Metaphor as a Mirror of Gender-based Ideology in an Algerian Context: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
Habib Boudjema,
Abou Bekr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document introduces some of the archetypes found in Proverbs that exemplify certain qualities. There are two grand archetypes - the Wise Woman who builds up, and the Foolish Woman known as "Folly" who tears down. The Wise Man has seven characteristics including putting himself around wiser people and learning from them. The Foolish Man comes in five types - the Simple, Silly, Sensual, Scorning, and Steadfast Fool. Other archetypes that will be discussed include the lazy man, prudent person, and various types of sons and wives.
This document discusses cultural factors that influence differences in how men and women communicate. It provides examples of proverbs from different cultures that portray stereotypes about women talking more than men or their tongues never being still. Theories discussed include that female speech is different because the female sex is seen as subordinate, and that women use language to develop and maintain relationships through solidarity and focus more on the affective functions of interactions. Acculturation from a young age where girls are encouraged to be "little ladies" who speak less in public is also discussed. An example of gender differences in language use in the Malagasy community is given where women use more direct and explicit language while men communicate more subtly and indirectly to avoid losing face.
This document discusses how Nzema proverbs portray women in society. It analyzes key images of women in Nzema proverbs that relate to sexuality and procreation, perpetuating traditional perceptions of women. Qualities praised in men are not equally appreciated in women. Women are praised for fertility, humility, kindness, loyalty, reliability and dependence. The paper examines proverbs as an agent of socialization and their role in social construction of gender. It discusses how proverbs depicting women can reflect gender ideologies and affect prevailing gender roles and attitudes in these communities.
Why is wisdom personified as a woman in the Old Testament book of Proverbs?Bryony Taylor
The document discusses the significance of the female personification of wisdom in the book of Proverbs. It argues that Wisdom is portrayed as a woman most extensively in the Bible, which is unique given the patriarchal culture. The document examines the personification through historical, literary and theological contexts. Historically, it suggests the passages were composed post-exilic when women's roles increased. Culturally, the personification drew from influences like Egyptian goddesses but maintained a distinct Jewish character. Theologically, Wisdom represented God's attributes and instruction for righteous living.
The document contains a collection of proverbs from different cultures about women. The proverbs provide advice on marriage, relationships, and gender roles. They suggest that a virtuous woman is more valuable than beauty, a girl should stay occupied to avoid trouble, and a wise woman marries the man who loves rather than the one she loves. The proverbs also address the roles of women as wives, mothers, and homemakers.
The document provides an introduction to the book of Proverbs. It outlines the purpose as evaluating different types of people illustrated in Proverbs in order to understand biblical wisdom and determine actions to become wiser. Proverbs uses generalized statements to convey moral principles rather than promises. Fearing God is the foundation of wisdom, and wisdom leads to greater knowledge and fear of Him. The introduction defines key terms and concepts in Proverbs and explains how it can be studied topically by examining different types of people portrayed.
Metaphor as a Mirror of Gender-based Ideology in an Algerian Context: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
Habib Boudjema,
Abou Bekr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document introduces some of the archetypes found in Proverbs that exemplify certain qualities. There are two grand archetypes - the Wise Woman who builds up, and the Foolish Woman known as "Folly" who tears down. The Wise Man has seven characteristics including putting himself around wiser people and learning from them. The Foolish Man comes in five types - the Simple, Silly, Sensual, Scorning, and Steadfast Fool. Other archetypes that will be discussed include the lazy man, prudent person, and various types of sons and wives.
This document discusses cultural factors that influence differences in how men and women communicate. It provides examples of proverbs from different cultures that portray stereotypes about women talking more than men or their tongues never being still. Theories discussed include that female speech is different because the female sex is seen as subordinate, and that women use language to develop and maintain relationships through solidarity and focus more on the affective functions of interactions. Acculturation from a young age where girls are encouraged to be "little ladies" who speak less in public is also discussed. An example of gender differences in language use in the Malagasy community is given where women use more direct and explicit language while men communicate more subtly and indirectly to avoid losing face.
This document discusses how Nzema proverbs portray women in society. It analyzes key images of women in Nzema proverbs that relate to sexuality and procreation, perpetuating traditional perceptions of women. Qualities praised in men are not equally appreciated in women. Women are praised for fertility, humility, kindness, loyalty, reliability and dependence. The paper examines proverbs as an agent of socialization and their role in social construction of gender. It discusses how proverbs depicting women can reflect gender ideologies and affect prevailing gender roles and attitudes in these communities.
Why is wisdom personified as a woman in the Old Testament book of Proverbs?Bryony Taylor
The document discusses the significance of the female personification of wisdom in the book of Proverbs. It argues that Wisdom is portrayed as a woman most extensively in the Bible, which is unique given the patriarchal culture. The document examines the personification through historical, literary and theological contexts. Historically, it suggests the passages were composed post-exilic when women's roles increased. Culturally, the personification drew from influences like Egyptian goddesses but maintained a distinct Jewish character. Theologically, Wisdom represented God's attributes and instruction for righteous living.
The document contains a collection of proverbs from different cultures about women. The proverbs provide advice on marriage, relationships, and gender roles. They suggest that a virtuous woman is more valuable than beauty, a girl should stay occupied to avoid trouble, and a wise woman marries the man who loves rather than the one she loves. The proverbs also address the roles of women as wives, mothers, and homemakers.
The document provides an introduction to the book of Proverbs. It outlines the purpose as evaluating different types of people illustrated in Proverbs in order to understand biblical wisdom and determine actions to become wiser. Proverbs uses generalized statements to convey moral principles rather than promises. Fearing God is the foundation of wisdom, and wisdom leads to greater knowledge and fear of Him. The introduction defines key terms and concepts in Proverbs and explains how it can be studied topically by examining different types of people portrayed.
This document summarizes a paper presented at an international conference on languages and linguistics that examines gender-based metaphors in Algerian Arabic and their implications. The paper analyzes a corpus of common metaphors used to describe men and women. It finds that many metaphors reinforce negative stereotypes about femininity, depicting women as deficient or troublemakers. In contrast, few metaphors portray masculinity negatively. The metaphors studied reflect and reinforce traditional patriarchal beliefs about appropriate gender roles in Algerian culture. The paper aims to understand how these metaphors shape ideologies and power dynamics between men and women from a perspective that privileges masculinity.
This document discusses language and gender. It defines gender as the socially constructed differences between women and men. Gender ideology refers to beliefs about appropriate gender roles and how ideology legitimizes inequality. Language shapes understanding of the social world and identities. Gender-differentiated language reflects social hierarchies, such as through naming conventions where marital status influences titles for women and men. A study found that female and younger male professors were referred to by first names while older male faculty were referred to by title and last name. The generic masculine pronoun "he" can refer to humans in general but really only refers to men. There are strategies to avoid the generic masculine like rewriting in plural or using "one." The document concludes it is important to understand gender
A pragmatic analysis of crisis motivated proverbs in soyinka’s death and the ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses Wole Soyinka's play Death and the King's Horseman and analyzes the use of proverbs within crisis situations in the play. It notes that while the play has been studied largely from a literary perspective, an analysis of the pragmatic functions of proverbs used during conflicts between traditional Yoruba culture and western influences has been lacking. The study examines samples of proverbs deployed in situations of disagreement as characters represent the clash between old and new ways. Drawing on Mey's theory of pragmatic acts, it analyzes how proverbs performed acts like counseling, cautioning, challenging and accusing to strengthen dramatic action.
A pragmatic analysis of crisis motivated proverbs in soyinka’s death and the ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses Wole Soyinka's play Death and the King's Horseman and analyzes the use of proverbs within crisis situations in the play. It notes that while the play has been studied largely from a literary perspective, a linguistic analysis of how proverbs are used pragmatically within contexts of disagreement between traditional and Western orders has been lacking. The study examines samples of proverbs used during crisis moments in the play, analyzing their pragmatic functions based on Mey's theory of pragmatic acts. It aims to provide additional insights into Soyinka's deployment of proverbs and their role in strengthening dramatic action.
The study is entitled “Analyzing the Extent of Using Gender Fair Language in CMU’s Instructional Materials”. It aimed to 1. Evaluate the system of language choice used in the IMs following the NCTE guidelines; 2. Describe possible explanations for such choice of language; and 3. Determine if there is a relationship between author’s sex/gender and language choice. The data were gathered Instructional Materials Development Center, Central Mindanao University, there were about 52 available Instructional Materials that were used. The books and instructional materials were analysed on the language used in all parts of the books, from preface, to body, discussion and even the examples. The guide used during this stage is the guidelines set by the National Council of Teachers in English (NCTE) in the use of gender-fair language. Results showed Gender-bias language is present among the IMs evaluated. The common biases found were the following: a. generic used of “he his and man” and .gender stereotyping.
Politeness phenomena in omobowale’s the president’s physicianAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview and analysis of the play "The President's Physician" by Nigerian playwright Omobowale. It discusses how the play depicts a corrupt African nation under the control of a dictatorial leader, and focuses on the dilemma of the leader's personal physician who must decide whether to uphold his medical oath or kill the president to free the people. The analysis uses Brown and Levinson's politeness theory framework to examine the different politeness strategies employed between characters of different statuses in the play. It concludes that Omobowale skillfully uses language and social relationships to convey the political messages and themes through the text.
Analyzing Women S Language Features Used By Lisa Allardice In Her News ArticlesAllison Thompson
This document provides background information on a study that analyzed the use of women's language features in news articles written by Lisa Allardice. It discusses language and gender theory, focusing on Robin Lakoff's ten features of women's language. The study collected data from three of Allardice's news articles and identified 74 instances of 6 features: lexical hedges, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, and emphatic stress. The dominant feature used was found to be hypercorrect grammar. Previous related studies are also summarized that examined women's language in movies and found varying dominant features used.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Social commitment in female song a functionalist study of agbachaa-ekuru-nwa ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study of oral poetry and songs composed and performed by the Agbachaa-Ekuru-Nwa women's performance group in Mbaise Igbo, Nigeria. The study examines how these oral art forms serve as a vehicle for transmitting cultural values and socializing new generations. It analyzes specific poems/songs collected from this group using a functionalist approach to understand their role in effecting social and cultural change. The study finds that the oral genres use satire, lament, admonition and encouragement to comment on social issues and behaviors in their community in a way that aims to influence attitudes and promote societal norms.
Questions On Gender Identity And Gender Essay
Gender Identity Essay
Gender, Gender And Gender
Gender Equality Essay
Sociology Of Sex And Gender Essay
Gender : Culture And Gender Essay
Gender Roles Essay
Gender And Gender Issues
What Defines Gender? Essay
Sex and Gender Essay
Gender Identity
gender Essays
Gender And Gender Essay
Gender and Sexuality Essay
Gender and Relationships Essay
gender Essay
Gender, Gender And Social Class Essay
Gender Identity Transition Essay
Gender Theory Essay
This article focuses on the context and meaning of hypocoristics in isiZulu. The analysis provided is based on names collected randomly within the isiZulu speaking community. The objective of this paper is to discuss hypocoristics in isiZulu, one of the eleven official languages of South Africa which is also spoken in slightly different forms in other countries of the sub southern African region. Hypocoristics has a variety of definitions. Depending on the context, it could mean one of the following.
An expressive or informal form of a proper name that derives morphologically from a personal name. E.g. Bill and Dick for William and Richard respectively in English.
A diminutive form of a personal name.
An affective diminutive form of a personal name.
A familiar personal name modified by abbreviation.
An expressive form of a child language that sometimes renders the personal name unrecognisable.
A nickname
This document discusses language and gender as an area of study within sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. It examines varieties of speech associated with gender and social norms for gendered language use. Key researchers and their findings are outlined, including Otto Jespersen who studied gender differences in language, Robin Lakoff who identified a "women's register", and Jennifer Coates who categorized approaches to analyzing gendered speech. Specific speech practices associated with gender are also detailed, such as question use, turn-taking, topic changing, self-disclosure, and levels of politeness between men and women.
Beyond mere words seeing names through the yoruba lens of significance DAMILOLA ADEBONOJO
Beyond Mere Words is a presentation about Yoruba names and their significance and functions from a Yoruba perspective. The presentation discusses how in Yoruba culture, names are believed to have power and influence over one's character, identity, destiny and future. Yoruba names are not merely used for identification but have deeper meanings and purposes. The presentation identifies several functional categories of Yoruba names, including serving as conscious suppressants that influence one's behavior, identity tags, emblems of hopes and aspirations, reminders of history, tools for appraisal, and expressions of appreciation.
Stereotyping Gender in Children’s LiteratureQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The persistent imbalance of gender representation in children’s literature has become an issue. The stereotypes and worldview embedded in children’s books have become accepted knowledge, and such deepseated socialized thinking has created barriers that prevent authors from implementing their egalitarian beliefs. This paper contends that a huge imbalance exist in the presentation of gender in children’s literature and therefore states that despite the positive attributes that typify children’s literature in Nigeria, the literature is gender biased. Gender stereotypes in children’s literature in Nigeria enhance gender inequality by imparting notions that privilege masculinity and downgrade femininity, gender bias exist in content, language, and pictures in a number of children’s literatures and reinforces the building and maintaining of biases towards the female genders. This paper analyses imbalance in gender relations in selected children’s books in Nigeria. The study found out that children’s literature in Nigeria is gender bias and displays imbalances in the representation of textual characters and as a result there exist the absence of dynamic and positive female characters in the literature produced for the younger ones.
This document discusses parallelism in Akan proverbs. It identifies three main types of parallelism - synonyms, antithesis, and syntactic. The document reviews literature on the origins and characteristics of proverbs. Proverbs are generally short sayings that convey wisdom based on experience. They use parallel structures to emphasize meanings and express the aesthetic value of language. The document analyzes examples of parallel structures in Akan and English proverbs.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!The Learning.docxhoward4little59962
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks
2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
To suggest that there is such a thing as an African personality may be misleading. Africa is the second largest continent, with just over 1 billion people spread out among over fifty different countries. It has been the target of extensive colonization over the centuries, and the struggle for liberation from European countries has surely left an indelible mark on the nature of the people there. In addition, the Sahara Desert creates a significant natural division of the people in the north from those in the south. The people of
North Africa
are primarily Arab-Berber Muslims, with ready access to southern Europe across the Mediterranean Sea. This region can rightly be viewed as an extension of Western Asia, in terms of culture, spirituality, and race/ethnicity (Chatterji, 1960; Senghor, 1971). In contrast, the Black Africans live south of the Sahara Desert, and they are the people usually referred to when we think about Africans. Indeed, for the remainder of this section I will use the term African to refer to Blacks living in
Sub-Saharan Africa
. Though many people in Africa identity themselves in terms of their unique ethnicity, history, and geography, this book would be incomplete if
no
effort was made to address the people of this continent. Keep in mind, however, that there is a great deal more work to do regarding our understanding of indigenous people around the entire world.
In 1999, James Lassiter wrote a very helpful article covering many of the historical problems that have affected the study of personality in Africa. Unfortunately, many studies sought to identify the nature of personality among Africans in terms of Western ideals, values, and socioeconomic and technological advancement. This biased view created a very negative attitude toward the people of Africa, a negative attitude that the people of Africa often adopted themselves. Thus, the study of personality fell into disrepute, and largely came to a halt. However, a number of professionals from other disciplines, such as sociology and anthropology, continued to examine whether or not there were characteristics common to the people of Africa, a unique and valuable pe.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!The Learning.docxsimba35
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks
2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
To suggest that there is such a thing as an African personality may be misleading. Africa is the second largest continent, with just over 1 billion people spread out among over fifty different countries. It has been the target of extensive colonization over the centuries, and the struggle for liberation from European countries has surely left an indelible mark on the nature of the people there. In addition, the Sahara Desert creates a significant natural division of the people in the north from those in the south. The people of
North Africa
are primarily Arab-Berber Muslims, with ready access to southern Europe across the Mediterranean Sea. This region can rightly be viewed as an extension of Western Asia, in terms of culture, spirituality, and race/ethnicity (Chatterji, 1960; Senghor, 1971). In contrast, the Black Africans live south of the Sahara Desert, and they are the people usually referred to when we think about Africans. Indeed, for the remainder of this section I will use the term African to refer to Blacks living in
Sub-Saharan Africa
. Though many people in Africa identity themselves in terms of their unique ethnicity, history, and geography, this book would be incomplete if
no
effort was made to address the people of this continent. Keep in mind, however, that there is a great deal more work to do regarding our understanding of indigenous people around the entire world.
In 1999, James Lassiter wrote a very helpful article covering many of the historical problems that have affected the study of personality in Africa. Unfortunately, many studies sought to identify the nature of personality among Africans in terms of Western ideals, values, and socioeconomic and technological advancement. This biased view created a very negative attitude toward the people of Africa, a negative attitude that the people of Africa often adopted themselves. Thus, the study of personality fell into disrepute, and largely came to a halt. However, a number of professionals from other disciplines, such as sociology and anthropology, continued to examine whether or not there were characteristics common to the people of Africa, a unique and valuable pe ...
Communicating gender differences through the paralinguisticAlexander Decker
This document provides a literature review and analysis of gender communication differences as evidenced in selected Igbo plays. It discusses how gender identity and roles are socially constructed and communicated both linguistically and paralinguistically in drama. Specifically, it analyzes how movements, actions, props, and dreams in four Igbo plays - Udo Ka Mma, Nwata Rie Awọ, Nke M Ji Ka, and Obidiya - mark female characters and their domestic roles while leaving male characters and their public roles unmarked. The document also reviews several theories on gender differences in communication styles and how language socializes men and women differently. Overall, it examines how both the linguistic and paralinguistic modes in these plays
Gendered Verbal communication (Gender and Society)Adrian Divino
Research shows that men and women are more likely to exhibit different styles of verbal communication. Men are more prone to adopt what is called “report talk”, while women gravitate more toward
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This document summarizes a paper presented at an international conference on languages and linguistics that examines gender-based metaphors in Algerian Arabic and their implications. The paper analyzes a corpus of common metaphors used to describe men and women. It finds that many metaphors reinforce negative stereotypes about femininity, depicting women as deficient or troublemakers. In contrast, few metaphors portray masculinity negatively. The metaphors studied reflect and reinforce traditional patriarchal beliefs about appropriate gender roles in Algerian culture. The paper aims to understand how these metaphors shape ideologies and power dynamics between men and women from a perspective that privileges masculinity.
This document discusses language and gender. It defines gender as the socially constructed differences between women and men. Gender ideology refers to beliefs about appropriate gender roles and how ideology legitimizes inequality. Language shapes understanding of the social world and identities. Gender-differentiated language reflects social hierarchies, such as through naming conventions where marital status influences titles for women and men. A study found that female and younger male professors were referred to by first names while older male faculty were referred to by title and last name. The generic masculine pronoun "he" can refer to humans in general but really only refers to men. There are strategies to avoid the generic masculine like rewriting in plural or using "one." The document concludes it is important to understand gender
A pragmatic analysis of crisis motivated proverbs in soyinka’s death and the ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses Wole Soyinka's play Death and the King's Horseman and analyzes the use of proverbs within crisis situations in the play. It notes that while the play has been studied largely from a literary perspective, an analysis of the pragmatic functions of proverbs used during conflicts between traditional Yoruba culture and western influences has been lacking. The study examines samples of proverbs deployed in situations of disagreement as characters represent the clash between old and new ways. Drawing on Mey's theory of pragmatic acts, it analyzes how proverbs performed acts like counseling, cautioning, challenging and accusing to strengthen dramatic action.
A pragmatic analysis of crisis motivated proverbs in soyinka’s death and the ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses Wole Soyinka's play Death and the King's Horseman and analyzes the use of proverbs within crisis situations in the play. It notes that while the play has been studied largely from a literary perspective, a linguistic analysis of how proverbs are used pragmatically within contexts of disagreement between traditional and Western orders has been lacking. The study examines samples of proverbs used during crisis moments in the play, analyzing their pragmatic functions based on Mey's theory of pragmatic acts. It aims to provide additional insights into Soyinka's deployment of proverbs and their role in strengthening dramatic action.
The study is entitled “Analyzing the Extent of Using Gender Fair Language in CMU’s Instructional Materials”. It aimed to 1. Evaluate the system of language choice used in the IMs following the NCTE guidelines; 2. Describe possible explanations for such choice of language; and 3. Determine if there is a relationship between author’s sex/gender and language choice. The data were gathered Instructional Materials Development Center, Central Mindanao University, there were about 52 available Instructional Materials that were used. The books and instructional materials were analysed on the language used in all parts of the books, from preface, to body, discussion and even the examples. The guide used during this stage is the guidelines set by the National Council of Teachers in English (NCTE) in the use of gender-fair language. Results showed Gender-bias language is present among the IMs evaluated. The common biases found were the following: a. generic used of “he his and man” and .gender stereotyping.
Politeness phenomena in omobowale’s the president’s physicianAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview and analysis of the play "The President's Physician" by Nigerian playwright Omobowale. It discusses how the play depicts a corrupt African nation under the control of a dictatorial leader, and focuses on the dilemma of the leader's personal physician who must decide whether to uphold his medical oath or kill the president to free the people. The analysis uses Brown and Levinson's politeness theory framework to examine the different politeness strategies employed between characters of different statuses in the play. It concludes that Omobowale skillfully uses language and social relationships to convey the political messages and themes through the text.
Analyzing Women S Language Features Used By Lisa Allardice In Her News ArticlesAllison Thompson
This document provides background information on a study that analyzed the use of women's language features in news articles written by Lisa Allardice. It discusses language and gender theory, focusing on Robin Lakoff's ten features of women's language. The study collected data from three of Allardice's news articles and identified 74 instances of 6 features: lexical hedges, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, and emphatic stress. The dominant feature used was found to be hypercorrect grammar. Previous related studies are also summarized that examined women's language in movies and found varying dominant features used.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Social commitment in female song a functionalist study of agbachaa-ekuru-nwa ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study of oral poetry and songs composed and performed by the Agbachaa-Ekuru-Nwa women's performance group in Mbaise Igbo, Nigeria. The study examines how these oral art forms serve as a vehicle for transmitting cultural values and socializing new generations. It analyzes specific poems/songs collected from this group using a functionalist approach to understand their role in effecting social and cultural change. The study finds that the oral genres use satire, lament, admonition and encouragement to comment on social issues and behaviors in their community in a way that aims to influence attitudes and promote societal norms.
Questions On Gender Identity And Gender Essay
Gender Identity Essay
Gender, Gender And Gender
Gender Equality Essay
Sociology Of Sex And Gender Essay
Gender : Culture And Gender Essay
Gender Roles Essay
Gender And Gender Issues
What Defines Gender? Essay
Sex and Gender Essay
Gender Identity
gender Essays
Gender And Gender Essay
Gender and Sexuality Essay
Gender and Relationships Essay
gender Essay
Gender, Gender And Social Class Essay
Gender Identity Transition Essay
Gender Theory Essay
This article focuses on the context and meaning of hypocoristics in isiZulu. The analysis provided is based on names collected randomly within the isiZulu speaking community. The objective of this paper is to discuss hypocoristics in isiZulu, one of the eleven official languages of South Africa which is also spoken in slightly different forms in other countries of the sub southern African region. Hypocoristics has a variety of definitions. Depending on the context, it could mean one of the following.
An expressive or informal form of a proper name that derives morphologically from a personal name. E.g. Bill and Dick for William and Richard respectively in English.
A diminutive form of a personal name.
An affective diminutive form of a personal name.
A familiar personal name modified by abbreviation.
An expressive form of a child language that sometimes renders the personal name unrecognisable.
A nickname
This document discusses language and gender as an area of study within sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. It examines varieties of speech associated with gender and social norms for gendered language use. Key researchers and their findings are outlined, including Otto Jespersen who studied gender differences in language, Robin Lakoff who identified a "women's register", and Jennifer Coates who categorized approaches to analyzing gendered speech. Specific speech practices associated with gender are also detailed, such as question use, turn-taking, topic changing, self-disclosure, and levels of politeness between men and women.
Beyond mere words seeing names through the yoruba lens of significance DAMILOLA ADEBONOJO
Beyond Mere Words is a presentation about Yoruba names and their significance and functions from a Yoruba perspective. The presentation discusses how in Yoruba culture, names are believed to have power and influence over one's character, identity, destiny and future. Yoruba names are not merely used for identification but have deeper meanings and purposes. The presentation identifies several functional categories of Yoruba names, including serving as conscious suppressants that influence one's behavior, identity tags, emblems of hopes and aspirations, reminders of history, tools for appraisal, and expressions of appreciation.
Stereotyping Gender in Children’s LiteratureQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The persistent imbalance of gender representation in children’s literature has become an issue. The stereotypes and worldview embedded in children’s books have become accepted knowledge, and such deepseated socialized thinking has created barriers that prevent authors from implementing their egalitarian beliefs. This paper contends that a huge imbalance exist in the presentation of gender in children’s literature and therefore states that despite the positive attributes that typify children’s literature in Nigeria, the literature is gender biased. Gender stereotypes in children’s literature in Nigeria enhance gender inequality by imparting notions that privilege masculinity and downgrade femininity, gender bias exist in content, language, and pictures in a number of children’s literatures and reinforces the building and maintaining of biases towards the female genders. This paper analyses imbalance in gender relations in selected children’s books in Nigeria. The study found out that children’s literature in Nigeria is gender bias and displays imbalances in the representation of textual characters and as a result there exist the absence of dynamic and positive female characters in the literature produced for the younger ones.
This document discusses parallelism in Akan proverbs. It identifies three main types of parallelism - synonyms, antithesis, and syntactic. The document reviews literature on the origins and characteristics of proverbs. Proverbs are generally short sayings that convey wisdom based on experience. They use parallel structures to emphasize meanings and express the aesthetic value of language. The document analyzes examples of parallel structures in Akan and English proverbs.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!The Learning.docxhoward4little59962
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks
2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
To suggest that there is such a thing as an African personality may be misleading. Africa is the second largest continent, with just over 1 billion people spread out among over fifty different countries. It has been the target of extensive colonization over the centuries, and the struggle for liberation from European countries has surely left an indelible mark on the nature of the people there. In addition, the Sahara Desert creates a significant natural division of the people in the north from those in the south. The people of
North Africa
are primarily Arab-Berber Muslims, with ready access to southern Europe across the Mediterranean Sea. This region can rightly be viewed as an extension of Western Asia, in terms of culture, spirituality, and race/ethnicity (Chatterji, 1960; Senghor, 1971). In contrast, the Black Africans live south of the Sahara Desert, and they are the people usually referred to when we think about Africans. Indeed, for the remainder of this section I will use the term African to refer to Blacks living in
Sub-Saharan Africa
. Though many people in Africa identity themselves in terms of their unique ethnicity, history, and geography, this book would be incomplete if
no
effort was made to address the people of this continent. Keep in mind, however, that there is a great deal more work to do regarding our understanding of indigenous people around the entire world.
In 1999, James Lassiter wrote a very helpful article covering many of the historical problems that have affected the study of personality in Africa. Unfortunately, many studies sought to identify the nature of personality among Africans in terms of Western ideals, values, and socioeconomic and technological advancement. This biased view created a very negative attitude toward the people of Africa, a negative attitude that the people of Africa often adopted themselves. Thus, the study of personality fell into disrepute, and largely came to a halt. However, a number of professionals from other disciplines, such as sociology and anthropology, continued to examine whether or not there were characteristics common to the people of Africa, a unique and valuable pe.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!The Learning.docxsimba35
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 7!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks
2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
To suggest that there is such a thing as an African personality may be misleading. Africa is the second largest continent, with just over 1 billion people spread out among over fifty different countries. It has been the target of extensive colonization over the centuries, and the struggle for liberation from European countries has surely left an indelible mark on the nature of the people there. In addition, the Sahara Desert creates a significant natural division of the people in the north from those in the south. The people of
North Africa
are primarily Arab-Berber Muslims, with ready access to southern Europe across the Mediterranean Sea. This region can rightly be viewed as an extension of Western Asia, in terms of culture, spirituality, and race/ethnicity (Chatterji, 1960; Senghor, 1971). In contrast, the Black Africans live south of the Sahara Desert, and they are the people usually referred to when we think about Africans. Indeed, for the remainder of this section I will use the term African to refer to Blacks living in
Sub-Saharan Africa
. Though many people in Africa identity themselves in terms of their unique ethnicity, history, and geography, this book would be incomplete if
no
effort was made to address the people of this continent. Keep in mind, however, that there is a great deal more work to do regarding our understanding of indigenous people around the entire world.
In 1999, James Lassiter wrote a very helpful article covering many of the historical problems that have affected the study of personality in Africa. Unfortunately, many studies sought to identify the nature of personality among Africans in terms of Western ideals, values, and socioeconomic and technological advancement. This biased view created a very negative attitude toward the people of Africa, a negative attitude that the people of Africa often adopted themselves. Thus, the study of personality fell into disrepute, and largely came to a halt. However, a number of professionals from other disciplines, such as sociology and anthropology, continued to examine whether or not there were characteristics common to the people of Africa, a unique and valuable pe ...
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1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2014
The Igbo Perception of Womanhood: Evidence from Sexist
Proverbs
Benjamin Ifeanyi Mmadike
Department of Linguistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
E-mail: benifenwemmadike@gmail.com
Abstract
Sexist proverbs are proverbs which are laden with impertinent reference to any member of the opposite sex. As
used in this study, such proverbs are targeted at the female. The Igbo language has a number of such proverbs.
Fifteen of such proverbs from discourse contexts have been translated literally. The literal meanings of the
proverbs conceptualise the image of female sexuality which the Igbo ascribe to women. The study therefore
shows that Igbo sexist proverbs sustain the notion of male domination over the female. It concludes that it is
difficult to change the cultural stereotype ingrained in these proverbs.
Keywords: sexist, impertinent, domination, patriarchal, stereotype.
1. Introduction
The Igbo live in the southeast of Nigeria, in the states of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo, as well as in
parts of Delta and Rivers states. The term Igbo refers to both the people and their language. Like other African
languages, the Igbo language is rich in proverbs. Proverbs are regarded as nuggets of folk wisdom which are
rendered in the form of succinct sayings. According to Ralph (1993:1), “a proverb is any saying which expresses
an opinion or attitude about life, is fairly common knowledge within a community, and is regarded as
traditional.” The proverb has equally been defined as “the wisdom of many and the wit of one, the experience
and wisdom of several ages gathered and summed up in one expression” (Nwoga 1975:186). For the Igbo, the
proverb is the broth with which words are eaten. Atanga, Ellece, Litosseliti & Sunderland (2013:4) see proverbs
as an aspect of code, “in the sense that they are fixed and formulaic” (cf. Lyons 1968:177). The Igbo regard
one’s dexterity in the use of proverbs as an eloquent expression of the degree of one’s communicative
competence in the language.
A number of studies have been conducted on Igbo proverbs. Some of these include Egudu (1972),
Emenanjo (1972), Nwoga (1975), Ogbalu (1978), Ugonna (1980), Umeh (1986) and Nwachukwu-Agbada
(2002). Ogbalu (1978) is a collection of over 1,000 proverbs which is said to be “recorded for posterity before
they vanish in their original form” (Ogbalu 1978:3). The others analyse the Igbo proverb from the poetic,
aesthetic, oratorical, contextual and structural points of view. In this study, unlike in the others, the proverb is
analysed from both the contextual and conceptual perspectives. The contextual refers to the use of proverbs in
real life situations, whereas the conceptual shows how the images used in the proverbs are visualised and
interpreted.
The choice of proverbs in this study is based on the fact that proverbs form part of Igbo oral discourse
through which one can have an insight into the nature and perception of the society. In terms of function, Igbo
proverbs can be used in imparting moral values, especially to children (Okeke 1982), the acquisition of vicarious
experience or knowledge (Umeh 1986) and conflict resolution (Okoli 2012). Thus, “the Igbo view the world
within their cultural environment and coin proverbs appropriately to explain all aspects of Igbo traditional life
and world view” (Ukaegbu 2006:165). According to Lunde & Wintle (1984:viii) “perhaps the quickest way to
understand a people or a culture is to learn their proverbs....” This view is equally shared by Ebeogu (n.d:viii)
who says that “a society can be interpreted on the basis of a literature based on it, and this position remains valid
even when the writer is apparently not writing about his own society of the present, but about his society of the
past.”
In this study therefore, the choice of data is restricted to sexist and obscene proverbs. Such proverbs
make use of sexual symbols and images. “It is the image in these proverbs that evokes the message and builds a
frame for the logic” (Başgöz 1993:130). It is pertinent to note that like the Igbo
... traditional Yoruba and other Africans do not see sexual objects as obscene
just because they use sexual symbols. A Yoruba using these proverbs is simply
looking for the most appropriate vehicle to convey his message, his point, his
ideas in a forceful way; he is merely aiming at directness, frankness, and
starkness. In a word, he just likes to call a spade a spade, and there are no really
dirty words (Ojoade 1983:201).
However, there are euphemisms or “polite sets of words for sexual organs and functions, and also
polite proverbs making the same moral points qs the obscene ones (Ojoade 1983:202).”
The sexist obscene proverbs are believed to be targeted at womanhood. As rightly pointed out by
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Vol.4, No.18, 2014
Balogun (2012:22), “little attention has been directed towards the relationship between proverbs and the
oppression of women, and, more specifically, how proverbs, as a discourse in which females are portrayed based
on stereotypical gender roles and perception....” Similarly, Atanga et al (2013:5) claim that African traditional
proverbs about gender are “largely derogatory when they refer to women” and “are accordingly a predominant
topic in African work on gender and language.” This study aims at using a set of sexist proverbs to show how
they are used in context and more specifically how they are assumed to show how the Igbo conceptualisation of
women is given expression in language. Thus, as a male dominated society, the proverbs are said to depict the
image of women in the society in a derogatory manner.
The paper is divided into four sections. Section 1 is the introduction. Section 2 looks at sexism in
language. Section 3 is on data collection and analysis, while section 4 is made up of the summary and
conclusion. As a tone language, the Green & Igwe (1963) tone-marking convention is adopted. Here, high tone
[ ́] is left unmarked, but low [ ̀] and step [ ¯ ] tones are indicated by a grave accent and a macron respectively.
2. Sexism in language
Sexism refers to any discriminatory use of language which is detrimental to any member of the opposite sex.
This use of language tends to create gender inequality. Atanga et al (2013:1) refer to gender
“as a set of ideas, i.e. what is thought, said and written about women, men, girls and
boys: what they are like and do, what they should be like and should do. These ideas
are often expressed through gendered discourses.”
According to Xiaolan (2006:87), sexist language is used to express “bias in favour of one sex and thus
treats the other sex in a discriminatory manner. In most cases, the bias is in favour of men against women.”
In language, sexism can be expressed in a number of ways. Evidence of such use of language can be
illustrated from other languages. For instance, certain terms for women have negative connotations, whereas the
corresponding terms for men do not connote any such pejorative values. In English, the words spinster and
bachelor designate adults who are not yet married. However, the female term spinster bears a negative
connotation while the male term does not. Furthermore, in the following gender based irreversible binomials, the
male terms precede the female terms: men and women, boys and girls, husband and wife. This order of
precedence is equally observed in Igbo gender-based irreversible binomials. The following examples are
illustrative: nwokē nà nwaànyị̀ ‘man and woman’, di nà nwunyè ‘husband and wife’, and oke nà nwunyè ‘male
and female’ (Mmadike 2013). Now consider the following English proverbial expressions from Xiaolan
(2006:90).
1. A woman is like lemon, you squeeze her and throw her away.
2. Seven women in their right senses are surpassed by a mad man.
3. Women have got long hair and short sense.
Likewise, such proverbs exist in Yoruba (c.f. Ojoade 1983, Balogun 2010). In a study by Balogun
(2010:25), she asserts that “the proverbial linguistic resources of the Yoruba can be used to substantiate this
position. Proverbial expression here is construed as cruel and unfair pithy sayings that derogate the dignity,
integrity, rights and freedom of the women folk.” Take for example the following Yoruba proverbs and their
interpretation as in Balogun (2010:26-27).
4. Itakun l’obinrin yoo fa kaa ni.
‘Women are climber plants that overrun any available space.’
Metaphorically, women are comparable to a plant which has its roots in one place and its branches in another.
The proverb pictures women as people of unpredictable character, with a natural propensity to be involved in
multiple affairs at the same time.
5. Bi obinrin b’ape nile, aje londa.
‘If a lady stays too long in the house, she becomes a witch.’
This proverb is a reflection of the Yoruba conception of long spinsterhood. It is expected that a lady will be
married by a specific age, and when the contrary is the case, she will begin to lose respect, as indicated by
reference to her as a witch.
From the feminist perspective therefore, language is determined by men to perpetuate the world view
in which women are perceived as deviant and deficient (Romaine 1994:106). In like manner, it is claimed that
men “make the dictionaries and define meanings, they persistently reserve the positive semantic space for
themselves and relegate women to a negative one” (Romaine 1994:107).
At this juncture, I crave the readers’ indulgence for the overt reference to the female genital. This is
not a deliberate attempt to indulge in obscenity. The study only intends bring to focus an aspect of Igbo orature.
The need for the collection of such proverbs has long been expressed by Dundes & Georges (1962) and Halpert
(1962), as cited in Ojoade (1983) According to Ojoade,
... all genres of obscene folklore should be collected, not for the sake of the obsce-nity,
but rather because they are ‘needed to put into practice the theory that a com
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ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2014
plete study of folklore must include all genres.’ It is unscientific and unjustified to
cut out the offending words or euphemise them (Ojoade 1983:201).
3. Data collection and analysis
The corpus is made up of fifteen sexist proverbs drawn from various discourse contexts. Such contexts involved
male adults from my own community. These contexts came about in the course of village meetings and family
deliberations in which I was also a participant. Each proverb is translated literally, based on the wording of the
proverb. Thereafter, both the contextual and conceptual interpretations are provided. The literal level of
translation of the proverb helps to frame or conceptualise the picture or image ascribed to women in the society.
At this level, “we are engaged in the understanding or visualisation of the actual statement or picture being
projected by the words used in the proverbs” (Umeh 1986:18). It is at this level that the hermeneutic
interpretation is fully accomplished. For the purpose of analysis, the proverbs are classified in terms of the literal
meaning conveyed by the wording:
(a) male domination, (b) sex differentiation and (c) women as sex object.
3.1 Male domination
The following proverbs are visualised as cultural vehicles by which expression is given to female domination by
the male.
6(a). Nwaànyị̀ sị nà ya nà nwokē hà ya nyụ̀lie mamīrī elū.
(b). ‘If a woman claims equality with a man, let her urinate upwards.’
The proverb is cited when someone who is deemed incapable of performing a given task claims otherwise.
However, based on the visual imagery created by the wording of the proverb, there is a conceptualised of an
open challenge to womanhood. A man stands erect while urinating and can channel his urine to any direction-vertically
or even horizontally. But this is not possible for a woman because she is constrained to a specific
posture while urinating. Thus the Igbo derisively refer to a woman as nwaànyị nā-ehu ēhū ànyụ mamị̄̄rị̄ ‘woman
who stoops while urinating.’
7(a). Mma/Ùgwù nwaànyị̀ bụ̀ di yā.
(b). The beauty/prestige of a woman is derived from her husband.
This proverb is addressed to a despicable person who is gets some measure of respect merely because of his
social status or class. The proverb is visualised as a means of admonishing any adult female who appears to be
more concerned about her career than getting married. No Igbo parent feels contented if per chance any of the
daughters remains single, irrespective of her status. Usually, it is only when a woman gets married that the
society ascribes to her the respect she deserves.
8(a). Okē ọ̄bụ̄ là ụkwụ hā nwaànyị̀ kà ọ gà-àtụkwàsà di ya
(b). ‘It is the extent of a woman’s legs that she will place on her husband’s body.’
Proverb (8) is cited as a modest appeal to a guest or a beneficiary to accept what is offered by the host or
benefactor, not withstanding whether what is offered falls short of expectations or not. However, the proverb
creates an image where a short woman places her equally short legs on her husband when cuddled up to each
other in bed.
9(a). Àgbọghọ̀ zachaa ònye mụ̀rụ̀ ọ̀ zawa ònye nà-àlụ.
(b). ‘A lady after answering whose child will later answer whose wife’
This proverb is used as an admonition. It entreats the addressee to realise the need for self-actualization. Literally,
the proverb shows that at a point in the life of a woman, she is expected to marry because her identity is usually
derived from that of her husband. According to Kiletu & Kioko (2013:36), “girls are expected to marry, leave
their parents’ homes and join their husbands’ homestead.” Thus, women are traditionally involved in patrilocal
marriage and do not perpetuate family name.
100
10(a). ‘Àgbọghọ̀ mejuru ò tinye ikè n’ùsekwū.
(b). ‘When a lady lives to her satisfaction, she puts her buttocks in the kitchen.’
This proverb serves as a reminder that one should not be overwhelmed by youthful exuberance but should be
mindful of the future. As it were, the proverb seems to remind women that after a boisterous life as spinsters,
they will eventually retire to the kitchen to face the drudgery of household chores in their marital homes.
3.2 Sex differentiation
The proverbs in (11)–(16) portray the Igbo man’s perception of the physiognomy of the female genital. Such
proverbs seem to make statements that bring the female sex organ to ridicule.
4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2014
11(a). Nwaànyị̀ chọọ kà ọ hụchaa ebe e si àra yā, isi ā kpọ̄ọ̄ yā n’àlà.
(b). ‘When a woman strives to see the entire aperture through which she is sexed, her head will hit the
ground.’
Proverb (11) is used in a situation that calls for restraint. It cautions against the consequences of going into an
unnecessary scrutiny. The proverb conveys this message by a vivid description of what would likely befall a
woman who dares peep into her vagina in a bid to see the entire route taken by the penis in the course of having
sex.
12(a). Ọtụ̀ mà ụ̀ma ègbu àmụ̀mà, ọ̀ gaghị̄ ezò mmīrī.
(b). ‘The vagina is feigning in vain as lightning, it will not bring rain.’
A proverb such as (12) is used to show disregard for someone who usually would issue a threat but would renege
on his threat. Consider the imagery associated with the vagina and lightning, which naturally signals the
possibility of rainfall. Thus, lightning is compared to the reddish part of the vagina which never signals rainfall.
In addition, the vagina is used as a metaphor for the person who would never carry out his threat.
13(a). Akị wụ̄ èbùbè ọhụ̄ , ǹkè n’enwēghị̄ yā bụ̀ ejùlè/mbēlē.
(b). ‘It is the pubic hair that dignifies the vulva, the one that lacks it is likened to a snail.’
This proverb is usually given as a counsel. The essence of the proverb is to ensure that one keeps his good name
or dignity or else risk being an object of ridicule. The proverb evokes a comparison between the external features
of a clean shaven female genital and a snail. The snail metaphor makes the comparison more vivid, as both seem
alike. Proverbs (12) and (13) show that the images created by the female genital visualise respectively the
“metaphors assumed to be the colour and shape of the female genital” (Chukwukere 2005:290).
14(a). Nwaànyị̀ tụsàa ụkwụ̄ yā, ọtụ̀ ya āgbāā n’ibe n’ibe
(b).‘When a woman throws her legs wide apart, her vulva splits into two.’
Proverb (14) is used as an admonition. It is used to advise someone to be discreet or else one’s secret or privacy
becomes common knowledge. This proverb evokes the image of a female who throws her legs wide open, thus
revealing her genital to public glare. The act of throwing her legs wide open is the metaphor for opening her
mouth too wide, showing her lack of discretion, while letting her secret to become common knowledge is
realised by the exposure of her genital for others to see.
15(a). Ntukwù nwaànyị̀ adị̄ghị̄ mmā n’ò̀gbò atā.
(b). ‘It is not in the interest of a woman to crouch in a bush covered with prickly grass.’
By this proverb, one is advised to comport himself with every sense of good demeanour so as to avoid an
unpleasant public reaction. Notice how this proverb creates a vivid scene where a woman, without her dress on,
crouches in a bush covered with prickly grass. One can only picture the contact between the prickly grass and the
woman’s genital and the attendant consequences.
16(a). Èjighī utù ukwu èyi nwaànyị̀ egwù, ọ̀ bụghị̄ ya kà isi nnwā.
(b). ‘A woman is never scared of a large penis, after all, it is not larger than a baby’s head.’
In the face of a daunting situation, this proverb serves as a source of encouragement. It is used to remind one of a
more challenging situation that had been previously overcome. Imagine the scenario described by the wording of
the proverb. Here, we are made to visualise the vagina if it is being intimidated by the sheer size of a turgid penis
which is a metaphor for the size of a baby’s head in the course of its passage through the birth canal.
3.3 Women as sex object
This section examines such proverbs that tend to portray the female as a sex object to be relished by the male.
17(a). Nwaànyị̀ a nà-àra ọtụ̀ ya ana àha ọnụ̄ jìri ntị̀ ya gère
(b). ‘A woman whose vagina makes a loud noise in the process of having an intercourse
101
should listen to the noise with her ears.’
Proverb (17) admonishes someone to be mindful of any spiteful remarks about one self so as to be able to take a
positive action. In this proverb, the ‘loud noise’ metaphor realised by the strident sound produced by each thrust
of the penis in the vagina refers to the objectionable remarks.
18(a). Mà utù anwụ̄chūghī, ọ gà-èri ihe gbārā àfụ̀ ọnụ̄
(b). ‘If the penis does not die prematurely, it will eat a bearded thing.’
This proverb is aimed at inculcating the virtue of perseverance, especially when there seem to be a delay in one’s
expectation. The image created by this proverb is made vivid by using the penis as a metaphor for the anxious
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person, while the ‘bearded thing’ is the vulva, with the adorning pubic hair. The concept of perseverance is
realised as not having to die prematurely.
Thus, once a male becomes a man, he will certainly have a wife. By extension, proverb (18) states that if one
perseveres, he/she will certainly achieve his/her goal.
19(a). Ikpù ukwu a nà-àsọ anyā, ọ̀ bụ̀ ya gà-àra ōnwē yā?
(b). ‘A large vulva that is regarded with awe, will it be sexed by itself?’
In the event of a daunting situation, this proverb, like (16) above, is used to dissuade someone from being
intimidated or petrified by such a situation. That is, no challenge is insurmountable. In this proverb, the large
vulva serves as a metaphor for the frightening situation or challenge which the penis will ultimately have access
to.
20(a). Ọ̀ dịghị̄ etu a sị̀rị̀ nwaànyị àgà nọ̀rọ kà a raa yā ọ̀ mụta nnwā ọ gà-àjụ ājụ̄ .
(b). ‘There is no posture you ask a childless woman to adopt which she will refuse while making love to her to
enable her have a child.’
This proverb addresses a despondent person to be wary of unrealistic expectations as people would like to
exploit his predicament. Taken at the literal level, a woman who is incapable of being impregnated will readily
accept to adopt any posture for sex with the promise that it would eventually lead to her bearing a child.
21(a). Di ògòrì kpọọ yā òkù n’abàlị̀ obì àlaa yā n’àpàtà ya.
(b). ‘When the husband of a woman calls her at night, her mind goes to her laps.’
This proverb is used to address a situation in which one anticipates a course of action that may not have been
proposed. The proverb calls to mind a situation in which a woman thinks that when the husband calls her at night,
it is an invitation for sex.
22(a). A zụọ ahịa ikpù, ànaghị̄ ekpū yā aka.
(b). ‘In the event of a transaction with the vulva, one cannot shield it with the inner surface of the hand,’
The proverb is cited to state that whatever is common knowledge can never be concealed. Going by the wording
of the proverb, the ‘transaction with the vulva’ is the metaphor for sexual intercourse, which eventually leads to
pregnancy. There is no way one can hide the bulge of a pregnant woman’s belly with the inner surface of the
hand.
Each of the proverbs in (6)-(22) was described as used in context and on the basis of the literal
meaning derived from the wording of the proverb. With regard to the literal meanings of the proverbs, one
visualises the Igbo man’s perception of womanhood. In the section that follows, the paper considers the extent of
the reaction of women to the sexist proverbs which are seen to derogate them.
4. Attitude towards sexist proverbs
This section talks about the reaction of women towards sexist proverbs which tend to derogate them. When such
proverbs Igbo proverbs are used in context, they function as a veritable means of communicating values.
However, these proverbs become offensive and derogatory only when the literal meaning visualised and
interpreted as such.
Balogun (2010) has called into question, the very essence of the use of oppressive proverbs against
women in Yoruba culture. She believes such proverbs were authored by men as a means of perpetuating their
hegemony over the female. She sees the existence these proverbs as having a demoralising effect in the
complementary role of women in marriage. Thus, she proposes that “such oppressive proverbs must be resisted
and or reconstructed through proper education and rigorous commitment to the feminine cause” (Balogun
2010:31). Also, Adetunji (2010) refers to the use of such Yoruba proverbs as aspects of linguistic violence
because it contravenes the idea of gender equality, which is unacceptable. He therefore proposes that “women
should be less complicit in their linguistic subjugation” (Adetunji 2010:15).
There seem to be no such proposal for the reconstruction of Igbo sexist and obscene proverbs similar
to the one in Balogun (2010). Though not related to sexist proverbs, Chukwukere (2005(b)) has challenged the
justification for the use of Igbo female honorific terms like О̀ riàkụ̀
102
‘one who consumes (the husband’s) wealth’
and Òdoziàkụ̀ ‘one who conserves (the husband’s) wealth.’ These honorific terms are taken to be the equivalent
of Mrs in English. She asserts that such “terms are problematic in that they do not capture effectively the role of
a woman in the marital household” (Chukwukere 2005(b):72).
Today, women have become more empowered through higher education. They are virtually in every
sector of the economy. They earn money and complement their husband’s earnings for the upkeep of the family.
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In view of this, women have adopted the term О̀ sòdiàkpata(àkụ̀
103
) ‘one who joins the husband in making wealth’
as a more befitting and appropriate term.
Despite the fact that women, especially the educated ones, feel repulsive about the use of sexist
proverbs, they have not put forward any proposal for changing the provocative words with gender neutral ones.
Perhaps the reason for their inaction against the use of sexist proverbs is the fact that such proverbs are seen as
fixed and frozen expressions. These proverbs have outlived several generation of the users. Thus, according to
Balogun (2010:31), “African proverbs in particular have been viewed as sacred texts that must remain
unchanged.”
4.1 Summary and conclusion
This is a study of a set of Igbo sexist proverbs as used in context. The proverbs make use of sexual symbols and
images. It further examined the literal meaning of these proverbs on the basis of their wording. It is at this level
of meaning that these proverbs acquire their sexist and obscene connotations which are construed as being laden
with impertinent reference that derogate womanhood.
For the purpose of analysis, the proverbs were categorised into three on account of their literal
meaning. The first category evinces the subordinate status of women in the Igbo patriarchal society. The
proverbs in the second category manifest how the Igbo man visualises the female genital. The proverbs in the
third category depict the Igbo woman as a sex object meant to serve the sexual pleasure of the man. As
evidenced from these proverbs which paint a vivid picture of women, the construed meanings expressed by the
literal meaning reflect the perception of a typical Igbo man about womanhood.
The study has shown that Igbo sexist proverbs constitute an aspect of Igbo orature and folk wisdom
which help to define and evaluate the female from the perspective of the Igbo patriarchal society. The study is of
the view that probably the proverbs tend to give expression to male gynophobia. For this reason, these proverbs
have become a veritable instrument in the hands of the men to checkmate women. Thus, the use of such proverbs
has therefore contributed in shaping and sustaining the cultural biases of the male against the female in the Igbo
patriarchal society. This makes it difficult to change the cultural stereotype, even in the face of Western
education.
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