Presentation on how the New Testament Canon was created and which of Paul's letters are considered Pauline, Deutero-Pauline and disputed. Also contains the general outline of an ancient letter.
The Catholic Bible contains 73 books while the Protestant Bible contains 66 books. This is because Martin Luther removed 7 books from the Old Testament that were included in the Catholic Bible. These 7 books, known as the deuterocanonical books or Apocrypha, were part of the original Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament but were rejected by the Jewish Council of Jamnia in 90 AD and later by Protestant reformers like Martin Luther. However, Catholics maintain that the books were affirmed as part of the Bible by ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church in the 4th century.
INT-244 Topic 1 Day 3 Branches of ChristianityS Meyer
The document provides an overview of the history and beliefs of Christianity, including its early development and major denominations. It discusses the origins and split of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. It also examines the Protestant reformation and the emergence of denominations like Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist and Pentecostal churches. The core beliefs embraced by most Christians are also outlined.
The document discusses why many people in Tudor England saw the Catholic church as corrupt. It describes how the church was engaging in dishonest and illegal activities to make money and gain power, such as selling indulgences and priests not behaving properly. It then introduces Martin Luther and how he started the Protestant reformation to reform the church due to these issues. It explains some of the key differences between Catholic and Protestant beliefs and churches, such as Protestants believing the Bible is the sole religious authority rather than the clergy, and Catholics having more elaborate ceremonies and statues in churches.
Catholic and protestant practices split-denominationsJesse Bluma
The Catholic Church structure was hierarchical like a monarchy, with the Pope having the greatest authority over bishops, priests, and laypeople. The Protestant structure was more decentralized, with authority distributed among church members, elders, and ministers. Both Catholic and Protestant church structures were influenced by contemporary European power structures of monarchies and emerging republican forms of government. Protestants helped replace absolute monarchy in places like England with more democratic and representative systems. These Protestant ideals of liberty, equality, and representative government later influenced the founding of the American republic.
Historical Context for the Bible: RevelationRick Bruderick
It is wise to consider the historical context in which are found the actual events of the particular Bible passages we are studying. The first book we present is the last book of the Bible, the Revelation of the Lord Jesus Christ.
The document discusses key events and figures in early Christianity including Pentecost, the Council of Jerusalem, early Christian martyrs such as Saints Peter, Paul, Sebastian and more. It provides details on the Great Persecution from 303-311 AD that resulted in 3000 to 3500 Christian martyrs. The document also addresses the authorship of the New Testament (Holy Spirit) and its 27 books, with the 14 letters of Paul being the oldest as epistles.
1) Paul of Tarsus was a significant early Christian missionary and theologian who lived between 10-67 CE.
2) He underwent a conversion experience on the road to Damascus and went on to establish Christianity across the Greco-Roman world through his missionary journeys and letters.
3) Paul played a pivotal role in developing early Christian theology and establishing Christianity as a distinct religion separate from Judaism, through his emphasis on salvation through faith in Christ alone.
The Catholic Bible contains 73 books while the Protestant Bible contains 66 books. This is because Martin Luther removed 7 books from the Old Testament that were included in the Catholic Bible. These 7 books, known as the deuterocanonical books or Apocrypha, were part of the original Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament but were rejected by the Jewish Council of Jamnia in 90 AD and later by Protestant reformers like Martin Luther. However, Catholics maintain that the books were affirmed as part of the Bible by ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church in the 4th century.
INT-244 Topic 1 Day 3 Branches of ChristianityS Meyer
The document provides an overview of the history and beliefs of Christianity, including its early development and major denominations. It discusses the origins and split of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. It also examines the Protestant reformation and the emergence of denominations like Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist and Pentecostal churches. The core beliefs embraced by most Christians are also outlined.
The document discusses why many people in Tudor England saw the Catholic church as corrupt. It describes how the church was engaging in dishonest and illegal activities to make money and gain power, such as selling indulgences and priests not behaving properly. It then introduces Martin Luther and how he started the Protestant reformation to reform the church due to these issues. It explains some of the key differences between Catholic and Protestant beliefs and churches, such as Protestants believing the Bible is the sole religious authority rather than the clergy, and Catholics having more elaborate ceremonies and statues in churches.
Catholic and protestant practices split-denominationsJesse Bluma
The Catholic Church structure was hierarchical like a monarchy, with the Pope having the greatest authority over bishops, priests, and laypeople. The Protestant structure was more decentralized, with authority distributed among church members, elders, and ministers. Both Catholic and Protestant church structures were influenced by contemporary European power structures of monarchies and emerging republican forms of government. Protestants helped replace absolute monarchy in places like England with more democratic and representative systems. These Protestant ideals of liberty, equality, and representative government later influenced the founding of the American republic.
Historical Context for the Bible: RevelationRick Bruderick
It is wise to consider the historical context in which are found the actual events of the particular Bible passages we are studying. The first book we present is the last book of the Bible, the Revelation of the Lord Jesus Christ.
The document discusses key events and figures in early Christianity including Pentecost, the Council of Jerusalem, early Christian martyrs such as Saints Peter, Paul, Sebastian and more. It provides details on the Great Persecution from 303-311 AD that resulted in 3000 to 3500 Christian martyrs. The document also addresses the authorship of the New Testament (Holy Spirit) and its 27 books, with the 14 letters of Paul being the oldest as epistles.
1) Paul of Tarsus was a significant early Christian missionary and theologian who lived between 10-67 CE.
2) He underwent a conversion experience on the road to Damascus and went on to establish Christianity across the Greco-Roman world through his missionary journeys and letters.
3) Paul played a pivotal role in developing early Christian theology and establishing Christianity as a distinct religion separate from Judaism, through his emphasis on salvation through faith in Christ alone.
The document provides an overview of the Pauline Epistles:
- It describes Paul's 3 missionary journeys and the hardships he endured spreading the gospel.
- It summarizes each of the 13 letters attributed to Paul in the New Testament, indicating their place of writing, approximate date, and main themes addressed.
- It highlights some of the key messages and purposes of Paul's letters, such as defending his apostleship, addressing divisions in the church, and comforting communities about the second coming of Christ.
The document summarizes information about the Gospel of Judas, a papyrus manuscript discovered in Egypt in the 1970s. It questions whether the Gospel of Judas is genuine based on its dating and content. While it was likely written around AD 150-170, the Gospel of Judas is considered a Gnostic rather than Christian text that depicts a bizarre cosmology and portrays Judas in a positive light for betraying Jesus. The document concludes the Gospel of Judas has no apostolic authority and does not provide new historical information about Jesus or early Christianity.
The document discusses the key differences between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant established by Jesus Christ. The Old Covenant was written on stone tablets and its laws brought death, but the New Covenant, proclaimed by Jesus at the Last Supper, is written on the hearts of men by the blood of Christ. While the Old Covenant came to an end, the New Covenant is everlasting. It reconciles humanity with God and forgives sins through the sacrifice and resurrection of Jesus.
The Jehovah's Witnesses were founded in the 1870s by Charles Russell and formed their headquarters in 1881. They believe that Jesus' kingdom was established in heaven in 1914 and that the world will soon end, bringing a 1000-year reign of the righteous on earth. They reject celebrations like Christmas and birthdays, believe only 144,000 go to heaven with the rest living on paradise earth, and prioritize preaching over higher education. They face societal opposition due to their unorthodox beliefs but continue door-to-door evangelizing worldwide.
This document provides an overview of the four canonical gospels of the New Testament - Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. It discusses the intended audiences and key themes of each gospel. The main points are:
- The gospels are based on the words and deeds of Jesus as witnessed by his early followers and are meant to convey what the early Christian community believed about Jesus.
- Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the synoptic gospels because they share similar narratives of Jesus' life and ministry. John's gospel has a more theological focus.
- Each gospel was written for a different intended audience - Matthew for Jewish Christians, Mark for persecuted Christians, Luke for Gent
Challenges and Controversies in Christian HistoryMark Pavlin
This slide deck study on selected topics in Christian history is one of a series to help leaders of a Bible study or Sunday School class who are too busy to research and prepare as well as they would like for the task. The entire series is engaging, colorful and challenging and is ready to go even at the last moment. More are in the works. Search using keyword "lessonstogo",
The rise of three great modern world religionsKeith Carson
Buddhism focuses on the Threefold Path of virtue, concentration, and discernment as taught by Gautama Buddha. Christianity centers around Jesus Christ's teachings of love, faith, hope and charity as well as the Ten Commandments. Islam is built upon the Five Pillars of faith in Allah and Muhammad, daily prayers including a public Friday prayer, giving alms, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca if able.
Roman persecution of Christians increased until 313 AD. Under Marcus Aurelius' persecution, Blandina, a Christian slave, was tortured for many days but refused to renounce her faith. She was finally killed by being gored by a bull. Justin provides details on early Christian worship practices, including weekly Sunday meetings involving Scripture reading, preaching, prayer, and communion. Communion involved bread, wine, and prayers led by the president before distribution to those present and absent. Typical worship followed a two-part format with Scripture reading and preaching before dismissal of non-believers, followed by prayers and communion open only to baptized Christians.
St. Paul was born in Tarsus to Jewish parents and was well educated. He persecuted early Christians before experiencing a conversion to Christianity in Damascus. He then became a missionary, making three trips to spread the gospel throughout Asia Minor. St. Paul was later arrested and executed in Rome during the reign of Nero. He wrote many letters to Christian communities that demonstrated his zeal for spreading the faith.
The document provides background information on the Book of Revelation. It discusses how Revelation was written during a time of persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor Domitian. Revelation uses symbolic and apocalyptic language to give hope to Christians experiencing hardship and assure them that God, not earthly rulers, is truly sovereign. The document also analyzes some of the common symbols found in Revelation like colors and numbers that were meant to convey deeper spiritual meanings to its original audiences.
The document summarizes the main branches of Judaism. Orthodox Judaism strictly follows Jewish law and traditions. Reform Judaism is more progressive, with services in both Hebrew and English and optional practices. Conservative Judaism embraces some modern practices but recommends belief in God. Hassidic Judaism is an ultra-Orthodox sect. The Renewal Movement is a counter-cultural progressive group. According to surveys, 37% of Jews are Reform, 17% Conservative, and 9% Orthodox.
Jesus discovery stunning archeology find jerusalemAvi Dey
The Jesus Discovery (Simon & Schuster, 2012)
By James D. Tabor & Simcha Jacobovici
A Scholarly Review & Community Forum
Biblical Scholars & Diggers Appreciation Circle
North Virginia USA
The document discusses Paul's epistles, or letters. It defines epistles as ancient letters intended for publication, unlike personal letters. Paul's letters preserved in the Bible were occasional, addressing his experience with Christ, heresies encountered, and supernatural revelations. The letters were both official in nature and varied in form and style. They resulted from complicated circumstances surrounding Paul. The deepest doctrines of Christianity, including implications of Christ's death and the mystery of the church, are conveyed through Paul's experiential epistles.
This document provides background information on the book of Colossians. It discusses that Paul wrote the letter while imprisoned, likely in Rome, to the church in Colossae around 61 AD to counter heretical teachings influencing the church. The heresy involved philosophies promoting legalism, asceticism, and angel worship. Paul's purpose was to emphasize the supremacy and sufficiency of Christ as the head of the church and believers' completeness in him. The document outlines the book's contents and encourages studying it to rely solely on Christ for the spiritual life.
Jehovah's Witnesses are a Christian denomination that believes Jesus is God's son, not God himself. They believe only 144,000 people will go to heaven while others will live in paradise on earth. They are known for door-to-door preaching, rejecting blood transfusions and military service, and believing that only they represent true Christianity. As of 2009, there were over 7 million Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide.
Here are concise responses to the key objections:
1. "Firstborn" and "beginning" refer to Jesus' preeminence as the eternal Son of God, not that He was created.
2. Jesus affirmed His submission to the Father's will while on earth, not denying His deity.
3. Jesus was questioning the young ruler's motivation, not denying His own sinlessness or deity.
The church of Christ is different from other religions and denominations in that it believes the Bible alone provides the pattern for God's church, with Christ as the only head and no additional prophets or leaders. It teaches that Jesus is the Messiah and final prophet, rejecting beliefs of Judaism, Islam, Mormonism and Catholicism.
This document discusses the history of Christianity from 33-96 AD, noting that there were 5,000 Greek manuscripts in existence by that period. It also notes that there were 25,000 manuscripts in other languages such as Latin, Coptic, and Syriac. Key aspects of Christianity that have been discussed over time include the Triune nature of God, the exclusivity of Jesus for salvation, the authority of the Bible, salvation by faith alone in Christ alone, the imminent return of Jesus, and beliefs about the age of the earth. Textual criticism, translation committees, and printed English Bibles have also been part of discussions.
2010 03 21 6 May Alam Ako Sa Bible! Version 2roadsidebbc
The document discusses two ancient manuscripts - Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus - that are often used to correct the King James Version bible. It notes that both manuscripts contain apocryphal books and have thousands of differences between themselves and omit certain passages. It then discusses two scholars, Westcott and Hort, who used these manuscripts to produce modern bible versions despite not being believers themselves, as they were involved with spiritualism and occult groups. The process used to translate the King James Version is contrasted, involving multiple examinations of the text, to suggest it was an honest work of God rather than a dishonest work of man like modern versions.
The document discusses the life and writings of Paul. It provides background on Paul, including that he was originally a Pharisee who persecuted Christians but had a conversion experience on the road to Damascus where he became a follower of Jesus. Paul then became a missionary who traveled throughout the Roman Empire establishing Christian churches and communities. He is known for writing many letters to these communities to provide guidance, which are some of the earliest Christian documents. The document examines what Paul says about himself in his letters and what is known about him from other sources like Acts in order to understand his background and theological perspectives.
The Bible is a collection of sacred writings that are recognized as authoritative by Christians. It consists of the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament was written in Hebrew and Greek, while the New Testament was written in Greek. Both divisions contain books that were written over many centuries by different human authors but were inspired by God. The Bible provides insight into God, humanity, salvation history, and guidance for how to live as Christians. It plays a foundational role for the Church as the inspired Word of God.
The Bible is a collection of 66 books divided into the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and contains history, wisdom literature, prophets, and the Torah. The New Testament contains 27 books written in Greek between 50-120 CE including gospels, letters, history, and apocalyptic literature. Early Christians used the Hebrew scriptures and writings of Jesus and Paul. The 27-book canon of the New Testament was established in 367 CE and finalized at the Council of Carthage in 394 CE based on apostolic authorship, consistency with apostolic teaching, and acceptance by churches.
The document provides an overview of the Pauline Epistles:
- It describes Paul's 3 missionary journeys and the hardships he endured spreading the gospel.
- It summarizes each of the 13 letters attributed to Paul in the New Testament, indicating their place of writing, approximate date, and main themes addressed.
- It highlights some of the key messages and purposes of Paul's letters, such as defending his apostleship, addressing divisions in the church, and comforting communities about the second coming of Christ.
The document summarizes information about the Gospel of Judas, a papyrus manuscript discovered in Egypt in the 1970s. It questions whether the Gospel of Judas is genuine based on its dating and content. While it was likely written around AD 150-170, the Gospel of Judas is considered a Gnostic rather than Christian text that depicts a bizarre cosmology and portrays Judas in a positive light for betraying Jesus. The document concludes the Gospel of Judas has no apostolic authority and does not provide new historical information about Jesus or early Christianity.
The document discusses the key differences between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant established by Jesus Christ. The Old Covenant was written on stone tablets and its laws brought death, but the New Covenant, proclaimed by Jesus at the Last Supper, is written on the hearts of men by the blood of Christ. While the Old Covenant came to an end, the New Covenant is everlasting. It reconciles humanity with God and forgives sins through the sacrifice and resurrection of Jesus.
The Jehovah's Witnesses were founded in the 1870s by Charles Russell and formed their headquarters in 1881. They believe that Jesus' kingdom was established in heaven in 1914 and that the world will soon end, bringing a 1000-year reign of the righteous on earth. They reject celebrations like Christmas and birthdays, believe only 144,000 go to heaven with the rest living on paradise earth, and prioritize preaching over higher education. They face societal opposition due to their unorthodox beliefs but continue door-to-door evangelizing worldwide.
This document provides an overview of the four canonical gospels of the New Testament - Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. It discusses the intended audiences and key themes of each gospel. The main points are:
- The gospels are based on the words and deeds of Jesus as witnessed by his early followers and are meant to convey what the early Christian community believed about Jesus.
- Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the synoptic gospels because they share similar narratives of Jesus' life and ministry. John's gospel has a more theological focus.
- Each gospel was written for a different intended audience - Matthew for Jewish Christians, Mark for persecuted Christians, Luke for Gent
Challenges and Controversies in Christian HistoryMark Pavlin
This slide deck study on selected topics in Christian history is one of a series to help leaders of a Bible study or Sunday School class who are too busy to research and prepare as well as they would like for the task. The entire series is engaging, colorful and challenging and is ready to go even at the last moment. More are in the works. Search using keyword "lessonstogo",
The rise of three great modern world religionsKeith Carson
Buddhism focuses on the Threefold Path of virtue, concentration, and discernment as taught by Gautama Buddha. Christianity centers around Jesus Christ's teachings of love, faith, hope and charity as well as the Ten Commandments. Islam is built upon the Five Pillars of faith in Allah and Muhammad, daily prayers including a public Friday prayer, giving alms, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca if able.
Roman persecution of Christians increased until 313 AD. Under Marcus Aurelius' persecution, Blandina, a Christian slave, was tortured for many days but refused to renounce her faith. She was finally killed by being gored by a bull. Justin provides details on early Christian worship practices, including weekly Sunday meetings involving Scripture reading, preaching, prayer, and communion. Communion involved bread, wine, and prayers led by the president before distribution to those present and absent. Typical worship followed a two-part format with Scripture reading and preaching before dismissal of non-believers, followed by prayers and communion open only to baptized Christians.
St. Paul was born in Tarsus to Jewish parents and was well educated. He persecuted early Christians before experiencing a conversion to Christianity in Damascus. He then became a missionary, making three trips to spread the gospel throughout Asia Minor. St. Paul was later arrested and executed in Rome during the reign of Nero. He wrote many letters to Christian communities that demonstrated his zeal for spreading the faith.
The document provides background information on the Book of Revelation. It discusses how Revelation was written during a time of persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor Domitian. Revelation uses symbolic and apocalyptic language to give hope to Christians experiencing hardship and assure them that God, not earthly rulers, is truly sovereign. The document also analyzes some of the common symbols found in Revelation like colors and numbers that were meant to convey deeper spiritual meanings to its original audiences.
The document summarizes the main branches of Judaism. Orthodox Judaism strictly follows Jewish law and traditions. Reform Judaism is more progressive, with services in both Hebrew and English and optional practices. Conservative Judaism embraces some modern practices but recommends belief in God. Hassidic Judaism is an ultra-Orthodox sect. The Renewal Movement is a counter-cultural progressive group. According to surveys, 37% of Jews are Reform, 17% Conservative, and 9% Orthodox.
Jesus discovery stunning archeology find jerusalemAvi Dey
The Jesus Discovery (Simon & Schuster, 2012)
By James D. Tabor & Simcha Jacobovici
A Scholarly Review & Community Forum
Biblical Scholars & Diggers Appreciation Circle
North Virginia USA
The document discusses Paul's epistles, or letters. It defines epistles as ancient letters intended for publication, unlike personal letters. Paul's letters preserved in the Bible were occasional, addressing his experience with Christ, heresies encountered, and supernatural revelations. The letters were both official in nature and varied in form and style. They resulted from complicated circumstances surrounding Paul. The deepest doctrines of Christianity, including implications of Christ's death and the mystery of the church, are conveyed through Paul's experiential epistles.
This document provides background information on the book of Colossians. It discusses that Paul wrote the letter while imprisoned, likely in Rome, to the church in Colossae around 61 AD to counter heretical teachings influencing the church. The heresy involved philosophies promoting legalism, asceticism, and angel worship. Paul's purpose was to emphasize the supremacy and sufficiency of Christ as the head of the church and believers' completeness in him. The document outlines the book's contents and encourages studying it to rely solely on Christ for the spiritual life.
Jehovah's Witnesses are a Christian denomination that believes Jesus is God's son, not God himself. They believe only 144,000 people will go to heaven while others will live in paradise on earth. They are known for door-to-door preaching, rejecting blood transfusions and military service, and believing that only they represent true Christianity. As of 2009, there were over 7 million Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide.
Here are concise responses to the key objections:
1. "Firstborn" and "beginning" refer to Jesus' preeminence as the eternal Son of God, not that He was created.
2. Jesus affirmed His submission to the Father's will while on earth, not denying His deity.
3. Jesus was questioning the young ruler's motivation, not denying His own sinlessness or deity.
The church of Christ is different from other religions and denominations in that it believes the Bible alone provides the pattern for God's church, with Christ as the only head and no additional prophets or leaders. It teaches that Jesus is the Messiah and final prophet, rejecting beliefs of Judaism, Islam, Mormonism and Catholicism.
This document discusses the history of Christianity from 33-96 AD, noting that there were 5,000 Greek manuscripts in existence by that period. It also notes that there were 25,000 manuscripts in other languages such as Latin, Coptic, and Syriac. Key aspects of Christianity that have been discussed over time include the Triune nature of God, the exclusivity of Jesus for salvation, the authority of the Bible, salvation by faith alone in Christ alone, the imminent return of Jesus, and beliefs about the age of the earth. Textual criticism, translation committees, and printed English Bibles have also been part of discussions.
2010 03 21 6 May Alam Ako Sa Bible! Version 2roadsidebbc
The document discusses two ancient manuscripts - Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus - that are often used to correct the King James Version bible. It notes that both manuscripts contain apocryphal books and have thousands of differences between themselves and omit certain passages. It then discusses two scholars, Westcott and Hort, who used these manuscripts to produce modern bible versions despite not being believers themselves, as they were involved with spiritualism and occult groups. The process used to translate the King James Version is contrasted, involving multiple examinations of the text, to suggest it was an honest work of God rather than a dishonest work of man like modern versions.
The document discusses the life and writings of Paul. It provides background on Paul, including that he was originally a Pharisee who persecuted Christians but had a conversion experience on the road to Damascus where he became a follower of Jesus. Paul then became a missionary who traveled throughout the Roman Empire establishing Christian churches and communities. He is known for writing many letters to these communities to provide guidance, which are some of the earliest Christian documents. The document examines what Paul says about himself in his letters and what is known about him from other sources like Acts in order to understand his background and theological perspectives.
The Bible is a collection of sacred writings that are recognized as authoritative by Christians. It consists of the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament was written in Hebrew and Greek, while the New Testament was written in Greek. Both divisions contain books that were written over many centuries by different human authors but were inspired by God. The Bible provides insight into God, humanity, salvation history, and guidance for how to live as Christians. It plays a foundational role for the Church as the inspired Word of God.
The Bible is a collection of 66 books divided into the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and contains history, wisdom literature, prophets, and the Torah. The New Testament contains 27 books written in Greek between 50-120 CE including gospels, letters, history, and apocalyptic literature. Early Christians used the Hebrew scriptures and writings of Jesus and Paul. The 27-book canon of the New Testament was established in 367 CE and finalized at the Council of Carthage in 394 CE based on apostolic authorship, consistency with apostolic teaching, and acceptance by churches.
Pastor Brett's Introduction to Reading the Bible cmetzgerphipps
Reading the Bible is an important part of daily spiritual growth. Learn more about this gift from God in this slide presentation by Brett Opalinski, senior pastor at Christ Church, Fort Lauderdale and Pompano Beach.
Christians were no longer persecuted when Emperor Constantine passed the Edict of Milan in 315 AD, granting religious freedom. However, many Christians had weak faith and fell victim to heresies due to lack of instruction. The early church councils of Nicaea, Ephesus, and Chalcedon established important doctrines to address heresies. The Canon of Sacred Scriptures, established in 382 AD, helped end confusion from heresies by defining the official Bible.
The document provides an overview of the Bible, including its definition, history, structure, and contents. It explains that the Bible is a collection of 73 books recognized by the Catholic Church that were written by various human authors but inspired by God. The Bible is divided into the Old Testament containing 46 books and the New Testament containing 27 books. The Old Testament is further divided into the Pentateuch, Historical Books, Wisdom and Poetry books, and Prophetic books. The New Testament contains the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, Epistles, and Book of Revelation.
The document provides an overview of the Bible, including its definition, history, structure, and importance. Some key points:
- The Bible is a collection of 73 books recognized by the Catholic Church as inspired by God. It is divided into the Old and New Testaments.
- The books of the Bible were formed from oral traditions that were eventually written down. Various authors wrote different books at different times under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.
- The Old Testament contains 46 books divided into the Pentateuch, Historical Books, Wisdom/Poetry books, and Prophetic Books. The New Testament contains 27 books divided into the Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Revelation.
-
Oli Lea - How Many Books Does Your Bible Have?Max Cross
The document discusses the development of the Christian Bible canon over time. It notes that the Old Testament canon was established independently from the New Testament canon. The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures, was used widely by early Christians and Jewish communities outside Israel. There was some debate in the early church over whether to include additional books from the Septuagint as part of the biblical canon.
The document discusses the canon of scripture, including definitions, formation of the Old Testament and New Testament canons, and arguments that the canon is closed. It argues that the NT authors viewed their own writings as scripture based on how they present their authority. While debate occurred around some books, there was early and widespread agreement on the core books. Ultimately, the canon consists of the books God intended and provided for his church.
The document summarizes major periods and events in the history of the Christian church from approximately 30 AD to the present:
- The Early Church from 30-500 AD, the Medieval Church from 1000-1500 AD including the Renaissance, the Reformation from 1500-1700 which saw divisions into Protestant denominations, and the Modern Church from 1900 to present.
- The Renaissance sparked new interest in ancient cultures and learning. The Reformation began due to calls for reform and was led by figures like Luther and Calvin, dividing Western Christianity.
- The Counter Reformation and Jesuits defended Catholicism and renewed the church in response to the Protestant movement. Exploration and colonization spread Christianity worldwide but also had negative impacts on
There are four main categories of epistles: Pauline, pastoral, catholic, and Johannine. The Pauline epistles, consisting of ten letters, were almost certainly written by St. Paul between 50-60 AD to address issues in early Christian communities. Typically the letters include a blessing, presentation of teachings, and admonition. Some contain early Christian hymns. The pastoral letters were written to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. The catholic letters of James, Peter, Jude, and Hebrews (though more like a sermon) were written to the church in general. The Johannine letters are attributed to the community of the Gospel of John. Apocaly
The document provides an overview of the Bible, including:
- The Bible is a library of 73 books divided into the Old and New Testaments.
- The Old Testament is divided into the Law, Prophets, and Writings. The New Testament includes the Gospels, Acts, Letters, and Revelation.
- The Bible contains the story of God's relationship with humanity and the salvation made possible through Jesus Christ. It was written by many authors over many years and guided by the Holy Spirit.
The reading of the Epistle has its origins in the liturgies of the synagogue, where readings from the Law and Prophets were done. In early Christian liturgies, readings from the letters of St. Paul and other New Testament books were included. Over time, the practice developed of assigning specific portions of scripture to be read on each Sunday. An index of these portions, called the Synaxarion, was created to guide the readings. By the 4th century, the pattern had emerged of reading the Epistle, along with selections from the Old and New Testaments. By the 9th century, the Old Testament readings were dropped, leaving the standard pattern of an Epistle reading followed by
This document provides an overview of Congregationalism, including its biblical foundations, characteristics, history, and challenges. It discusses how Congregationalism is based on key principles from the Old and New Testaments like the priesthood of all believers and autonomy of the local church. The document then summarizes Congregationalism's history over centuries, major figures and developments, and recent structural changes in the late 20th century. It aims to outline the origins and evolution of Congregationalism as a pilgrim people.
The document provides information about Roman Catholic funeral practices and traditions. It discusses the church hierarchy including the Pope, bishops, and priests. It describes the layout of a typical Catholic church including areas like the nave, sanctuary, and sacristy. It provides details on Catholic funeral masses, wakes, the dressing and casketing of the deceased, and the committal service.
1.3 canon, creeds and heresy presentationjamiemcmillan
The early Christians faced many challenges that forced them to define and defend their beliefs. They developed creeds and established orthodox doctrines to distinguish themselves from heresies like Gnosticism and Docetism. Church leadership structures emerged with bishops, priests, and deacons. Important Church Fathers like Irenaeus wrote to refute heresies and established what books were part of the biblical canon.
The early Christian church developed various organizational structures, eventually consolidating under a hierarchical system headed by bishops. As the church grew, distinctions formed between clergy and laity. Monasticism also took shape as some Christians sought ascetic lives of prayer and service. Doctrinal controversies emerged around issues like the nature of Christ and the Trinity, leading church leaders to define orthodox positions through ecumenical councils.
This document discusses the formation of the New Testament canon. It explores questions around why there are four gospels and what happened to some of Paul's other letters. The formation of the canon was a complex process that took place from around 50-367 CE as the early church debated which Christian writings should be considered authoritative scripture. Three key criteria emerged for inclusion: apostolic authorship, widespread usage in the church, and orthodox teaching. While some writings like the Shepherd of Hermas were once considered, ultimately the 27 books of the New Testament were settled on by the 4th century.
The document provides information about the roles and responsibilities of bishops and archbishops in the Catholic Church. It discusses that bishops are successors to the apostles and are given the duties of teaching, governing, and sanctifying the faithful in their diocese. The Archbishop of Philadelphia, Charles Joseph Chaput, has the responsibility of leading the Church in Philadelphia.
The canon of the Bible was determined through consideration of apostolic authority, orthodox doctrine, and acceptance by the early church. While some texts were disputed, by the 4th century the 27 book NT canon was established. The Church Fathers including Clement, Origen, Eusebius, and Athanasius cited or referenced most or all of the 27 books. The Reformation led Protestants to reject the Apocrypha, though some found individual books like Hebrews or Revelation less authoritative. Despite textual variations over history, Christian doctrine remains consistent.
Similar to The legacy of paul second presentation (20)
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...Cometan
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdfAstroAnuradha
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon GodExotic India
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
2. Definitions
Canon
• Rule or “standard”
• Used by religious groups to refer to list of
books officially accepted as scripture
Apostolic Tradition
• Chain of connection to Jesus and Paul
• Early churches copied and shared writings
within this tradition
3. Second Century
Gnosticism:
• Valued the spiritual and despised the
material
Marcion (ca. 110-160):
• Wanted to remove Jewish influence over
Christianity to make it purely Gentile
• He rejected or edited many writings
corrupt due to their “Jewishness”
Other Christians:
• Created gnostic writings then attributed
them to Apostles
• Continued until 4th Century
Gospel of Judas
4. Criteria for Writings to
be Included in Canon
• Orthodoxy
• Apostolic origin
• General
acceptance
• Citations by
bishops
5. Determining Canonization
• Books of NT were written by 150CE
• Origen of Alexandria (ca. 185-254):
using our 27 books by the 200’s
• Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria (ca.
296-373): listed the 27 books we use now
and called them canonized in his Easter
Letter written in 367CE.
• St. Augustine of Hippo (ca. 354-430):
Councils of Carthage, 397, 419 recognized
canon and considered it closed.
“…the New
Testament is
not just a
collection of
early Christian
writings;
rather, it is a
selection of
those
writings.”
Powell, p51
6. Western Acceptance
• Pope Damasus (ca. 305-384):
• commissioned Jerome to produce Latin vulgate of
Bible
• completed in 405CE
• Led to acceptance of the 27 books of New
Testament we have now.
7. Today’s Canon
Catholic:
• Canon of Trent 1546 CE
• Included deuterocanonical books i.e. Apocrypha
• Used Jerome’s Latin vulgate translations, not Greek and Hebrew
texts
Protestant:
• Reformation 1517-1685
• Luther rejected deuterocanonical books
8. New Testament Contents
• Gospels (4)
• Acts
• Letters from Paul to churches (9)
• Letters from Paul to individuals (4)
• Letter to the Hebrews
• Letters by others (7)
• Revelation
9. Letters/Epistles
“…It [a letter] conveyed the personal presence of the one who
sent it.” Powell, p229
Salutation:
• Author
• Recipient
• Greetings (Grace)
Thanksgiving:
• Good Health
Main Body:
• Reason for Writing
Closing:
• Good Health
• Farewell
10. Method 1 of organizing Letters:
• Letters by Paul to churches
• Letters by Paul to individuals
• Anonymous letter to the Hebrews
• Letters by James, Peter, John and Jude
21 Letters
11. Method 2 of organizing Letters:
Pastoral Epistles : 3 letters addressed to
pastoral leaders of churches:
• 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus
Captivity Epistles (Prison letters): 5 Letters
that appear to have been written from prison:
• Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 2 Timothy,
Philemon
“Catholic” Epistles (General Letters): 7 letters
written to the church at large:
• James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude
21 Letters - Continued
12. Paul’s Letters
7 Undisputed: (Pauline)
• Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2
Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1
Thessalonians, Philemon
3 Not written by Paul: Deutero-Pauline
• Written in Paul’s name several years after his death
• 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus
3 Disputed Authorship
• No scholarly consensus, majority see them as not
from Paul or ”post Paul”
• Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians
13. Resources
• Introducing the New Testament
Mark Allan Powell
• The Movie “Luther”
Fiction 2003 (entertainment)
14. Powerpoint
By Stacey Atkins
This Presentation is the Intellectual Property of Stacey Atkins
www.SomethingDifferentMinistries.org
Copyright 2014
Editor's Notes
Origen of Alexandria: wrote “On Principles.” One of the greatest theologiansFirst to dispute gnosticism
Jerome :Patron saint of libraries due to his translationWould frequent catacombs to remind himself of his own mortality while he transcribed the immortal word.
Luther posted his 95 Theses on door of Wittenberg Cathedral to protest Catholic indulgences (buying forgiveness of sins) in 1517
Gospels: Matthew Mark Luke JohnLetters from Paul to churches: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 ThessaloniansLetters from Paul to individuals: 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, PhilemonLetters by others: James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1,2,& 3 John, JudeThe books are NOT in chronological order. All 4 Gospels were most likely written after Paul’s death. Books are not necessarily written by the traditional author. i.e. 1, 2, & 3 John are anonymous.
Main body of the letter contained a variety of material such as:hymnscreedstraveloguestopical discussionsetc. just as they do today.Photo: Earliest manuscript of Paul’s letters. Known as “P46” it is on papyrus (also called a “codex”). Found in Egypt. The codex had almost all the letters of Paul.The image above is of 1 Corinthians 14:34-15:6. In lines 24-25 (15:3-6) Paul includes what Biblical scholars understand to be an early creed of the faith.“For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cepheus, then to the twelve. Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep.”
First Picture is from Mary’s chapel in EphesusSecond Picture of depiction of ancient Corinthian peopleThird Picture is a depiction of an ancient Hebrew man
Top Picture is TimothySecond picture is Paul in prison“Catholic” here refers to church at large, not Catholicism
Paul’s letters are organized in the NT by Longest to shortest.The chronological order of the letters is uncertainThe other letters in order that the author’s names appear in Galatians 2:9 (James, Peter, John)Amanuensis: people trained to be scribes of secretariesPaul was not writing “sacred texts” at the time. He was writing letters to those he was teaching. He would be shocked to find that they are in our Bible.