The document discusses eight groups of Roman coins called radiates from 27 BC to AD 330. Key points include: 1) Radiate bust coins were first introduced by Emperor Caracalla in AD 211-217 to represent the sun god Sol. 2) Silver radiates circulated from AD 238-260 during the decline of the Roman Empire. The coins of Gallienus and his family from AD 260-268 are the most commonly found radiates. 3) Usurpers in Gaul issued radiate coins under the Gallic Empire from AD 260-274, including Postumus and the Tetrici brothers. These issues were often more silver than contemporary Roman coins.

1. The marvellous world of RADIATES A Moorhead / Lunatics Anonymous Production MMVIII

8. 3 The Silver Radiates AD 238-60 (Reece Period 12) Re-introduced by Balbinus and Pupienus (238) – rare! Balbinus PIETAS MVTVA AVGG, Rome mint

10. 3. Philip I and Philip II AD 244-9 Base silver radiate of Phillip I, LAET FVNDATA, mint of Rome, 244-7, Stogursey, Somerset (SOM-420972) Note: the Nose and beard! Base silver radiate of Philip II, as Caesar, PRINCIPI IVVENT, Mint of Rome, 245-6, Twycross, Leics. (LEIC-21A411) Note: more baby-faced!

11. 3. Otacilia Severa (wife of Philip I (244-9) Silver radiate of Otacilia Severa, Mint of Rome, CONCORDIA AVGG, c. 246-8. Note the crescent moon behind the bust; the female version of the radiate crown (Leics - LEIC-8C9CF7)

12. 3.Trajan Decius and family (249-51) Silver radiate of Trajan Decius, Rome, VICTORIA AVG; Chesterton, Oxon (Hamp422)

13. 3. Herennia Etruscilla, wife of Trajan Decius (249-51) PVDICITIA AVG, Rome mint

14. 3. Herennia Etruscilla, wife of Trajan Decius (249-51) Copper alloy plated-radiate contemporary copy of HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA, uncertain reverse, Rome, AD 249-51. Rudston, E. Yorks (YORYM-331DC3)

15. 3. Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian (sons of Trajan Decius) Herennius Etruscus, PIETAS AVGVSTORVM, Rome Mint Hostilian, MARTI PROPVGNATORI, Rome Mint

16. 3. Trebonianus Gallus and family (251-3) LIBERTAS PVBLICA, Rome mint

17. 3 Contd.: Volusian, son of Trebonianus Gallus, 251-3 CONCORDIA AVGG, Rome

18. 3: Aemilian, usurper who defeated Trebonianus Gallus, AD 253 MARTI PROPVGT, Rome

19. 3 Contd.: Valerian I and family, 253-60 ORIENS AVGG, Lyon Mint Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the most commonly found in Britain

20. 3: Mariniana, wife of Valerian CONSECRATIO, Rome

21. 3: Gallienus, Joint Reign, son of Valerian, 253-60 DEO MARTI, Lyon Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the most commonly found in Britain

22. 3: Salonina, wife of Gallienus (Joint Reign, 253-60) FELICITAS PVBLICA, Lyon Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the most commonly found in Britain

23. 3: Valerian II, son of Gallienus, 256-8 IOVI CRESCENTI, Rome

24. 3: Saloninus, son of Gallienus, 258-9 PIETAS AVG, Lyon mint Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the most commonly found in Britain

26. Peak of 3 rd century Radiate hoards Why?

27. Cunetio Hoard of over 55,000 3 rd century coins: latest coin c. AD275 Largest hoard from Britain

28. Massive rise in coin loss in period 13 (AD 260-75): did small denominations provide access for all to the money economy?

29. 4 Contd.: Central Empire: Gallienus and Salonina (Sole Reign), 260-8 Note: GALLIENVS AVG is the most common obverse legend for Gallienus A coin from Gallienus’ Zoo, Mint of Rome: IOVI CONS AVG, Goat left – Delta = 4 th Officina or Workshop ABVNDANTIA AVG, Rome, B denotes the 2 nd Officina or Workshop Note: coins of the sole reign of Gallienus and Salonina are much more common than coins for the earlier Joint Reign

30. 4: Salonina (sole reign of Gallienus, 260-8) FECVNDITAS AVG, Rome, Delta = 4 th Officina / Workshop Note how more base the coins of Gallienus and Salonina are after AD 260

31. 4 Contd.: Central Empire: Claudius II Gothicus, AD 268-70 Note: most common obverse legend is IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG or IMP CLAVDIVS AVG AEQVITAS AVG, Rome FIDES EXERCI, Rome XI denotes the 11 th officina or workshop

32. 4. Contd.: Central Empire Divus Claudius, AD 270 (many are Barbarous Radiates, hence go into Period 14) CONSECRATIO, Altar, Milan T = 3 rd officina / workshop CONSECRATIO, Altar, Milan S = 2 nd officina / workshop

33. 4 Contd.: Central Empire: Quintillus, AD 270 (Note: curly hair) PROVID AVG, Milan T = 3 rd officina / workshop

34. 4 Contd. Central Empire: Aurelian and Severina, 270-5 ORIENS AVG, Rome, VI = 6 th Officina / Workshop IOVI CONSER, Rome, S = 2 nd Officina / Workshop

35. 5. Central Empire: Severina, 270-275 CONCORDIA AVGG, Rome, 6 th officina / workshop XXI = c. 5% silver

37. 5. Gallic Empire: Postumus 260-69 PAX AVG, Principal mint in Gaul

38. 4. Gallic Empire: Laelian, 269 Very rare as site-finds VICTORIA AVG, Gaulish Mint

39. 4. Gallic Empire: Laelian, 269 VICTORIA AVG; Bickmarsh, Worcs. WAW-05D402

40. 4 Contd.: Gallic Empire Marius, 269 – very scarce CONCORDIA MILITVM, Gaul Mint 1 VICTORIA AVG, Gaul Mint 2

41. 4 Contd.: Gallic Empire: Victorinus, 269-71: Mint 1 (note the nose and beard) INVICTVS, Sol, Gaul Mint 1 – Common type

42. 4. Gallic Empire: Victorinus, 269-71: Mint I contd common types FIDES MILITVM, Fides hdg 2 standards SALVS AVG, Salus stg. l. at altar, feeding snake PAX AVG, Pax stg l., hdg TRANSVERSE sceptre VIRTVS AVG, Virtus stg. r., hdg. shield and spear

43. 4. Gallic Empire: Victorinus, 269-71: Mint II common types AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas hdg scales and cornucopiae SALVS AVG, Salus feeding snake held in arms PIETAS AVG, Pietas stg left at altar PROVIDENTIA AVG, Providentia l., hdg baton over globe, and cornucopiae

44. 4. Gallic Empire: Domitianus, 271 from the Chalgrove Hoard (Oxon) CONCORDIA MILITVM

45. 4. Gallic Empire:Tetricus I, 271-4, Mint I common types SPES PVBLICA, Spes adv l, hdg flower and lifting skirt VICTORIA AVG, Victory l, hdg wreath and palm COMES AVG, Victory l, hdg wreath and palm PAX AVG, Pax stg l., hdg VERTICAL Sceptre and branch

46. 4. Contd.: Gallic Empire: Tetricus I, 271-4, Mint I contd. VIRTVS AVGG, Virtus stg. l, hdg shield and spear HILARITAS AVG, Hilaritas stg l, holding palm and cornucopiae SALVS AVGG, Salus stg l, holding rudder and feeding snake entwined around altar

47. 5. Gallic Empire: Tetricus I, 271-4 Mint II common types FIDES MILITVM, Fides hdg two standards LAETITIA AVGG, Laetitia stg l, hdg purse and anchor LAETITIA AVGN, Laetitia stg l, hdg purse and anchor

48. 4 Contd.: Gallic Empire: Tetricus II (271-4) – no beard Mint I: PRINC IVVENT, Prince stg l, hdg branch and spear Mint I: SPES AVGG, Spes adv l, hdg flower and skirt Mint II: PIETAS AVGG, Sacrifical implements Mint II: PIETAS AVGVSTOR, Sacrificial implements

50. 5: Central Empire: Tacitus, 275-6 Note the beard under chin PAX AVGVSTI, Siscia Mint PAX PVBLICA, Lyon Mint

51. 5: Central Empire: Florian, 276 VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Lyon Mint

52. 5: Central Empire: Probus, 276-82 TEMPOR FELICI, Lyon Mint

53. 5. Central Empire: Probus, 282-6 ADVENTVS AVG, Rome mint SOLI INVICTO, Rome

54. 5: Central Empire: Carus, 282-3 PAX AVGG, Lugdunum Mint

55. 5: Central Empire: Numerian, 283-4 PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Ticinum -//VIXXI

56. 5. Central Empire: Carinus, 283-5 SAECVLI FELICITAS, Lugdunum

57. 6. Central Empire: Magnia Urbica (wife of Carinus), 283-5 VENVS GENETRIX, Lugdunum mint

58. 5: Central Empire: pre-reform radiate of Diocletian, 284-96 IOVI AVGG, Lugdunum mint

59. 5. Central Empire: Diocletian CONCORDIA MILITVM, Cyzicus

60. 5. Central Empire: pre-reform radiate of Maximian, 286-96 HERCVLI PACIFERO, Lyon

61. 5. British Empire: Carausius, 286-93 LAETITIA, London mint - F O//ML

62. 5. British Empire: Carausius, 286-93 PAX AVG (the most common type for Carausius), C Mint S P//C

63. 5. British Empire: Carausius for Diocletian, 286-93 Hinton on the Green, Worcestershire, WAW 747B03 PAX AVGGG, MLXXI

64. 5. British Empire: Carausius in the name of Maximian PAX AVGGG, London Mint - note: MLXXI

65. 5. British Empire: Allectus, 293-6 PAX AVG, London

66. 5. British Empire: Allectus, Q Radiates of London and C Mint VIRTVS AVG, Galley, London VIRTVS AVG, Galley, C Mint Note this type also LAETITIA AVG and Galley at both mints

68. 6. Barbarous radiate of Gallienus Copy of an AETERNITAS AVG coin of Gallienus Wallington, Herts. BH-EE4582

69. 6. Barbarous Radiate: Divus Claudius Barbarous DIVVS CLAVDIVS, Altar Issue from Ashwell, Herts BH-0AB7B7

70. 6. Barbarous Radiates, c. 275-85 : to make up for shortage of coins after reforms of Aurelian, 270-5, and fall of Tetricus, AD 274 Very base copy of a coin of Postumus. Shropshire HESH-8317C5 An official base silver radiate of Postumus, 260-269 Paulerspury, Northants NARC-393C97

71. 6. Official coin and copy of Victorinus

72. 6. Barbarous Radiates, c. 275-85 : to make up for shortage of coins after reforms of Aurelian, 270-5, and fall of Tetricus, AD 274. Barbarous radiate, copying coin of Tetricus II (271-4) Wallington, Herts. BH-EC16B8 Barbarous radiate, probably copying Victorinus or Tetricus I Clothall, Herts. BH-DD5B78

73. 6. Barbarous Radiates Barbarous radiate, Breedon on the Hill, Leics. DENO-D97B14 Pierced Barbarous radiate, prob copying Tetricus I, Victory or Spes type, Ashwell, Herts BH-8A4913 Roman or Anglo-Saxon re-use

74. 6. Probable copy of Allectus

76. 8. Radiate busts on Nummi of the period 317-30 (House of Constantine) (Reece Period 16) Constantine II, VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, London, 320-1