls in performanceRecommended
1Emerging Auditing IssuesByWeek .docx
1
Emerging Auditing Issues
By
Week 8 Assignment 4
ACC 571 Emerging Auditing Technologies
Instructor
Dr.
University
February 27, 2016
ABSTRACT
Following the numerous pre-2002 accounting scandals that bedeviled corporate America, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Law of 2002 (SOX,2002), to prevent and deter future accounting fraud, protect investors and increase confidence in public company financial accounting reporting and ensure confidence in the US stock markets. SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) charged with overseeing public company audits, setting audit standards, and investigating acts of noncompliance by auditors or audit firms. The PCAOB which is set up by the Securities and Exchange Commission under SOX, 2002 has the following responsibilities: registration of public accounting firms that audit publicly traded companies, establishing or adopting auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to audits of publicly traded companies, inspecting public accounting firms, investigating registered public accounting firms and their employees, conducting disciplinary hearings, and imposing sanctions were justified, performing such other duties as necessary to promote high professional standards among registered accounting firms, and enforcing compliance with the SOX Act, 2002, the rules of the Board, professional standards, and securities laws relating to public company audits.( Kranacher, et, al 2010).
In this document attempt is made to evaluate the impact of PCAOB, herein after called the Board, in improving the reliability of audited financial statement of public companies, and assess the impact of the Board’s regulatory role on the accounting profession. The document further evaluates whether or not the Board should issue additional regulations regarding the responsibilities for corporate officers and auditors of financial statements and their impact on financial statement integrity. It looks at the impact of SOX regulation on internal control environment and speculates on the level of testing necessary to provide assurance of completeness and accuracy for CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. The document assesses how the System Design Life Cycle model would impact the emerging issues, recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issues and determine the types of fraud schemes that might go undetected if these recommendations are not implemented.
Has PCAOB been effective with improving the reliability of audited financial statement for the public users of the information?
The establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in line with SOX as an independent oversight body of public company audits has ended more than 100 years of self-regulation and improved the quality and integrity of financial reporting. By shifting responsibility for external auditor relationship from.
Cost benefits of sox compliance
The purpose of this paper to highlight key rules introduced in Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002 and cost/benefits of compliance process.
BACK TO P r e s id i k 0 f I,, Tikofi &I A s s o c i a.docx
BACK TO P r e s i
d i k 0 f I,
, Tikofi &
I A s s o c i a t e s , C h i c a g o , 111.
( 7 7 3 ) 2 6 8 - 8 0 0 6 ^
M a r y T o t t e n , P r e s i d e n t ,
T o t t e n & A s s o c i a t e s ,
Oak P a r k , 111.
( 7 0 8 ) 3 8 3 - 1 1 1 5
Governance in the Spotlight: What the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Means for You
F
ollowing a wave of high-profile corporate business and
governance scandals, Congress passed the Public
Company Accounting Reform & Investor Protection Act
of 2002 (Public Law 107-240), better known as the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. This legislation contains the most sweeping and
comprehensive set of public-company
governance, financial and accounting
reforms enacted in more than 30 years.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, intended to
protect investors and renew public trust in
corporations and their boards, set the stage
for even broader reforms promulgated by
the stock exchanges and other business
and investor protection groups.
These emerging requirements and
standards are widely perceived as
governance "best practices" for both for-
profit and not-for-profit organizations
alike. Attorneys, consultants and
governance experts agree that it is only a
matter of time before the Sarbanes
legislation and the rules and regulations
designed to implement it. will be broadly
applied to not-for-profit governance and
used as the yardstick against which board
performance and accountability are
measured.
S a r b a n e s a t a G l a n c e
While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act leaves
many questions unanswered and allows
federal agencies broad discretion in
enforcing its requirements with publicly-
held companies, the following provisions
are applicable to nonprofit organizations:
• The role of independent directors and
their representation on audit and other key
board committees
• Executive compensation and loan
arrangements
• New disclosure requirements for
changes affecting the company's financial
status and the adequacy of company
financial statements and controls
• Detailed codes of ethics, business
conduct and comprehensive conflict-of-
interest policies.
Each of these areas is discussed in
more detail below.
Independent directors. Independent
directors arc the linchpin of many of the
public-company reforms. To be
considered "independent." directors must
be tree of relationships with the
company/organization or its management
that might influence their decisions.
Relationships affecting director
independence include employment,
vendor, or consulting arrangements, as
well as indirect links through family,
business or charitable organizations in
which the board member may hold an
officer or director position.
Sarbanes-Oxley and the related rules
of stock-listing organizations (such as the
New York Stock Exchange) sharpen the
focus on the role of independent directors
by specifying governance oversight
activities in which only independent
direetors should be involved. For example.
independent directors must meet together
at regular intervals without eithe.
BACK TO P r e s id i k 0 f I,, Tikofi &I A s s o c i a.docx
BACK TO P r e s i
d i k 0 f I,
, Tikofi &
I A s s o c i a t e s , C h i c a g o , 111.
( 7 7 3 ) 2 6 8 - 8 0 0 6 ^
M a r y T o t t e n , P r e s i d e n t ,
T o t t e n & A s s o c i a t e s ,
Oak P a r k , 111.
( 7 0 8 ) 3 8 3 - 1 1 1 5
Governance in the Spotlight: What the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Means for You
F
ollowing a wave of high-profile corporate business and
governance scandals, Congress passed the Public
Company Accounting Reform & Investor Protection Act
of 2002 (Public Law 107-240), better known as the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. This legislation contains the most sweeping and
comprehensive set of public-company
governance, financial and accounting
reforms enacted in more than 30 years.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, intended to
protect investors and renew public trust in
corporations and their boards, set the stage
for even broader reforms promulgated by
the stock exchanges and other business
and investor protection groups.
These emerging requirements and
standards are widely perceived as
governance "best practices" for both for-
profit and not-for-profit organizations
alike. Attorneys, consultants and
governance experts agree that it is only a
matter of time before the Sarbanes
legislation and the rules and regulations
designed to implement it. will be broadly
applied to not-for-profit governance and
used as the yardstick against which board
performance and accountability are
measured.
S a r b a n e s a t a G l a n c e
While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act leaves
many questions unanswered and allows
federal agencies broad discretion in
enforcing its requirements with publicly-
held companies, the following provisions
are applicable to nonprofit organizations:
• The role of independent directors and
their representation on audit and other key
board committees
• Executive compensation and loan
arrangements
• New disclosure requirements for
changes affecting the company's financial
status and the adequacy of company
financial statements and controls
• Detailed codes of ethics, business
conduct and comprehensive conflict-of-
interest policies.
Each of these areas is discussed in
more detail below.
Independent directors. Independent
directors arc the linchpin of many of the
public-company reforms. To be
considered "independent." directors must
be tree of relationships with the
company/organization or its management
that might influence their decisions.
Relationships affecting director
independence include employment,
vendor, or consulting arrangements, as
well as indirect links through family,
business or charitable organizations in
which the board member may hold an
officer or director position.
Sarbanes-Oxley and the related rules
of stock-listing organizations (such as the
New York Stock Exchange) sharpen the
focus on the role of independent directors
by specifying governance oversight
activities in which only independent
direetors should be involved. For example.
independent directors must meet together
at regular intervals without eithe ...
Sarbanes Oxley: the architecture for operations risk management
Sarbanes Oxley: the architecture for operations risk managementKishore Jethanandani, MBA, MA, MPhil,
Enterprise Risk Management is increasingly important as Sarbanes Oxley raises the costs of lapses in corporate governance. Companies have to learn to preempt disasters and other causes of shortfalls in performanceAn airline claims that 65 of its flights depart on time. A sample.docx
An airline claims that 65% of its flights depart on time. A sample of 100 flights was examined and it was determined that 63% left on time. If the goal is to test whether less than 65% of the flights depart on time, what is the value of the critical test statistic at the 5% level of significance?
a. t = -1.645
b. t = -1.96
c. z = -1.645
d. z = -1.96
1
BACK TO P r e s i
d i k 0 f I,
, Tikofi &
I A s s o c i a t e s , C h i c a g o , 111.
( 7 7 3 ) 2 6 8 - 8 0 0 6 ^
M a r y T o t t e n , P r e s i d e n t ,
T o t t e n & A s s o c i a t e s ,
Oak P a r k , 111.
( 7 0 8 ) 3 8 3 - 1 1 1 5
Governance in the Spotlight: What the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Means for You
F
ollowing a wave of high-profile corporate business and
governance scandals, Congress passed the Public
Company Accounting Reform & Investor Protection Act
of 2002 (Public Law 107-240), better known as the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. This legislation contains the most sweeping and
comprehensive set of public-company
governance, financial and accounting
reforms enacted in more than 30 years.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, intended to
protect investors and renew public trust in
corporations and their boards, set the stage
for even broader reforms promulgated by
the stock exchanges and other business
and investor protection groups.
These emerging requirements and
standards are widely perceived as
governance "best practices" for both for-
profit and not-for-profit organizations
alike. Attorneys, consultants and
governance experts agree that it is only a
matter of time before the Sarbanes
legislation and the rules and regulations
designed to implement it. will be broadly
applied to not-for-profit governance and
used as the yardstick against which board
performance and accountability are
measured.
S a r b a n e s a t a G l a n c e
While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act leaves
many questions unanswered and allows
federal agencies broad discretion in
enforcing its requirements with publicly-
held companies, the following provisions
are applicable to nonprofit organizations:
• The role of independent directors and
their representation on audit and other key
board committees
• Executive compensation and loan
arrangements
• New disclosure requirements for
changes affecting the company's financial
status and the adequacy of company
financial statements and controls
• Detailed codes of ethics, business
conduct and comprehensive conflict-of-
interest policies.
Each of these areas is discussed in
more detail below.
Independent directors. Independent
directors arc the linchpin of many of the
public-company reforms. To be
considered "independent." directors must
be tree of relationships with the
company/organization or its management
that might influence their decisions.
Relationships affecting director
independence include employment,
vendor, or consulting arrangements, as
well as indirect links through family,
business or charitable organizations in
which the board member may hold an
officer or director posi.
SOX Compliance Checklist Steps for Implementation
Explore CIMCON Software's SOX compliance solutions to streamline audit and compliance processes. Ensure regulatory adherence and strengthen financial reporting with our comprehensive tools.
#SOXCompliance
A study on the evaluation of corporate governance
Presentation on corporate governance of Adiya birla chemicals (india) ltd.
A study on the evaluation of corporate governance
Presentation on corporate governance of Adiya birla chemicals (india) ltd.
Article on audit committee and financial reporting in corporate
Audit committee and financial reporting in Corporate
Role of audit committee in cg - Published in SSRN-id2487167
Abstract:
Corporate governance is very important in our business world today, especially after the frequent non-stop worldwide financial crises. Strong corporate governance is now considered a basic condition to accept and register an organization in most of the Stock Exchange Markets all over the world. The audit committee plays a major role in corporate governance regarding the organization’s direction, control, and accountability. As a representative of the board of directors and main part of the corporate governance mechanism, the audit committee is involved in the organization’s both internal and external audits, internal control, accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and risk management. This paper focuses on the audit committee’s powers, functions, responsibilities, and relationships within the framework of corporate governance.
“According to new research in the Journal of Research in Personality.pdf
“According to new research in the Journal of Research in Personality, extroverts prefer the
ocean, and introverts go for the mountains.” This is the general theme uncovered by a study that
was performed by a team of researchers at the University of Virginia.There are areas where
mountains and ocean cohabitate in an incredible adventure and view feast.
Apparently travel habits are influenced by our personalities.In general, extroverts are described
as outgoing individuals who tend to socialize, suggesting they would gravitate towards places
with more recreational activities and people-watching. Introverts, on the other hand, are defined
as quieter people who don\'t need a lot of outside stimulus. \"We argue that beaches are typically
noisier, with more people to watch, talk to, and hang out with than mountains,” said the study.
“In contrast, mountains offer many secluded places, which facilitate isolation.”
People preferred the ocean over mountains when they wanted to socialize with others, but they
preferred the mountains and the ocean equally when they wanted to decompress alone.Mountains
are not normally a place for socialization. All that open space just screams quiet and
peacefulness. However, decompressing on a busy beach can be difficult. Maybe the participants
of the study were thinking about a more peaceful beach scenario.
Solution
“According to new research in the Journal of Research in Personality, extroverts prefer the
ocean, and introverts go for the mountains.” This is the general theme uncovered by a study that
was performed by a team of researchers at the University of Virginia.There are areas where
mountains and ocean cohabitate in an incredible adventure and view feast.
Apparently travel habits are influenced by our personalities.In general, extroverts are described
as outgoing individuals who tend to socialize, suggesting they would gravitate towards places
with more recreational activities and people-watching. Introverts, on the other hand, are defined
as quieter people who don\'t need a lot of outside stimulus. \"We argue that beaches are typically
noisier, with more people to watch, talk to, and hang out with than mountains,” said the study.
“In contrast, mountains offer many secluded places, which facilitate isolation.”
People preferred the ocean over mountains when they wanted to socialize with others, but they
preferred the mountains and the ocean equally when they wanted to decompress alone.Mountains
are not normally a place for socialization. All that open space just screams quiet and
peacefulness. However, decompressing on a busy beach can be difficult. Maybe the participants
of the study were thinking about a more peaceful beach scenario..
Trueas each officer has fixed paroleelesratio = no of parollesn.pdf
True
as each officer has fixed paroleeles
ratio = no of parolles/no of officer
Solution
True
as each officer has fixed paroleeles
ratio = no of parolles/no of officer.
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An airline claims that 65 of its flights depart on time. A sample.docx
An airline claims that 65% of its flights depart on time. A sample of 100 flights was examined and it was determined that 63% left on time. If the goal is to test whether less than 65% of the flights depart on time, what is the value of the critical test statistic at the 5% level of significance?
a. t = -1.645
b. t = -1.96
c. z = -1.645
d. z = -1.96
1
BACK TO P r e s i
d i k 0 f I,
, Tikofi &
I A s s o c i a t e s , C h i c a g o , 111.
( 7 7 3 ) 2 6 8 - 8 0 0 6 ^
M a r y T o t t e n , P r e s i d e n t ,
T o t t e n & A s s o c i a t e s ,
Oak P a r k , 111.
( 7 0 8 ) 3 8 3 - 1 1 1 5
Governance in the Spotlight: What the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Means for You
F
ollowing a wave of high-profile corporate business and
governance scandals, Congress passed the Public
Company Accounting Reform & Investor Protection Act
of 2002 (Public Law 107-240), better known as the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. This legislation contains the most sweeping and
comprehensive set of public-company
governance, financial and accounting
reforms enacted in more than 30 years.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, intended to
protect investors and renew public trust in
corporations and their boards, set the stage
for even broader reforms promulgated by
the stock exchanges and other business
and investor protection groups.
These emerging requirements and
standards are widely perceived as
governance "best practices" for both for-
profit and not-for-profit organizations
alike. Attorneys, consultants and
governance experts agree that it is only a
matter of time before the Sarbanes
legislation and the rules and regulations
designed to implement it. will be broadly
applied to not-for-profit governance and
used as the yardstick against which board
performance and accountability are
measured.
S a r b a n e s a t a G l a n c e
While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act leaves
many questions unanswered and allows
federal agencies broad discretion in
enforcing its requirements with publicly-
held companies, the following provisions
are applicable to nonprofit organizations:
• The role of independent directors and
their representation on audit and other key
board committees
• Executive compensation and loan
arrangements
• New disclosure requirements for
changes affecting the company's financial
status and the adequacy of company
financial statements and controls
• Detailed codes of ethics, business
conduct and comprehensive conflict-of-
interest policies.
Each of these areas is discussed in
more detail below.
Independent directors. Independent
directors arc the linchpin of many of the
public-company reforms. To be
considered "independent." directors must
be tree of relationships with the
company/organization or its management
that might influence their decisions.
Relationships affecting director
independence include employment,
vendor, or consulting arrangements, as
well as indirect links through family,
business or charitable organizations in
which the board member may hold an
officer or director posi.
SOX Compliance Checklist Steps for Implementation
Explore CIMCON Software's SOX compliance solutions to streamline audit and compliance processes. Ensure regulatory adherence and strengthen financial reporting with our comprehensive tools.
#SOXCompliance
A study on the evaluation of corporate governance
Presentation on corporate governance of Adiya birla chemicals (india) ltd.
A study on the evaluation of corporate governance
Presentation on corporate governance of Adiya birla chemicals (india) ltd.
Article on audit committee and financial reporting in corporate
Audit committee and financial reporting in Corporate
Role of audit committee in cg - Published in SSRN-id2487167
Abstract:
Corporate governance is very important in our business world today, especially after the frequent non-stop worldwide financial crises. Strong corporate governance is now considered a basic condition to accept and register an organization in most of the Stock Exchange Markets all over the world. The audit committee plays a major role in corporate governance regarding the organization’s direction, control, and accountability. As a representative of the board of directors and main part of the corporate governance mechanism, the audit committee is involved in the organization’s both internal and external audits, internal control, accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and risk management. This paper focuses on the audit committee’s powers, functions, responsibilities, and relationships within the framework of corporate governance.
Similar to The Sarbanes-Oxley , 2002 contains following provisions which determ.pdf (20)
An airline claims that 65 of its flights depart on time. A sample.docx
An airline claims that 65 of its flights depart on time. A sample.docx
Article on audit committee and financial reporting in corporate
Article on audit committee and financial reporting in corporate
Role of audit committee in cg - Published in SSRN-id2487167
Role of audit committee in cg - Published in SSRN-id2487167
More from sharnapiyush773
“According to new research in the Journal of Research in Personality.pdf
“According to new research in the Journal of Research in Personality, extroverts prefer the
ocean, and introverts go for the mountains.” This is the general theme uncovered by a study that
was performed by a team of researchers at the University of Virginia.There are areas where
mountains and ocean cohabitate in an incredible adventure and view feast.
Apparently travel habits are influenced by our personalities.In general, extroverts are described
as outgoing individuals who tend to socialize, suggesting they would gravitate towards places
with more recreational activities and people-watching. Introverts, on the other hand, are defined
as quieter people who don\'t need a lot of outside stimulus. \"We argue that beaches are typically
noisier, with more people to watch, talk to, and hang out with than mountains,” said the study.
“In contrast, mountains offer many secluded places, which facilitate isolation.”
People preferred the ocean over mountains when they wanted to socialize with others, but they
preferred the mountains and the ocean equally when they wanted to decompress alone.Mountains
are not normally a place for socialization. All that open space just screams quiet and
peacefulness. However, decompressing on a busy beach can be difficult. Maybe the participants
of the study were thinking about a more peaceful beach scenario.
Solution
“According to new research in the Journal of Research in Personality, extroverts prefer the
ocean, and introverts go for the mountains.” This is the general theme uncovered by a study that
was performed by a team of researchers at the University of Virginia.There are areas where
mountains and ocean cohabitate in an incredible adventure and view feast.
Apparently travel habits are influenced by our personalities.In general, extroverts are described
as outgoing individuals who tend to socialize, suggesting they would gravitate towards places
with more recreational activities and people-watching. Introverts, on the other hand, are defined
as quieter people who don\'t need a lot of outside stimulus. \"We argue that beaches are typically
noisier, with more people to watch, talk to, and hang out with than mountains,” said the study.
“In contrast, mountains offer many secluded places, which facilitate isolation.”
People preferred the ocean over mountains when they wanted to socialize with others, but they
preferred the mountains and the ocean equally when they wanted to decompress alone.Mountains
are not normally a place for socialization. All that open space just screams quiet and
peacefulness. However, decompressing on a busy beach can be difficult. Maybe the participants
of the study were thinking about a more peaceful beach scenario..
Trueas each officer has fixed paroleelesratio = no of parollesn.pdf
True
as each officer has fixed paroleeles
ratio = no of parolles/no of officer
Solution
True
as each officer has fixed paroleeles
ratio = no of parolles/no of officer.
there are several theory on defining acid and base, Lewis acids and .pdf
there are several theory on defining acid and base, Lewis acids and bases is the broadest. The
species donate electron pair is lewis base and the species accept electron pair is lewis acid. so for
the second one. the oxygen in OH- has 3 pair of electrons. It donate one pair to the Al which has
empty p-orbits thus Al accept one pair of electons. So OH- is lewis base, Al(OH)3 is lewis acid.
For the first one, it would be easier when you think their product in water solution. SO2 will give
H2SO3 and CaO will give Ca(OH)2, H2SO3 is clearly a brownsted acid(also lewis acid) and
Ca(OH)2 is a brownsted base(also lewis base).
Solution
there are several theory on defining acid and base, Lewis acids and bases is the broadest. The
species donate electron pair is lewis base and the species accept electron pair is lewis acid. so for
the second one. the oxygen in OH- has 3 pair of electrons. It donate one pair to the Al which has
empty p-orbits thus Al accept one pair of electons. So OH- is lewis base, Al(OH)3 is lewis acid.
For the first one, it would be easier when you think their product in water solution. SO2 will give
H2SO3 and CaO will give Ca(OH)2, H2SO3 is clearly a brownsted acid(also lewis acid) and
Ca(OH)2 is a brownsted base(also lewis base)..
The Statement is False. As there are many applications of hyperbo;ic.pdf
The Statement is False. As there are many applications of hyperbo;ic geometry.The hyperbolic
geometry is used in
1. Cosmology and geometry
2.The theory of general relativity.
3. Application of spherical geometry
4. Celestial mechanics
Solution
The Statement is False. As there are many applications of hyperbo;ic geometry.The hyperbolic
geometry is used in
1. Cosmology and geometry
2.The theory of general relativity.
3. Application of spherical geometry
4. Celestial mechanics.
The main motivation behind software reuse is to avoid wastage of tim.pdf
The main motivation behind software reuse is to avoid wastage of time and money in doing the
same tasks repeatedly:
The five artifacts are as follows:
Portability: It means a product should have easier way of modification so that it can run on a
whole new system without incorporating any new component into it or further increasing its cost.
Suppose a product or a software which is developed and used at one company it may not usefull
for the company now, it may give other charitable companies and only because of portability it is
possible.
Reusability: it itself a artifact of reuse because reusability means using parts of one product to
facilitate the implementation of other product with different or similar features.
COTS: it means commercial off the shelf, Actually these are the readily made parts of a software
which can be incorporated into other software part to give a specific functionality.
COMPONENTS: In reuse, the components which we are using they should be feasible to
conform to architectural model of component model which is to build and integrated.
Checklists, Requirement specifications and intermediate results of product design pattern are
other reusable artifacts.
Solution
The main motivation behind software reuse is to avoid wastage of time and money in doing the
same tasks repeatedly:
The five artifacts are as follows:
Portability: It means a product should have easier way of modification so that it can run on a
whole new system without incorporating any new component into it or further increasing its cost.
Suppose a product or a software which is developed and used at one company it may not usefull
for the company now, it may give other charitable companies and only because of portability it is
possible.
Reusability: it itself a artifact of reuse because reusability means using parts of one product to
facilitate the implementation of other product with different or similar features.
COTS: it means commercial off the shelf, Actually these are the readily made parts of a software
which can be incorporated into other software part to give a specific functionality.
COMPONENTS: In reuse, the components which we are using they should be feasible to
conform to architectural model of component model which is to build and integrated.
Checklists, Requirement specifications and intermediate results of product design pattern are
other reusable artifacts..
The expression evaluation is compiler dependent, and may vary. A g.pdf
The expression evaluation is compiler dependent, and may vary.
A general rule is still followed by many compilers, the rule of precedence and associativity,
which is as follows:
Symbol1
Type of Operation
Associativity
[ ] ( ) . –> postfix ++ and postfix ––
Expression
Left to right
prefix ++ and prefix ––sizeof & * + – ~ !
Unary
Right to left
typecasts
Unary
Right to left
* / %
Multiplicative
Left to right
+ –
Additive
Left to right
<< >>
Bitwise shift
Left to right
< > <= >=
Relational
Left to right
== !=
Equality
Left to right
&
Bitwise-AND
Left to right
^
Bitwise-exclusive-OR
Left to right
|
Bitwise-inclusive-OR
Left to right
&&
Logical-AND
Left to right
||
Logical-OR
Left to right
? :
Conditional-expression
Right to left
= *= /= %=
+= –= <<= >>=&=
^= |=
Simple and compound assignment2
Right to left
,
Sequential evaluation
Left to right
As per the above table the expression (5+11)/(16-100) will be evaluated as
5+11 = 16 then 16-100 = -84 and then 16 / -84 = -0.190476
but if you look at the output in a program it will show it as 0 since it will take the int value.
to see the float value you can use this expression (5.0+11.0)/(16.0-100.0) i.e. just add .0
(decimal 0 to convert it to a float).
Q2. 65-78+90*4
90*4=360 is evaluated first due to high precedance
now, expression becomes 65-78+360 and + and - have the same precedance and the expression
is evaluated from left to right
65-78 = -13
now -13+360 = 347
Q3. 10%2/91*(4-12)
first braces (4-12) = -8
10 % 2 / 91 * -8 now all operators here have the same precedence, and they will be evaluated
from left to right
so, 10%2 = 0
now, the exp. is 0 / 91 * -8
0/91 = 0
now, the exp. is 0 * -8 = 0
2.) the backslash (\\) is used as escape sequence in C/C++, escape sequences when used in
strings represent a different character, to print the given string we need to print the \\ character
itself which is represented by a double backslash i.e. \\\\.
printf(\"The backslash (\\\\) is used in a folder path.\ Don\'t use more than two together.\");
Symbol1
Type of Operation
Associativity
[ ] ( ) . –> postfix ++ and postfix ––
Expression
Left to right
prefix ++ and prefix ––sizeof & * + – ~ !
Unary
Right to left
typecasts
Unary
Right to left
* / %
Multiplicative
Left to right
+ –
Additive
Left to right
<< >>
Bitwise shift
Left to right
< > <= >=
Relational
Left to right
== !=
Equality
Left to right
&
Bitwise-AND
Left to right
^
Bitwise-exclusive-OR
Left to right
|
Bitwise-inclusive-OR
Left to right
&&
Logical-AND
Left to right
||
Logical-OR
Left to right
? :
Conditional-expression
Right to left
= *= /= %=
+= –= <<= >>=&=
^= |=
Simple and compound assignment2
Right to left
,
Sequential evaluation
Left to right
Solution
The expression evaluation is compiler dependent, and may vary.
A general rule is still followed by many compilers, the rule of precedence and associativity,
which is as follows:
Symbol1
Type of Operation
Associativity
[ ] ( ) . –> postfix ++ and postfix ––
Expression
Left to right
prefix ++ and prefi.
public class Storm { Attributes private String stormName;.pdf
public class Storm {
//Attributes
private String stormName;
private int stormYear;
private String stormStart;
private String stormEnd;
private int stormMag;
/**
* Constructor
*
* @param stormName
* @param stormYear
* @param stormStart
* @param stormEnd
* @param stormMag
*/
public Storm(String stormName, int stormYear, String stormStart, String stormEnd, int
stormMag) {
this.stormName = stormName;
this.stormYear = stormYear;
this.stormStart = stormStart;
this.stormEnd = stormEnd;
this.stormMag = stormMag;
}
/**
* @return the stormName
*/
public String getStormName() {
return stormName;
}
/**
* @param stormName the stormName to set
*/
public void setStormName(String stormName) {
this.stormName = stormName;
}
/**
* @return the stormYear
*/
public int getStormYear() {
return stormYear;
}
/**
* @param stormYear the stormYear to set
*/
public void setStormYear(int stormYear) {
this.stormYear = stormYear;
}
/**
* @return the stormStart
*/
public String getStormStart() {
return stormStart;
}
/**
* @param stormStart the stormStart to set
*/
public void setStormStart(String stormStart) {
this.stormStart = stormStart;
}
/**
* @return the stormEnd
*/
public String getStormEnd() {
return stormEnd;
}
/**
* @param stormEnd the stormEnd to set
*/
public void setStormEnd(String stormEnd) {
this.stormEnd = stormEnd;
}
/**
* @return the stormMag
*/
public int getStormMag() {
return stormMag;
}
/**
* @param stormMag the stormMag to set
*/
public void setStormMag(int stormMag) {
this.stormMag = stormMag;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return \"\ \" + getStormYear() + \": \" + getStormName() + \" \" +
((getStormMag() == -1) ? \"(no info)\" :
((getStormMag() == 0) ? \"(tropical storm)\" : \"(hurricane level \" +
getStormMag() + \")\")) + \": \" +
((getStormStart().equals(\"\")) ? \"(no start)\" : getStormStart().substring(0, 2) + \"/\"
+ getStormStart().substring(2)) +
\" - \" +
((getStormEnd().equals(\"\")) ? \"(no end)\" : getStormEnd().substring(0, 2) + \"/\" +
getStormEnd().substring(2));
}
}
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Database {
private static final int MAX_SIZE = 50;
//Attributes
private Storm[] stormArr;
private int count;
/**
* Constructor
* Accepts a file and attempts to read it
* Fills the storm array with the data
*/
public Database(File fileName) {
//Initialize array
this.stormArr = new Storm[MAX_SIZE];
this.count = 0;
//Scanner to read from the file
Scanner in = null;
try {
in = new Scanner(fileName);
//Read data from the file
while(in.hasNextLine()) {
//Year of storm/ Name of storm/ mmdd storm started/ mmdd storm ended/ magnitude
of storm
String line = in.nextLine();
String[] data = line.replaceAll(\"/\", \"/ \").split(\"/\");
if(data.length < 5)
System.out.println(\"Database entry not in the correct format: \" + line);
//Add data to array
this.stormArr[this.count] = new Storm(data[1].trim(), Integer.parseInt(data[0].trim()),
data[2].trim(), data[3].trim(),
(data[4].trim()..
package employeeType.employee;public class Employee { private.pdf
package employeeType.employee;
public class Employee {
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private char middleInitial;
private boolean fulltime;
private char gender;
private int employeeNum;
public Employee(String firstName, String lastName, char middleInitial,char gender,int
employeeNum,boolean fulltime )
{
setFirstName(firstName);
setLastName(lastName);
setMiddleInitial(middleInitial);
setFulltime(fulltime);
setGender(gender);
setEmployeeNum(employeeNum);
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public char getMiddleInitial() {
return middleInitial;
}
public void setMiddleInitial(char middleInitial) {
this.middleInitial = middleInitial;
}
public boolean isFulltime() {
return fulltime;
}
public void setFulltime(boolean fulltime) {
this.fulltime = fulltime;
}
public char getGender() {
return gender;
}
public void setGender(char gender) {
if(gender==\'M\' || gender==\'F\')
{
this.gender = gender;
}
else
{
this.gender=\'F\';
}
}
public int getEmployeeNum() {
return employeeNum;
}
public void setEmployeeNum(int employeeNum) {
while(true)
{
if(employeeNum>=10000 && employeeNum<=99999)
{
this.employeeNum = employeeNum;
}
else
{
new IllegalArgumentException(\"Invalid Employee Num.should be between 10000 and
99999(inclusive) \");
continue;
}
}
}
Override(Have to keep at the rate symbol before the override where ever it is in this project)
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
Employee other = (Employee) obj;
if (employeeNum != other.employeeNum)
return false;
if (firstName == null) {
if (other.firstName != null)
return false;
} else if (!firstName.equals(other.firstName))
return false;
if (fulltime != other.fulltime)
return false;
if (gender != other.gender)
return false;
if (lastName == null) {
if (other.lastName != null)
return false;
} else if (!lastName.equals(other.lastName))
return false;
if (middleInitial != other.middleInitial)
return false;
return true;
}
Override
public String toString() {
System.out.println(getEmployeeNum());
System.out.println(getFirstName()+\", \"+getLastName()+\" \"+getMiddleInitial());
System.out.println(\"Gender: \"+getGender());
if(isFulltime())
{
System.out.println(\"Status: Full Time\");
}
else
{
System.out.println(\"Status: Part Time\");
}
return \" \";
}
}
_____________________________________________________________________
package employeeType.subTypes;
import employeeType.employee.Employee;
public class HourlyEmployee extends Employee {
private double wage;
private double hoursWorked;
public HourlyEmployee(String firstName, String lastName,
char middleInitial, char gender,int employeeNum ,boolean fulltime ,double wage) {
super(firstName, lastName, middleInitial, gender, employeeNum, ful.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applic.pdf
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can communicate
over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.In
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, the Network layer knows the
address of the neighboring nodes in the network, packages output with the correct network
address information, selects routes and quality of service, and recognizes and forwards to the
Transport layer incoming messages for local host domains.It is the third layer, situated in
detween transport layerand data-link layer.The network layer is the third level of the Open
Systems Interconnection Model (OSI Model) and the layer that provides data routing paths for
network communication. Data is transferred in the form of packets via logical network paths in
an ordered format controlled by the network layer. The main aim of this layer is to deliver
packets from source to destination across multiple links (networks). If two computers (system)
are connected on the same link then there is no need for a network layer. It routes the signal
through different channels to the other end and acts as a network controller.It also divides the
outgoing messages into packets and to assemble incoming packets into messages for higher
levels.The Network Layer is responsible for end-to-end (source to destination) packet delivery
including routing through intermediate hosts, whereas the Data Link Layer is responsible for
node-to-node (hop-to-hop) frame delivery on the same link.
Internet Protocol, or IP, is the method that governs how computers share data across the Internet.
When one computer sends data, such as an email or a web form, its message gets parsed into
small packets that contain the sending computer\'s Internet address, the receiving computer\'s
address, and part of the message. Internet Protocol serves several basic functions. The Internet
Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on
the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. .IP packet headers contain
addresses that identify the sending computer and the receiving computer. Routers use this
information to guide each packet across communication networks and connect the sending and
receiving computers.TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It is
the communication protocol used for Internet and similar networks such as Internet and Extranet.
It controls and manages the data transmission over the Internet. It also defines a mechanism
through which every computer on the Internet is identified separately. Every computer on the
Internet must have this protocol.
Solution
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can communicate
over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.I.
Note Modified codecode#includeiostream #include stdio.h.pdf
Note: Modified code
code:
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
#pragma warning(disable: 4996)
typedef enum { male = 0, female = 1 } gender; // enumeration type gender
struct dog {
char name[30];
gender genderValue;
char breed[30];
int age;
float weight;
};
int count = 0; // the amount of dogs currently stored in the list (initialized at 0)
struct dog list[30]; // initialize list of dogs
// forward declaration of functions
void flush();
void branching(char);
void helper(char);
int add(char*, char*, char*, int, float, struct dog*); // 30 points
char* search(char*, int, struct dog*); // 10 points
void display();
void save(char* fileName);
void load(char* fileName); // 10 points
int main()
{
load(\"Dog_List.txt\"); // load list of dogs from file (if it exists)
char ch = \'i\';
printf(\"Assignment 5: Array of Structs and Enum Types\ \ \");
printf(\"Dog Adoption Center\ \ \");
do
{
printf(\"Please enter your selection:\ \");
printf(\"\\ta: add a new dog to the list\ \");
printf(\"\\ts: search for a dog on the list\ \");
printf(\"\\td: display list of dogs\ \");
printf(\"\\tq: quit and save your list\ \");
ch = tolower(getchar());
flush();
branching(ch);
} while (ch != \'q\');
save(\"Dog_List.txt\"); // save list of dogs to file (overwrite if it exists)
return 0;
}
// consume leftover \'\ \' characters
void flush()
{
int c;
do c = getchar(); while (c != \'\ \' && c != EOF);
}
// branch to different tasks
void branching(char c)
{
switch (c)
{
case \'a\':
case \'s\': helper(c); break;
case \'d\': display(); break;
case \'q\': break;
default: printf(\"Invalid input!\ \");
}
}
// The helper function is used to determine how much information is needed and which function
to send that information to.
// It uses values that are returned from some functions to produce the correct ouput.
// There is no implementation needed here, but you should study this function and know how it
works.
// It is always helpful to understand how the code works before implementing new features.
// Do not change anything in this function or you risk failing the automated test cases.
void helper(char c)
{
char input[100];
if (c == \'a\')
{
printf(\"\ Please enter the dog\'s information in the following format:\ \");
printf(\"\\tname:gender:breed:age:weight\ \");
fgets(input, sizeof(input), stdin);
// discard \'\ \' chars attached to input
input[strlen(input) - 1] = \'\\0\';
char* name = strtok(input, \":\"); // strtok used to parse string
char* genderValueString = strtok(NULL, \":\");
char* breed = strtok(NULL, \":\");
int age = atoi(strtok(NULL, \":\")); // atoi used to convert string to int
float weight = atof(strtok(NULL, \":\")); // atof used to convert string to float
int result = add(name, genderValueString, breed, age, weight, list);
if (result == 0)
printf(\"\ That dog is already on the list\ \ \");
else
printf(\"\ Dog added to list successfully\ \ \");
}
else // c = \'s\'
{
printf(\"\ Please enter the dog\'s information in the following forma.
Oligotrophic area Usually, an olidgotropic organism is a one that .pdf
Oligotrophic area
Usually, an olidgotropic organism is a one that can survive in an environment which has low
levels of nutrients.
So, an oligotropic area would be an environment which has less nutrient to support life. These
environments are usually of air, ice, soil or water with low levels of nutrients.
Eutropicarea
In contrast to oligotropic, eutropic areas are nutrient rich areas. Here, due to excess
nutrients/organic matter, a large number of algae and other plants would grow excessively,
depleting the oxygen content of the water body. Due to depletion of oxygen, the other aquatic
organisms might be affected.
Upwelling area
This occurs in oceanic ecosystems. Usually, the top or the upper surface of the ocean will be
warmer and nutrient-depleted. Due to the wind, the nutrient-rich water will be moved to the
upper surface, replacing the water present earlier (nutrient-depleted). This area is nothing but a
nutrient-rich area, that was once nutrient-depleted.
So, the difference between the three is in terms of the nutrient availability. Oligotropic is a one
which has low amounts of nutrients. Eutropic is a one which has high amounts of nutrients and
Upwelling area is a one which is nutrient-rich but was once nutrient-depleted.
The second question cannot be answered because, stratification is a very common term used to
refer to layers. Here, I do not know which stratification you are talking about.
Solution
Oligotrophic area
Usually, an olidgotropic organism is a one that can survive in an environment which has low
levels of nutrients.
So, an oligotropic area would be an environment which has less nutrient to support life. These
environments are usually of air, ice, soil or water with low levels of nutrients.
Eutropicarea
In contrast to oligotropic, eutropic areas are nutrient rich areas. Here, due to excess
nutrients/organic matter, a large number of algae and other plants would grow excessively,
depleting the oxygen content of the water body. Due to depletion of oxygen, the other aquatic
organisms might be affected.
Upwelling area
This occurs in oceanic ecosystems. Usually, the top or the upper surface of the ocean will be
warmer and nutrient-depleted. Due to the wind, the nutrient-rich water will be moved to the
upper surface, replacing the water present earlier (nutrient-depleted). This area is nothing but a
nutrient-rich area, that was once nutrient-depleted.
So, the difference between the three is in terms of the nutrient availability. Oligotropic is a one
which has low amounts of nutrients. Eutropic is a one which has high amounts of nutrients and
Upwelling area is a one which is nutrient-rich but was once nutrient-depleted.
The second question cannot be answered because, stratification is a very common term used to
refer to layers. Here, I do not know which stratification you are talking about..
n = N 2^(rt)n = no of people at a given timeN = initial populat.pdf
n = N *2^(rt)
n = no of people at a given time
N = initial population
r = rate of population growth
t = time
so 59 = 35 * 2^ (r*50)
so r = 0.015
so n = 35 * 2^ (20r) = 43.13 million
Solution
n = N *2^(rt)
n = no of people at a given time
N = initial population
r = rate of population growth
t = time
so 59 = 35 * 2^ (r*50)
so r = 0.015
so n = 35 * 2^ (20r) = 43.13 million.
Maroochy Shire Sewage Spill Case Study Student’s Name Institution Af.pdf
Maroochy Shire Sewage Spill Case Study Student’s Name Institution Affiliation The Maroochy
Shire Sewage Spill case study is as story of an Australian man who was sent to prison for two
years. He was found guilty of hacking into the Maroochy Shire, Queensland computerized waste
management system and caused millions of liters of raw sewage to spill out into local parks,
rivers and even the grounds of a Hyatt Regency hotel. The Maroochy dore District Court heard
that 49-year-old Vitek Boden had conducted a series of electronic attacks on the Maroochy Shire
sewage control system after a job application he had made was rejected by the area\'s Council. At
the time he was employed by the company that had installed the system. Boden made at least 46
attempts to take control of the sewage system during March and April 2000. On 23 April, the
date of Boden\'s last hacking attempt, police who pulled over his car found radio and computer
equipment. Later investigations found Boden\'s laptop had been used at the time of the attacks
and his hard drive contained software for accessing and controlling the sewage management
system. Vitek should have appealed to the board if he felt that the application was wrongly
rejected. The situation should have been handled before Vitek hacking the system. The reason
for this is because he affected the larger populace and environment by his act.
The sewage spill was significant. It polluted over 500 metres of open drain in a residential area
and flowed into a tidal canal. Cleaning up the spill and its effects took days and required the
deployment of considerable resources. \"Marine life died, the creek water turned black and the
stench was unbearable for residents,\" said Janelle Bryant, investigations manager for the
Australian Environmental Protection Agency.
Solution
Maroochy Shire Sewage Spill Case Study Student’s Name Institution Affiliation The Maroochy
Shire Sewage Spill case study is as story of an Australian man who was sent to prison for two
years. He was found guilty of hacking into the Maroochy Shire, Queensland computerized waste
management system and caused millions of liters of raw sewage to spill out into local parks,
rivers and even the grounds of a Hyatt Regency hotel. The Maroochy dore District Court heard
that 49-year-old Vitek Boden had conducted a series of electronic attacks on the Maroochy Shire
sewage control system after a job application he had made was rejected by the area\'s Council. At
the time he was employed by the company that had installed the system. Boden made at least 46
attempts to take control of the sewage system during March and April 2000. On 23 April, the
date of Boden\'s last hacking attempt, police who pulled over his car found radio and computer
equipment. Later investigations found Boden\'s laptop had been used at the time of the attacks
and his hard drive contained software for accessing and controlling the sewage management
system. Vitek should have appealed to the board if.
It lacks the origin of replication which is most important for the i.pdf
It lacks the origin of replication which is most important for the initiation of replication
Solution
It lacks the origin of replication which is most important for the initiation of replication.
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres.pdf
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the
vegetal pole within a blastula.
The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole
below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself,
forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation.
The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal
pole above it. In some cases, the vegetal pole is thought to differentiate into the extraembryonic
membranes that protect and nourish the developing embryo, such as the placentain mammals and
the chorion in birds.
The development of the animal-vegetal axis occurs prior to fertilisation. Sperm entry can occur
anywhere in the animal hemisphere. The point of sperm entry defines the dorso-ventral axis -
cells opposite the region of sperm entry will eventually form the dorsal portion of the body
a. Males release so many sperm that the egg is covered by them.
b. The egg has a plasma membrane, a vitelline envelope, and a jelly coat.
c. Acrosome enzymes digest away the zona pellucida around the egg as it extrudes a filament
that attaches to a receptor on the vitelline jelly layer envelope.
d. This interaction between filament and receptor is a lock-and-key reaction that is species-
specific.
e. The egg plasma membrane and the sperm nuclear membrane fuse, allowing the nucleus to
enter.
f. Fusion takes place and the zygote begins development.
g. As soon as the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse, the plasma membrane and the
vitelline envelope undergo changes that prevent entrance of any other sperm.
h. The vitelline envelope now becomes the fertilization envelope.
Early Developmental Stages
1. Development includes events and processes that occur as a single cell becomes a complex
organism.
2. All chordate embryos go through same early developmental stages: zygote, morula, blastula,
early and late gastrula.
3. The presence of yolk, dense nutrient material, affects how the embryonic cells complete the
first three stages.
4. Following fertilization, a zygote undergoes cleavage, cell division without growth.
a. DNA replication and mitosis occur repeatedly; the cells get smaller each division.
b. As deuterostomes, lancelets have a radial and indeterminate pattern of cleavage.
1) In radial cleavage, any plane passing through will divide the embryo into symmetrical halves.
2) In indeterminate cleavage, cells have not differentiated; if separated, each one develops a
complete organism.
5. Because the lancelet has little yolk, the cell divisions are equal in the resulting morula.
6. A cavity called the blastocoel develops forming the hollow ball called the blastula.
7. Gastrulation is invagination of some cells of the blastocyst into blastocoel to form three
primary germ layers.
a. The outer layer of cells becomes the ectoderm.
b. The inner layer of cells becomes the endoderm.
c.
Bryophytes- Development of primitive vasculature for water transport.pdf
Bryophytes- Development of primitive vasculature for water transport, though water absorption
mechanism not present.
Pteridophytes- Specialised vascular tissue for water transport, ability to collect water from moist
soil.
Gymnosperms- development of roots and vascular tissue for water absorption and conduction.
Development of naked seeds that are wind pollinated. Sporophyte is dominant over the
gametophyte.
Angiosperms- Well developed vascular system, seed enclosed in seed coat.
The earlier groups faced challenges in their transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial mode of life
as they faced the problem of desciccation. Hence, they dried out quickly. Most earlier land plants
were restricted to moist environments as a result.
Minimizing the gametophyte and magnifying the sporophyte has led to the development of seed
habit. Further, with the development of heterospory, the megaspore remains in the parent
sporophyte and the microgametophyte travels to reach the ovule. Seed plants can reproduce
independently of water.
Solution
Bryophytes- Development of primitive vasculature for water transport, though water absorption
mechanism not present.
Pteridophytes- Specialised vascular tissue for water transport, ability to collect water from moist
soil.
Gymnosperms- development of roots and vascular tissue for water absorption and conduction.
Development of naked seeds that are wind pollinated. Sporophyte is dominant over the
gametophyte.
Angiosperms- Well developed vascular system, seed enclosed in seed coat.
The earlier groups faced challenges in their transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial mode of life
as they faced the problem of desciccation. Hence, they dried out quickly. Most earlier land plants
were restricted to moist environments as a result.
Minimizing the gametophyte and magnifying the sporophyte has led to the development of seed
habit. Further, with the development of heterospory, the megaspore remains in the parent
sporophyte and the microgametophyte travels to reach the ovule. Seed plants can reproduce
independently of water..
Ethernet II framing (also known as DIX Ethernet, named after DEC, In.pdf
Ethernet II framing (also known as DIX Ethernet, named after DEC, Intel and Xerox, the major
participants in its design), defines the two-octet EtherType field in an Ethernet frame, preceded
by destination and source MAC addresses, that identifies an upper layer protocol encapsulating
the frame data.
The Length/EtherType field is the only one which differs between 802.3 and Ethernet II. In
802.3 it indicates the number of bytes of data in the frames payload, and can be anything from 0
to 1500 bytes. Frames must be at least 64 bytes long, not including the preamble, so, if the data
field is shorter than 46 bytes, it must be compensated by the Pad field. The reason for specifying
a minimum length lies with the collision-detect mechanism. In CSMA/CD a station must never
be allowed to believe it has transmitted a frame successfully if that frame has, in fact,
experienced a collision. In the worst case it takes twice the maximum propagation delay across
the network before a station can be sure that a transmission has been successful. If a station sends
a really short frame, it may actually finish sending and release the Ether without realising that a
collision has occurred. The 802.3 design rules specify an upper limit on the maximum
propagation delay in any Ethernet installation, and the minimum frame size is set to be more than
twice this figure.
In Ethernet II, on the other hand, this field is used to indicate the type of payload carried by the
frame.
Solution
Ethernet II framing (also known as DIX Ethernet, named after DEC, Intel and Xerox, the major
participants in its design), defines the two-octet EtherType field in an Ethernet frame, preceded
by destination and source MAC addresses, that identifies an upper layer protocol encapsulating
the frame data.
The Length/EtherType field is the only one which differs between 802.3 and Ethernet II. In
802.3 it indicates the number of bytes of data in the frames payload, and can be anything from 0
to 1500 bytes. Frames must be at least 64 bytes long, not including the preamble, so, if the data
field is shorter than 46 bytes, it must be compensated by the Pad field. The reason for specifying
a minimum length lies with the collision-detect mechanism. In CSMA/CD a station must never
be allowed to believe it has transmitted a frame successfully if that frame has, in fact,
experienced a collision. In the worst case it takes twice the maximum propagation delay across
the network before a station can be sure that a transmission has been successful. If a station sends
a really short frame, it may actually finish sending and release the Ether without realising that a
collision has occurred. The 802.3 design rules specify an upper limit on the maximum
propagation delay in any Ethernet installation, and the minimum frame size is set to be more than
twice this figure.
In Ethernet II, on the other hand, this field is used to indicate the type of payload carried by the
frame..
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- 1. The Sarbanes-Oxley , 2002 contains following provisions which determines more adequacy of control over financial statements. One of the core elements of Sarbanes-Oxley was to clearly define and place responsibility for a company’s financial statements with its cchief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO), SOX mandated that these executives certify the following items (among others) for each annual and quarterly report: • They have reviewed the report • Based on their knowledge, the financial information included in the report is fairly presented • Based on their knowledge, the report does not contain any untrue statement of material fact or omit a material fact that would make the financial statements misleading • They acknowledge their responsibility for establishing and maintaining internal controls over financial reporting and other disclosures • They have evaluated the effectiveness of these controls, presented their conclusion as to effectiveness and disclosed any material changes in the company’s controls. SOX required companies to provide audit committees with the resources and authority to engage independent counsel and advisers to help them carry out their duties. SOX also required audit committees to establish procedures for receiving whistleblower complaints regarding accounting, auditing and internal control irregularities and to provide for the confidential and anonymous treatment of employee concerns regarding such matters. In addition, SOX enhanced the external auditor’s required communications with the audit committee to include the following: • A discussion of all critical accounting policies and practices used by the company • All alternative accounting treatments that have been discussed with management, the ramifications of the use of alternative disclosures and accounting treatments and the accounting treatment preferred by the audit firm • Other material written communications between the auditor and management. Conclusion: I think the provisions of Sarbanes oxely Act are adequate, We should also focus on the practicality of ever changing corporote world . A recent report showed that chances of reinstatement of financial statements are 46% higher for the companies who do follow sarbanes- oxley act. See this provision of Sarbanes oxely act. Officers and directors are prohibited from trading during pension “blackout” periods: The Act prohibits corporate officers and directors from trading company securities during a pension fund “blackout” period . It was never there . It was aptly introduced by Sarbanes-oxely Act.
- 2. Solution The Sarbanes-Oxley , 2002 contains following provisions which determines more adequacy of control over financial statements. One of the core elements of Sarbanes-Oxley was to clearly define and place responsibility for a company’s financial statements with its cchief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO), SOX mandated that these executives certify the following items (among others) for each annual and quarterly report: • They have reviewed the report • Based on their knowledge, the financial information included in the report is fairly presented • Based on their knowledge, the report does not contain any untrue statement of material fact or omit a material fact that would make the financial statements misleading • They acknowledge their responsibility for establishing and maintaining internal controls over financial reporting and other disclosures • They have evaluated the effectiveness of these controls, presented their conclusion as to effectiveness and disclosed any material changes in the company’s controls. SOX required companies to provide audit committees with the resources and authority to engage independent counsel and advisers to help them carry out their duties. SOX also required audit committees to establish procedures for receiving whistleblower complaints regarding accounting, auditing and internal control irregularities and to provide for the confidential and anonymous treatment of employee concerns regarding such matters. In addition, SOX enhanced the external auditor’s required communications with the audit committee to include the following: • A discussion of all critical accounting policies and practices used by the company • All alternative accounting treatments that have been discussed with management, the ramifications of the use of alternative disclosures and accounting treatments and the accounting treatment preferred by the audit firm • Other material written communications between the auditor and management. Conclusion: I think the provisions of Sarbanes oxely Act are adequate, We should also focus on the practicality of ever changing corporote world . A recent report showed that chances of reinstatement of financial statements are 46% higher for the companies who do follow sarbanes- oxley act. See this provision of Sarbanes oxely act. Officers and directors are prohibited from trading during pension “blackout” periods: The Act prohibits corporate officers and directors from trading company securities during a pension fund “blackout” period . It was never there . It was aptly introduced by Sarbanes-oxely Act.