the INTRODUCTION_TO_OIL&GAS_Recent[1].ppt

In the Name of Allah most
Merciful most Gracious
INTRODUCTIO TO OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
Chemist / OSAMA ELSHAHAWY
Chemist / OSAMA ELSHAHAWY

INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

This course will help
Membership of the staff to
understand
all Fundamentals
OF

Allah gives us a gift called
PETROLEUM –The black
gold-
which has many benefits, so
we have
to thank Allah for his gift.

Upstream
Upstream
PART 1
PART 1

Petroleum industry
classifications
.
Upstream (oil industry)
Midstream (oil industry)
Downstream (oil industry)

Upstream (oil industry)
In geography, upstream
literally means towards the
source of a stream or
river, or against the normal
direction of water flow.

The upstream oil sector is a term
commonly used to refer to the
searching for and the recovery and
production of crude oil and natural
gas and bring them to the surface.
The upstream oil sector is also
known as the exploration and
production (E&P) sector.

Midstream (oil industry)
The midstream industry
processes, stores, markets and
transports crude oil, natural
gas, natural gas liquids.

Downstream (oil industry)
The downstream sector includes oil refineries,
petrochemical plants, petroleum product
distribution, retail outlets and natural gas
distribution companies. The downstream industry
touches consumers through thousands of
products such as petrol, diesel, jet fuel, heating
oil, asphalt, lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics,
fertilizers, antifreeze, pesticides, pharmaceuticals,
natural gas and propane.

INTRODUCTION TO OIL &GAS INDUSTERY
INTRODUCTION TO OIL &GAS INDUSTERY

petroleum, oily, flammable liquid that
occurs naturally in deposits, usually
beneath the surface of the earth; it is also
called crude oil. It consists principally of a
mixture of hydrocarbons, with some of
various nitrogenous sulfurous and
phosphorus compounds and traces of
heavy metals such as vanadium, and
nickel
.

 that occur widely in the sedimentary
rocks in the form of gases, liquids,
semisolids, or solids.
 It is not known exactly when
humankind first used petroleum. It is
known, however, that ancient peoples
worshipped sacred fires that were
fuelled by natural gas seeping to the
surface through pores and cracks.

 It is also known that asphalt, a very
viscous form of petroleum, was used
to waterproof boats and heat homes as
early as 6,000 BC. Asphalt was also
used as an embalming agent for
mummies and in the construction of
the Egyptian pyramids around 3,000
BC.

 Approximately 2000 years ago, Arabian
scientists developed methods for the
distillation of petroleum, which were
introduced into Europe by way of Spain.
This represents another documented use of
the volatile derivatives of petroleum which
led to a continued interest in petroleum
and its derivatives as medicinal materials
and materials for warfare, in addition to the
usual construction materials.

 The modern petroleum industry began in
1859, when the American oil pioneer
Colonel Edwin L. Drake drilled a
producing well on Oil Creek in
Pennsylvania at a place that later became
Titusville by drilling to 21 meters. Many
wells were drilled in the region. Kerosene
was the chief finished product, and
kerosene lamps soon replaced whale oil
lamps and candles in general use.

 Petroleum's importance to humankind
took a giant leap in the late 1800's
when it replaced coal as the primary
fuel for the machines of the industrial
revolution. In today's industrialized
society, petroleum means power.
Today, petroleum remains our
primary source of energy

Why is Oil so Important in Today’s
World?
 When you got out of bed, perhaps your family
uses a natural gas-burning stove. Next you may
have taken a gasoline or diesel powered car (or
bus) to business. So, as you can see, before you
even started your business day you already used
a certain amount of petroleum.
 Try and imagine how your life might change if
we suddenly lost our supply of oil.

including plastics, textiles, pharmaceuticals etc..

 Upstream
Upstream
PART 1
PART 1

THE OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF OIL AND GAS
RESERVOIR
CAP
H.C. Accumulation
Require
reservoir rock Cap Rock
(
to store fluid
( )
to prevent their
escape
)

Three Types of Rocks
 Before we proceed to discuss where oil is found in
the subsurface, we must become familiar with some
new terminology; namely, the three types of rocks;
Igneous,
Sedimentary and
Metamorphic.

 Igneous rocks :
Igneous rocks : are rocks that have
are rocks that have
solidified from a molten or liquid state.
solidified from a molten or liquid state.
 Formed from the cooling of volcanic
Formed from the cooling of volcanic
lava.
lava.
 Igneous rocks do not normally contain
Igneous rocks do not normally contain
hydrocarbons.
hydrocarbons.

 Sedimentary rocks:
Sedimentary rocks: are formed by the laying down
are formed by the laying down
of sediment in seas, rivers or lakes
of sediment in seas, rivers or lakes.
.
 The particles of sediment that accumulate are
The particles of sediment that accumulate are
eventually cemented together to form
eventually cemented together to form
sedimentary rock .
sedimentary rock .
 hydrocarbons are normally found in the spaces
hydrocarbons are normally found in the spaces
between the particles of these sedimentary
between the particles of these sedimentary
rocks
rocks

 Metamorphic rocks:
Metamorphic rocks: are formed by the
are formed by the
metamorphosis of existing rock, be it igneous or
metamorphosis of existing rock, be it igneous or
sedimentary, by extreme heat and pressure.
sedimentary, by extreme heat and pressure.
 These factors cause recrystallization of the
These factors cause recrystallization of the
minerals in the rock.
minerals in the rock.
 Metamorphic rocks do not normally
Metamorphic rocks do not normally
contain hydrocarbons.
contain hydrocarbons.

RESERVOIR ROCK
RESERVOIR ROCK
MUST POSSES
Fluid Holding Capacity
=
porosity
Fluid transmitting Capacity
=
permeability
For the bulk of the storage space Provided by connected openings
RESERVOIR ROCK = SEDIMENTARY ROCK
RESERVOIR ROCK = SEDIMENTARY ROCK

=
=
The spaces between the grains
The spaces between the grains

=Measure of the ease with which fluids can flow through a rock

SHALES
SHALES
ACTS AS RESERVOIR ROCKS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Porosity HIGH
permeability TOO SMAL

CAP ROCK
CAP ROCK
ANY ROCKS
PREVENT NOT PENETRATED
ESCAP OF OIL BY OIL
AND GAS FROM OR GAS
RESERVOIR ROKS

CAPILARY PRESSURE
CAPILARY PRESSURE
 PRESSURE REQUIRED TO CAUSE OF A
PRESSURE REQUIRED TO CAUSE OF A
FLUID TO DISPLACE FROM THE
FLUID TO DISPLACE FROM THE
OPENINGS IN THE ROCK ANOTHER
OPENINGS IN THE ROCK ANOTHER
FLUID _(TWO FLUIDS ARE NOT
FLUID _(TWO FLUIDS ARE NOT
MISCIBLE)_.
MISCIBLE)_.

FLUID DESTRIBUTION
FLUID DESTRIBUTION
CAP ROCKS
GAS = GAS CAP
GAS+SOME WATER
GAS +OIL
OIL + GAS
OIL
RESREVOIR ROCKS
OIL + WATER
WATER + OIL
WATER
OIL WELL

FLUID DESTRIBUTION
FLUID DESTRIBUTION
CAP ROCKS
GAS
RESREVOIR ROCKS
GAS+ WATER
WATER + GAS
WATER
GAS WELL

DEPTH, SIZES AND OTHER FEATURES
PLANT
ROOTS OF PLANT
26000
ft ≈
7925 m
≈
H.C. Produced from
roots of grass down to
26000 ft
≈
From few acres to 100th
miles caring oil

PLANT
ROOTS OF PLANT
From
15
O
C/Km
To
35
O
C/Km
From
0.43
psi/ft
To
1.00
psi/ft

Oil reservoir rock thickness
Oil reservoir rock thickness from few ft to 100
from few ft to 100th
th
ft
ft
Hight of H. C. zone from 10
from 10th
th
ft to 100th ft
ft to 100th ft

TRAPS
TRAPS
•FLAT-LYING CONVEX LENS
•ANTICLINE
•DOME
•FAULT
•WEDGE-OUT (STRATIGRAPHIC)

Migration and Accumulation
Migration and Accumulation
 On many occasions the reservoir rock is
On many occasions the reservoir rock is
Unlikely to have been the
Unlikely to have been the rock in which
rock in which
the oil and gas were formed;
the oil and gas were formed; in some
in some
cases the reservoir rock could not have
cases the reservoir rock could not have
been the source rock. The process of
been the source rock. The process of
concentration and emplacement of the
concentration and emplacement of the
hydro
carbon accumulation is referred to
hydro
carbon accumulation is referred to
as migration and accumulation.
as migration and accumulation.

 If the source rock differs from the reservoir
If the source rock differs from the reservoir
rock it may be convenient to consider two
rock it may be convenient to consider two
stages of the process:
stages of the process:
 1
1. Movement from the
. Movement from the source
source rock to the
rock to the
reservoir
reservoir rock, and
rock, and
 2
2. Movement and
. Movement and segregation
segregation within the
within the
reservoir rock.
reservoir rock.
The first stage has been labeled
The first stage has been labeled
primary migration
primary migration, and
, and
The second stage
The second stage secondary migration
secondary migration.
.

THE FLUIDS
THE FLUIDS
H.C
.
SATURATED UNSATURATED

HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS
PARAFFINS
PARAFFINS OLEFINS
OLEFINS
-
-
Long Chain = normal
Long Chain = normal ACETYLENS
ACETYLENS
-
-
Cyclic = Naphthens
Cyclic = Naphthens AROMATICS
AROMATICS
-
-
Branched = Iso
Branched = Iso
-
-
-
-
Long Chain
Long Chain
-
-
Cyclic
Cyclic
-
-
Branched
Branched
-
-
Long Chain
Long Chain
-
-
Branched
Branched
-
-
Branched
Branched

PARAFFIN
PARAFFIN SERIES
SERIES
There Are So Many Different
There Are So Many Different H.C.
H.C. Comp
Comp,
,
s. In
s. In
Crude Oil , Estimates Range Between
Crude Oil , Estimates Range Between 50 000
50 000 And
And
1000 000
1000 000.
.
It Is Necessary To Have Systematic Way To
It Is Necessary To Have Systematic Way To Classify
Classify
Them
Them
.
.
The Two Basic Systems Used Are
The Two Basic Systems Used Are
:
:
1
1
-
-
By Carbon No
By Carbon No
.
.
2
2
-
-
By Molecular Structure
By Molecular Structure
.
.

Petroleum Origin
Petroleum Origin
Abiogenic Origin
Biogenic Origin

In 1866, BERTHELOT considered that CRUDE
OIL constituents were produced from the
ACETYLEN. Initially, inorganic carbides were
formed by the action of alkali metals on carbonates
after which acetylene was produced by reaction of
the carbides with water
.

Mendelejeff, who proposed that the action of
dilute acids or hot water on mixed iron and
manganese carbides produces a mixture of
hydrocarbons from which petroleum evolved,
described another theory in which acetylene is
considered to be the basic material
:

There are also several recent theories related to
the formation of petroleum from nonbiogenic
sources in the earth.
From the chemical point of view the inorganic
theories are interesting because of their historical
importance, but these theories have not received
much attention.

=living organisms are the source materials
Petroleum is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon
mixture but hydrocarbons that are synthesized by
living organisms usually account for less than 20%
of the petroleum
.
The remainder of the hydrocarbons in petroleum is
produced by a variety of processes that convert other
organic material to hydrocarbons as part of the
maturation processes generally referred to as digenesis,
CATAGENESIS, and METAGENESIS
.

Over many centuries this organic matter,
mixed with mud, is buried under thick
sedimentary layers of material. The resulting
high levels of HEAT, PRESSURE and
BICTRIA cause the remains to
metamorphose, first into a waxy material
known as KEROGEN, and then into liquid

Kerogen
Is a solid, waxy, organic substance that forms
when pressure and heat from the Earth act on the
remains of plants and animals.
Kerogen converts to various liquid and gaseous
hydrocarbons at a depth of seven or more
kilometers and a temperature between 50 o
C and
100 o
C (122 o
F and 212 o
F).

The name kerogen is also generally used
for organic matter in sedimentary rocks that
is insoluble in common organic and
inorganic solvents.
Kerogen also yields oil when the shale
containing kerogen is heated to temperatures
sufficient to cause destructive distillation.

(1)knowledge of underground
structures and which types favor
formation of oil pools and
(2)methods of obtaining data about
underground formations, primarily the
field of geophysics.

Geophysical Exploration Exploratory Drilling and Well Logging
Sound Waves

Geophysical Exploration
Geophysical Exploration
Geophysical exploration obtains
Geophysical exploration obtains data on
data on
variations in the
variations in the physical properties
physical properties of
of
subsurface rocks, including
subsurface rocks, including density
density,
, elasticity
elasticity,
,
magnetic
magnetic and
and electrical properties
electrical properties.
.
It provides a means for determining the
It provides a means for determining the
location of various types of rocks.
location of various types of rocks.
It does not, as yet, give direct evidence of the
It does not, as yet, give direct evidence of the
occurrence of oil;
occurrence of oil;
this still necessitates drilling a hole.
this still necessitates drilling a hole.

The principles used are basically
magnetism, gravity, and sound
waves. The instruments are the
magnetometer, gravimeter, and
seismograph.

Oil tends to be found in layers of sedimentary
rock, which lie on top of igneous, or
basement, rock. This is much denser than the
sedimentary layers and contains a higher
concentration of iron and other magnetic
materials
.

OIL
OIL
 DENSITY=
DENSITY= Lower
Lower
 MAGNETIC MATERIALS Concn.=
MAGNETIC MATERIALS Concn.= Lower
Lower
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
DENSITY= Higher
MAGNETIC MATERIALS Concn.= Higher
IGNEOUS or BASEMENT ROCKS

 A magnetometer, fundamentally a specially
A magnetometer, fundamentally a specially
designed
designed magnetic compass
magnetic compass, detects minute
, detects minute
differences in the magnetic properties of
differences in the magnetic properties of
various rock formations, thus helping to find
various rock formations, thus helping to find
structures which might contain oil.
structures which might contain oil.

Magnetometers can be divided into two basic
types:
•Scalar magnetometers measure the total
strength of the magnetic field to which they are
subjected, and
•Vector magnetometers have the capability to
measure the component of the magnetic field
in a particular direction, relative to the spatial
orientation of the device.

Proton precession magnetometers, also known
as proton magnetometers, measure the resonance frequency of
protons (hydrogen nuclei) in the magnetic field to be
measured, due to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Caesium vapor magnetometer, consists of
a photon emitter containing a caesium light emitter or lamp,
an absorption chamber containing caesium vapor and a
"buffer gas " through which the emitted photons pass, and
a photon detector, arranged in that order.

A uniaxial fluxgate magnetometer
A fluxgate compass/inclinometer

The magnitude of gravitational pull of underground rock
The magnitude of gravitational pull of underground rock
varies directly with its density
varies directly with its density
,
,
although the actual variations are extremely small
although the actual variations are extremely small
.
.
The gravimeter, a sensitive instrument which detects
The gravimeter, a sensitive instrument which detects
differences in the pull of gravity
differences in the pull of gravity
,
,
therefore gives an indication of the location and density of
therefore gives an indication of the location and density of
underground rock formations
underground rock formations
.
.

Most gravimeters operate on about the same
Most gravimeters operate on about the same
principle
principle
.
.
A weight is suspended on a sensitive spring
A weight is suspended on a sensitive spring
,
,
and changes in gravity cause tiny changes in
and changes in gravity cause tiny changes in
length or in twisting of the spring
length or in twisting of the spring
,
,
which can be magnified optically or electrically
which can be magnified optically or electrically
and observed
and observed
.
.

The instruments are used on
The instruments are used on
land, over water-covered areas
land, over water-covered areas
(by submerging them in special
(by submerging them in special
diving bells or occasionally in
diving bells or occasionally in
submarines), and they can be
submarines), and they can be
employed on aircraft
employed on aircraft
.
.

Seismic Method
Seismic Method
 Based on determinations of the
Based on determinations of the time interval
time interval that
that
elapses
elapses between
between the
the initiation of a sound wave
initiation of a sound wave
from detonation of a dynamite charge or other
from detonation of a dynamite charge or other
artificial shock
artificial shock and
and the
the arrival of the vibration
arrival of the vibration
impulses
impulses at a series of seismic detectors
at a series of seismic detectors
(geophones). The arrivals are amplified and
(geophones). The arrivals are amplified and
recorded along with time marks (0.01 sec
recorded along with time marks (0.01 sec
intervals) to give the seismogram.
intervals) to give the seismogram.

 Seismometers
Seismometers are instruments that measures seismic waves generated
are instruments that measures seismic waves generated
by earthquakes, nuclear explosions, and other seismic sources.
by earthquakes, nuclear explosions, and other seismic sources.
Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of
Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of
the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.
the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.
 The word derives from the Greek
The word derives from the Greek seismós
seismós, a shaking or quake, and
, a shaking or quake, and
métron
métron, measure.
, measure.
 Seismograph
Seismograph is another Greek term from
is another Greek term from seismós
seismós and
and gráphō
gráphō, to draw.
, to draw.
 Both types provide a continuous record of ground motion; this
Both types provide a continuous record of ground motion; this
distinguishes them from
distinguishes them from seismoscopes
seismoscopes, which merely indicate that
, which merely indicate that
motion has occurred, perhaps with some simple measure of how large
motion has occurred, perhaps with some simple measure of how large
it was
it was

setting off a small and controlled charge of explosive in
setting off a small and controlled charge of explosive in
the bottom of a shallow hole in the ground. The
the bottom of a shallow hole in the ground. The
seismograph measures the shock waves from the
seismograph measures the shock waves from the
explosion
explosion
The velocity of travel of a disturbance through the
The velocity of travel of a disturbance through the
ground is in mathematical relationship to the
ground is in mathematical relationship to the
elasticity and the density of the ground and its
elasticity and the density of the ground and its
components. Furthermore, the sound or shock waves
components. Furthermore, the sound or shock waves
are
are reflected
reflected and refracted
and refracted by materials of various
by materials of various
densities in accordance with the same principles that
densities in accordance with the same principles that
apply in the reflection and refraction of light waves
apply in the reflection and refraction of light waves
.
.

 Another valuable exploration method is geophysical
Another valuable exploration method is geophysical
borehole logging,
borehole logging,
 It involves drilling a well and then employing
It involves drilling a well and then employing
instruments to log or make measurements at various
instruments to log or make measurements at various
levels in the hole by such means as electrical
levels in the hole by such means as electrical
resistivity, radioactivity, acoustics, or density.
resistivity, radioactivity, acoustics, or density.
 In addition, formation, or core, samples are taken for
In addition, formation, or core, samples are taken for
physical and chemical tests.
physical and chemical tests.
Exploratory Drilling and Well Logging

 Based on the fact that:
Based on the fact that:
the
the resistivity
resistivity of a rock layer is
of a rock layer is
a function of its
a function of its fluid content
fluid content.
.
 Oil-filled sand has a very high resistivity.
Oil-filled sand has a very high resistivity.

The method consists of:
passing a current between an electrode at
the surface and one which is lowered into
the hole.
Any change in the resistivity conditions
around the moving electrode will affect the
flow of current and the voltage distribution
around it.
These voltage fluctuations can be
measured by a pair of electrodes placed
near the moving electrode and lowered
with it.

 The natural radioactive properties of many constituents
The natural radioactive properties of many constituents
of rock have made it possible to use nuclear radiation
of rock have made it possible to use nuclear radiation
detectors in the borehole.
detectors in the borehole.
If a carbon atom also has six neutrons, it is
Carbon-12.
If it has seven neutrons, it is Carbron-13.
A carbon atom containing six protons and
eight neutrons is Carbon-14.
This form, or isotope of carbon is
radioactive.
Carbon-14 is radioactive
while Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 are stable.

 Two commonly used methods are :
Two commonly used methods are :
1.
1. gamma-ray the natural radiations from the
gamma-ray the natural radiations from the
rock are used.
rock are used. the gamma-ray log helps
the gamma-ray log helps define
define
Shale.
Shale.
2.
2. neutron logging a neutron source is
neutron logging a neutron source is
employed to excite the release of radiation from
employed to excite the release of radiation from
the rock. The neutron source is usually a mixture
the rock. The neutron source is usually a mixture
of beryllium and radium but can be
of beryllium and radium but can be a
a miniature
miniature
van de Graff particle accelerator.
van de Graff particle accelerator. The neutron
The neutron
method is
method is a.
a. means for
means for determining the
determining the
relative porosities of rock formations.
relative porosities of rock formations.

 Density
Density can now be logged with a new development
can now be logged with a new development utilizing
utilizing
radioactivity.
radioactivity.
 The
The instrument
instrument consists of a radioactive cobalt
consists of a radioactive cobalt source of
source of
gamma rays
gamma rays and a
and a Geiger counter
Geiger counter as a detector which is
as a detector which is
shielded from the source.
shielded from the source.
 The rock formation is
The rock formation is bombarded with the gamma
bombarded with the gamma rays,
rays,
some of them being scattered back from the formation and
some of them being scattered back from the formation and
entering the detector.
entering the detector.
 The degree to which the original radiation is
The degree to which the original radiation is
absorbed is a function of the density of the rock.
absorbed is a function of the density of the rock.

Well data obtained from the examination of
Well data obtained from the examination of
formation samples
formation samples taken from various depths in
taken from various depths in
the borehole
the borehole
These samples can be
These samples can be
:
:
(1)
(1) so-called
so-called "cores"
"cores" which have been taken from
which have been taken from
the hole by a special coring device, or
the hole by a special coring device, or
(2)
(2)(2) drill cuttings screened from the circulating
(2) drill cuttings screened from the circulating
drilling mud.
drilling mud.

DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
Wells are drilled
Wells are drilled today
today by the
by the ROTARY
ROTARY method,
method,
in which an abrasive bit is revolved at the end of
in which an abrasive bit is revolved at the end of
a drill stem
a drill stem
.
.
The
The older
older CABLE-TOOL
CABLE-TOOL method, used almost
method, used almost
exclusively until 1900, involves raising and
exclusively until 1900, involves raising and
dropping a heavy bit and drill stem attached by
dropping a heavy bit and drill stem attached by
cable to a cantilever arm at the surface
cable to a cantilever arm at the surface
.
.
preferred
preferred only for penetrating
only for penetrating great thicknesses
great thicknesses of
of
hard rock
hard rock at
at shallow depths
shallow depths and when the
and when the

Drilling Operation
Drilling Operation
-
-
Once the site has been selected
Once the site has been selected
,
,
* legal issues must be done.
* legal issues must be done.
* the crew goes about preparing the land
* the crew goes about preparing the land
* must be a source of water nearby
* must be a source of water nearby
* several holes must be dug to make way for
* several holes must be dug to make way for
the rig and the main hole
the rig and the main hole
The crew then begins drilling the main
The crew then begins drilling the main
hole often with a small drill truck rather
hole often with a small drill truck rather
than the main rig.
than the main rig.

In order to extract the oil from an oil field, a large
number of wells are drilled.

Once the final depth has been reached, the well is
completed to allow oil to flow into the casing in a
controlled manner
;
a perforating GUN is lowered into the well to the
production depth. To create holes in the casing
through which oil can flow. After the casing has been
perforated, a small-diameter pipe (tubing) is run into
the hole as a conduit for oil and gas to flow up the

a multi valve structure is installed at the top of the
tubing and cemented to the top of the casing. The
Christmas tree allows them to control the flow of oil
from the well
.

 Is the production of oil from a reservoir.
Is the production of oil from a reservoir.
 which range from
which range from recovery by reservoir energy
recovery by reservoir energy
(i.e., the oil flows from the well hole without
(i.e., the oil flows from the well hole without
assistance)
assistance) to
to enhanced recovery methods in
enhanced recovery methods in
which considerable energy must be added to the
which considerable energy must be added to the
reservoir to produce the oil.
reservoir to produce the oil.
 However, the effect of the method on the oil and
However, the effect of the method on the oil and
on the reservoir must be considered before
on the reservoir must be considered before
application.
application.
Recovery
Recovery

Primary Recovery (Natural Methods)
Primary Recovery (Natural Methods)
 If the underground pressure in the oil reservoir
If the underground pressure in the oil reservoir
is sufficient, then the oil will be forced to the
is sufficient, then the oil will be forced to the
surface under this pressure. Gaseous fuels or
surface under this pressure. Gaseous fuels or
natural gas are usually present, which also supply
natural gas are usually present, which also supply
needed underground pressure. In this situation,
needed underground pressure. In this situation,
it is sufficient to place a complex arrangement of
it is sufficient to place a complex arrangement of
valves (the Christmas tree) at the well head to
valves (the Christmas tree) at the well head to
connect the well to a pipeline network for
connect the well to a pipeline network for
storage and processing. This is called primary oil
storage and processing. This is called primary oil
recovery.
recovery.

SECONDARY R ECOVERY
SECONDARY R ECOVERY
Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will
Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will
fall, and at some point there will be
fall, and at some point there will be
insufficient underground pressure to force the
insufficient underground pressure to force the
oil to the surface. If economical, and it often
oil to the surface. If economical, and it often
is, the remaining oil in the well is extracted
is, the remaining oil in the well is extracted
using secondary oil recovery methods
using secondary oil recovery methods
.
.

Secondary oil recovery methods use various
Secondary oil recovery methods use various
techniques to aid in recovering oil from depleted or
techniques to aid in recovering oil from depleted or
low-pressure reservoirs. Sometimes
low-pressure reservoirs. Sometimes
#
#Pumps
Pumps on the surface or submerged (electrical
on the surface or submerged (electrical
submersible pumps (ESPs)), are used to bring
submersible pumps (ESPs)), are used to bring
the oil to the surface.
the oil to the surface.
#Increase the reservoir’s pressure by
#Increase the reservoir’s pressure by Water
Water
Injection
Injection and
and Gas
Gas Injection
Injection, which injects
, which injects AIR
AIR
or some other
or some other GAS
GAS into the reservoir.
into the reservoir.
Together, primary recovery and secondary
Together, primary recovery and secondary
recovery allow 25% to 35% of the reservoir’s oil
recovery allow 25% to 35% of the reservoir’s oil
to be recovered.
to be recovered.

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Enhanced oil recovery (tertiary oil recovery)
Enhanced oil recovery (tertiary oil recovery)
is the incremental ultimate oil that can be
is the incremental ultimate oil that can be
recovered from a petroleum reservoir over
recovered from a petroleum reservoir over
oil that can be obtained by primary and
oil that can be obtained by primary and
secondary recovery methods
secondary recovery methods
.
.

The viscosity (or the API gravity) of petroleum is an
The viscosity (or the API gravity) of petroleum is an
important factor that must be taken into account
important factor that must be taken into account
when heavy oil is recovered from a reservoir
when heavy oil is recovered from a reservoir
.
.
In fact, certain reservoir types, such as those with
In fact, certain reservoir types, such as those with
very viscous crude oils and some low-permeability
very viscous crude oils and some low-permeability
carbonate (limestone, dolomite, or chert)
carbonate (limestone, dolomite, or chert)
reservoirs, respond poorly to conventional
reservoirs, respond poorly to conventional
secondary recovery techniques
secondary recovery techniques
.
.
In these reservoirs, it is desirable to initiate enhanced
In these reservoirs, it is desirable to initiate enhanced
oil recovery (EOR) operations as early as possible
oil recovery (EOR) operations as early as possible
.
.

Thermal floods using steam and
Thermal floods using steam and
controlled in situ combustion methods
controlled in situ combustion methods
are also used. Thermal methods of
are also used. Thermal methods of
recovery reduce the viscosity of the
recovery reduce the viscosity of the
crude oil by heat so that it flows more
crude oil by heat so that it flows more
easily into the production well
easily into the production well
.
.

Oilfield treatment processing
Oilfield treatment processing
Fluids produced from a well are seldom pure
Fluids produced from a well are seldom pure
crude oil; they are rarely clean oil
crude oil; they are rarely clean oil
(produced from an oil well) to be ready for
(produced from an oil well) to be ready for
handling, it is generally comes out of the
handling, it is generally comes out of the
well as a mixture of
well as a mixture of
:
:
 oil
oil
 water
water
 gases, and
gases, and
 sand or solid materials
sand or solid materials
Foreign materials, water, and
sand or solid materials must
be separated from the oil and
gas before they can
transported to the refineries.
This process is known as
OIL TREATING
.

The amount this foreign materials is referred to as
The amount this foreign materials is referred to as
BS&W ( Basic Sediment and Water) content of
BS&W ( Basic Sediment and Water) content of
the oil. Normally, the BS&W content must be
the oil. Normally, the BS&W content must be
less than 0.5 % volume before oil to be
less than 0.5 % volume before oil to be
translated
translated
.
.
 Oilfield treatment processing include some or all
Oilfield treatment processing include some or all
of the following:
of the following:
*Filtration. *Dehydration (water separation).
*Filtration. *Dehydration (water separation).
*Stabilization. *Desalting.
*Stabilization. *Desalting.
*Gases sweating (treating). And *Visbreaking.
*Gases sweating (treating). And *Visbreaking.

Crude
Oil
Steam
Pump
Stabilized Crude Oil
Gases
C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6
Pump
Condensate
Water
CRUDE OIL WITH
DETCTABLE GASES

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
Crude Oil Crude Oil
WATER
GASES
CRUDE OIL WITH SMALL AMOUNT OF gases

1.2.4
1.2.4
WHAT IS
WHAT IS LPG
LPG
?
?
L
LIQUEFIED
IQUEFIED P
PETROLEUM
ETROLEUM G
GAS
AS
LPG ≠
LPG ≠ LNG
LNG
Mainly Mainly
Mainly Mainly
C
C3 +
3 + C
C4
4 C
C1
1
Used In Light Duty Vehicles For Many Years
Used In Light Duty Vehicles For Many Years

1.2.1
1.2.1
WHAT IS
WHAT IS LNG
LNG
?
?
L
LIQIFIED
IQIFIED N
NATURAL
ATURAL G
GAS
AS
Cooled
Cooled
NG LNG
NG LNG
- ~
- ~
160
160
o
o
C @ atm. Pressure
C @ atm. Pressure
Odorless , Colorless , non-corrosive , and non- toxic
Odorless , Colorless , non-corrosive , and non- toxic
.
.
When vaporized It burns Only In Concn. Of 5% to 15% When
When vaporized It burns Only In Concn. Of 5% to 15% When
mixed With Air
mixed With Air
.
.

1.2.2
1.2.2
WHAT IS
WHAT IS CNG
CNG
?
?
C
COMPRESSED
OMPRESSED N
NATURAL
ATURAL G
GAS
AS
Pressurized
Pressurized
NG LNG
NG LNG
~
~
3600
3600
psig ( 245atm.)
psig ( 245atm.)
CNG
CNG AND
AND LNG
LNG DELIVERED TO ENGINES AS LOW
DELIVERED TO ENGINES AS LOW
PRESSURE VAPOR . ~ 300 psig ( 20atm.)
PRESSURE VAPOR . ~ 300 psig ( 20atm.)
*
*
Used As Vehicle Fuel
Used As Vehicle Fuel

1.2.3
1.2.3
WHAT IS
WHAT IS NGL
NGL
?
?
N
NATURAL
ATURAL G
GAS
AS L
LIQUIDS
IQUIDS
Often Include All Components Of
Often Include All Components Of
NG
NG
Except C
Except C1
1
But In Liquid Phase
But In Liquid Phase
.
.

TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
Crude oil moves to refineries by:
Crude oil moves to refineries by:
 pipeline,
pipeline,
 railroad tank cars, and
railroad tank cars, and
 tankers or barges.
tankers or barges.
Products move from the refinery by:
Products move from the refinery by:
 all these and by
all these and by
 tank trucks as well.
tank trucks as well.

The
The least
least expensive method of transporting
expensive method of transporting
crude oil is by:
crude oil is by:
WATER
WATER (
(TANKERS or BARGES
TANKERS or BARGES)
)
RAIL ROAD CARS >
RAIL ROAD CARS > PIPELINES
PIPELINES
PIPELINES > WATER(
PIPELINES > WATER(TANKERS
TANKERS
or BARGES
or BARGES)
)
BY Three Times
BY Three Times

Choice of a method is usually
Choice of a method is usually
based on both
based on both Economics
Economics and
and
the
the Location
Location of the source of
of the source of
crude with respect to the refinery
crude with respect to the refinery
.
.

Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipeline system starts with the network
Pipeline system starts with the network
of pipes in the field
of pipes in the field
,
,
the gathering system, which generally
the gathering system, which generally
uses 2″ to 30″,(or more,) and
uses 2″ to 30″,(or more,) and
transport oil directly to refineries or to
transport oil directly to refineries or to
marine terminals for transfer to
marine terminals for transfer to
tankers
tankers
.
.

Line pipe is made of steel to standard
Line pipe is made of steel to standard
specifications
specifications
.
.
Wall thickness varies between
Wall thickness varies between 1/4
1/4 and
and
3/8 in., seldom exceeding 7/16 in
3/8 in., seldom exceeding 7/16 in
.
.
Pipe is seamless or welded. Sections
Pipe is seamless or welded. Sections
are connected by welding
are connected by welding
throughout; fittings and valves are
throughout; fittings and valves are
also welded
also welded
.
.

Oil flows by
Oil flows by pump
pump or
or gravity
gravity or
or both
both
.
.
Pressures of about 1,200 psi are used for lines
Pressures of about 1,200 psi are used for lines
up to 12 in
up to 12 in
,.
,.
Pressures of 500 to 800 psi are for 24- to 30-
Pressures of 500 to 800 psi are for 24- to 30-
in. pipe lines
in. pipe lines
.
.
Long pipelines require frequent booster
Long pipelines require frequent booster
stations to restore pressure lost to line
stations to restore pressure lost to line
friction or gradient variations
friction or gradient variations
.
.
A booster is usually installed wherever the line
A booster is usually installed wherever the line
pressure drops to about 50 psi
pressure drops to about 50 psi
.
.

Pipelines are usually
Pipelines are usually underground
underground in most inhabited
in most inhabited
regions but are laid
regions but are laid on the surface
on the surface (on concrete blocks
(on concrete blocks
or metal supports) in remote areas, such as deserts
or metal supports) in remote areas, such as deserts
.
.
Underground
Underground pipe requires protection against external
pipe requires protection against external
corrosion (mostly obtained by coatings and/or
corrosion (mostly obtained by coatings and/or
cathodic protection), and has no problem of
cathodic protection), and has no problem of
expansion and contraction whereas
expansion and contraction whereas
Surface lines
Surface lines normally need only paint. But it has a
normally need only paint. But it has a
problem of expansion and contraction, and allowance
problem of expansion and contraction, and allowance
for this movement must be made in designing and
for this movement must be made in designing and
setting the supports
setting the supports
.
.

 Underwater lines are starting to find
Underwater lines are starting to find
increased use with the growth in
increased use with the growth in
offshore production and the rising use
offshore production and the rising use
of large tankers which cannot tie up at
of large tankers which cannot tie up at
shore berths. Such lines are coated and
shore berths. Such lines are coated and
wrapped as is buried pipe and then
wrapped as is buried pipe and then
covered with a few inches of concrete,
covered with a few inches of concrete,
which not only protects the pipe but
which not only protects the pipe but
also provides weight needed to anchor
also provides weight needed to anchor
it against tidal currents.
it against tidal currents.

Heavy, viscous oils are transported by
Heavy, viscous oils are transported by
reducing their viscosity. A variety of
reducing their viscosity. A variety of
methods are used
methods are used
:
:
(
(
1
1
)
)
Heating the oil
Heating the oil at the input terminal and, as
at the input terminal and, as
needed, at stations along the line
needed, at stations along the line
;
;
(
(
2
2
)
)
Thermally Insulating
Thermally Insulating the line
the line
;
;
(
(
3
3
)
)
Diluting the oil
Diluting the oil with a solvent, which is separated
with a solvent, which is separated
and returned to the input station through a small line
and returned to the input station through a small line
.
.

TANKRES
TANKRES
=Floating Tank Farms
=Floating Tank Farms
 It Can Transport From 20,000 To
It Can Transport From 20,000 To
40,000 MT.
40,000 MT.
 Loaded Through FLEXIBLE HOSE
Loaded Through FLEXIBLE HOSE
Connected To Shore Pipelines.
Connected To Shore Pipelines.

Loading Rate
Loading Rate α
α Line Size.
Line Size.
 Discharged By Ships Pumps.
Discharged By Ships Pumps.

TANKRES
TANKRES
Dirty or Black
Dirty or Black
FOR:
FOR:
 Crude Oil
Crude Oil
 Fuel Oil
Fuel Oil
 Diesel Oil
Diesel Oil
Clean or White
Clean or White
FOR:
FOR:
 Highly Refined
Highly Refined
Product
Product

Sea Water Used as Cleaner or
Sea Water Used as Cleaner or
Ballast.
Ballast.
Of LPG And NG Are Equipped
Of LPG And NG Are Equipped
With Insulated and Refrigerated
With Insulated and Refrigerated
Tanks
Tanks

Railroads and Highways
Railroads and Highways
TANK-CARS
TANK-CARS
Charge Load =
Charge Load =
 From 6000 to 12000 US
From 6000 to 12000 US
gallon.
gallon.
 For Crude Oil Or
For Crude Oil Or
Products
Products
TANK-TRUCKS
TANK-TRUCKS
Charge Load =
Charge Load =
 From 2000 to 6000 US
From 2000 to 6000 US
gallon.
gallon.
 For Products Or Crude
For Products Or Crude
Oil
Oil
Sometimes With
Sometimes With Piggy-
Piggy-
Back
Back

Evaluation of crude Oil
Evaluation of crude Oil
The Object Of
The Object Of “crude Oil Evaluation “
“crude Oil Evaluation “ Is:
Is:
To Collect
To Collect Data
Data On The Yield, And Properties Of
On The Yield, And Properties Of
The Products Which Can Be Obtained From The
The Products Which Can Be Obtained From The
Raw Material.
Raw Material.
Schemes For Processing The Oil In The Refinery
Schemes For Processing The Oil In The Refinery
And Design Of Processing Equipments Are
And Design Of Processing Equipments Are
Based On This Data.
Based On This Data.

EVALUATION = The Best
EVALUATION = The Best
Actions To Get The Best
Actions To Get The Best
Products From The Crude Oil
Products From The Crude Oil
With Least Cost And Caring
With Least Cost And Caring
(or Concerning)With
(or Concerning)With
Environmental Reserves.
Environmental Reserves.

The evaluation of crude Oil
The evaluation of crude Oil
classified to
classified to
:
:
Determination of the general
Determination of the general
characteristics of crude.
characteristics of crude.
Determination base of crude.
Determination base of crude.
Distillation process.
Distillation process.

General characteristics of crude
General characteristics of crude
:
:
These tests are carried out:
These tests are carried out:
 Sp. gravity @ 60/60ºF
Sp. gravity @ 60/60ºF
 API
API
 Water content
Water content
 Salt content
Salt content
 Sulphur content
Sulphur content
 Nitrogen content
Nitrogen content
 Asphaltenes
Asphaltenes
 C.C.R
C.C.R
 V. pressure
V. pressure
 ASTM Distillation
ASTM Distillation
 Viscosity
Viscosity
 T.A.N.
T.A.N.
 Pour point
Pour point
 Trace elements
Trace elements
 H
H2
2S & RSH.
S & RSH.
 G.C Analysis
G.C Analysis
For the above tests it carried out by standard methods
using ASTM or IP or UOP

Determination the base of crude
Determination the base of crude
:
:
(1)
(1) American bureau of mines method :
American bureau of mines method :
This method depend on taking two cuts,
This method depend on taking two cuts,
 the
the first
first which called (
which called ( key fraction I
key fraction I ) and it's boiling
) and it's boiling
range
range 250ºC ---- 275ºC at atmosphere distillation
250ºC ---- 275ºC at atmosphere distillation and
and
 the
the second
second cuts called (
cuts called ( key fraction II
key fraction II ) and it's
) and it's
boiling range
boiling range 275ºC --300ºC a
275ºC --300ºC at
t Vacuum distillation
Vacuum distillation
( 40 mm Hg )
( 40 mm Hg )
The following table illustrate the types of crude
The following table illustrate the types of crude

API for II
API for I
Type
30 and higher
40 and higher
Paraffinic
20 ------- 30
40 and higher
Paraffinic – Medium
30 and higher
33 ---------- 40
Medium – Paraffinic
20 -------- 30
33 ---------- 40
Medium
20 and lower
33 ---------- 40
Medium – Naphtenic
20 -------- 30
33
and lower
Naphtenic - Medium
20
and lower
33
and lower
Naphtenic
20
and lower
40 and higher
Paeaffinc - Naphtenic
33 and higher
33 and lower
Naphtenic - Paeaffinc

2 )
2 ) UOP 375/86 method :
UOP 375/86 method :
This method depend on calculate
This method depend on calculate
characterization factor (k) according to the
characterization factor (k) according to the
method and from it's value we can determine the
method and from it's value we can determine the
base of crude as follows :
base of crude as follows :
10.5 --------- 11.42 Naphtenic
10.5 --------- 11.42 Naphtenic
11.5 --------- 12.1 Medium
11.5 --------- 12.1 Medium
10.15 --------- 12.9 Paraffinic
10.15 --------- 12.9 Paraffinic
K = √ T
K = √ TB
B / S
/ S
3
TB = average molal B.P ºF S= Sp. Gr. @60/60 ºF

(C )
(C ) Distillation of crude:
Distillation of crude:
The crude is distilled in special apparatus (T.B.P
The crude is distilled in special apparatus (T.B.P
Distillation apparatus ) which contain a column
Distillation apparatus ) which contain a column
equipped with mineral material at which elevated
equipped with mineral material at which elevated
vapors contact with drawn liquids and apparatus
vapors contact with drawn liquids and apparatus
is similar to distillation unit.
is similar to distillation unit.
the distillation begin at atmospheric pressure
the distillation begin at atmospheric pressure
and temp raised gradually and we collect cuts
and temp raised gradually and we collect cuts
about 1 % volume and recording temp of top and
about 1 % volume and recording temp of top and
bottom for each cut unit we reach to 300ºC of the
bottom for each cut unit we reach to 300ºC of the
bottom.
bottom.

The distillation begin again at
The distillation begin again at
vacuum ( 40 mm Hg ) and collect
vacuum ( 40 mm Hg ) and collect
cuts about 1 % volume and also
cuts about 1 % volume and also
recording temp of top and bottom
recording temp of top and bottom
and we continue distillation unit we
and we continue distillation unit we
reach to 300ºC of the bottom
reach to 300ºC of the bottom
( rearranged at atmospheric
( rearranged at atmospheric
pressure )
pressure )
.
.

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