Para-Gothicism is not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style; it is also a modern name for Gothicism, a genre or mode of literature combining elements of both horror and romance. This research study is centred on the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. Love and struggle is the central Para-Gothic theme in both Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. Love is presented as a powerful force in both novels. Love is used by both authors to develop the character's personalities, and produces two different outcomes. Both novels are stories of love and how this powerful emotion was able to overcome countless obstacles. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre overcame the constraints society had upon them, what appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves. These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The research study is designed in a five-chapter format, with chapter one as an introductory aspect, which leads to the review of related literature and also followed by the Para-Gothic elements/themes of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and finally, chapter four is a concluding part of the research study.
The Secrets Of Credit Management In Banking Industry.docxResearchWap
Every business organization faces various financial risks. These include the uncertainty of revenues, the possibility of defaulting on loans, and the risk of fraud. One way to manage these risks is through credit management. Credit management is the process of managing financial risk by assessing the creditworthiness of customers and monitoring their payment behavior. In this blog article, we'll take a comprehensive look at credit management in the banking industry, from overviews and best practices to strategies, challenges, and opportunities. Let's get started.
We all know the importance of having a highly skilled and motivated workforce in any organization, but what about in the banking industry? Banks are the backbone of the economy and are critical to the success of any economy. As such, the employees in the banking industry need to be well-trained and highly motivated to ensure the best outcomes for customers and the organization. A development programme is one way to ensure that employees are equipped with the skills and knowledge to perform their jobs efficiently and effectively. In this blog, we will explore the benefits of a development programme, why it is essential for banks, the impact it has on employee performance in the banking industry, best practices for developing effective development programmes, challenges and opportunities of implementing a development programme, how to monitor and measure the impact of a development programme, and case studies of successful development programmes in the banking industry.
The Relationship Between Class Size And Secondary School Students Academic Pe...ResearchWap
Abstract
The study found the relationship between class size and academic performance of geography students in secondary school in Abeokuta – South Local Government Area of Ogun State.
The study adopted a random sampling technique to select one hundred and twenty respondents in five secondary schools in each ward of the Local Government. Pearson correlation was used to test the hypothesis.
The results showed that male and female teachers were similar in their opinion on the relationship between class size and academic achievement of secondary school students in geography, indicating that the performance of students in large classes was very low compared to those in smaller classes.
It was recommended that policymakers and government should recruit more geography teachers and ensure that more classrooms are built and the number of students in a class should not be more than 30.
A Survey Of Causes And Management Of Teacher’s Behaviour Problems Among Headt...ResearchWap
ABSTRACT
This research study attempted to identify ways in which behavioural problems manifest themselves among head teachers in primary schools in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State.
It also attempted to find the causes and management or control such indiscipline behaviours and made recommendations for their management. The necessary data for the research study were collected through the use of a questionnaire. One hundred teachers were randomly selected for the study. Chi-square statistical procedure was used to analyse the data.
The result showed that the teachers surveyed shared the same view with regards to age, sex and home background as responsible for behavioural problems. Respondents also shared the same opinion with regard to the various ways or methods that can be used to control or manage indiscipline, and behaviours in primary schools.
On the basis of the findings, recommendations were made that guidance and counselling services should be organized, seminars and conferences to emphasise more indiscipline behaviours in the schools.
Emotional Intelligence And Locus Of Control As Predictors Of Teachers’ Instru...ResearchWap
Recently, the reports of poor academic achievement of students especially in secondary schools have raised more attention and greater concerns among stakeholders in Nigerian education. Academic achievement or academic performance is the outcome of education, that is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals (Ward, Stoker, & Murray-Ward, 2000). Academic achievement is commonly measured by continuous assessment or examination but there is no general agreement on how it is best tested or which aspects are most important, whether procedural knowledge such as skills or declarative knowledge such as facts (Stumm, Hell, & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Irrespective of the method of academic measurement, Isangedighi (1999) observed that indiscipline, drug addiction, poor socio-economic background of the parents, inadequate motivation on the part of students, lack of information coupled with teachers’ nonchalant attitude to work and students’ negative self-concept have often resulted into students’ inconsistent and poor academic performances. Yoloye (1999) submitted that theories of educational disadvantages and social-cultural pathology have been most prominent in the explanation of poor academic achievement of students in schools. On the contrary, a growing number of scholars, have rejected this latter view and have suggested that many of the problems of learning are the artefacts of discontinuities which are brought about by the separation of learning from real-life functions and situations (Fagbemi, 2001) and by the exclusion of the child’s language, values and mode of cognition from the school environment (Ugodulunwa, 2007). It seems that the causes of low academic achievement are diverse and cannot be associated with a single factor alone. For instance, Adamu (1998) observed that self-concept and its variables may be a paramount factor in academic failure. Tukur & Musa (2001) attributed the causes of fluctuating performances among students to teacher-student interactions, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, classroom behaviour and other extraneous variables. The above may be responsible for the academic achievement of students in the area of the study. In Enugu State, the academic achievement of secondary school students has been observed to be generally poor. A look at the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination results in the past eight years (2005-2012) shows clearly the declining state of secondary school students’ achievements in external examinations in the state. The West African Certificate Examinations Council’s (WAEC) result analysis has it that in 2005, only 27.53% of candidates who sat for the senior secondary school certificate exanimation had five credit passes and above including English Language and Mathematics (WAEC, 2010). The same trend continued in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011and 2012 where only 15.56%, 25.54%, 13.76%, 25.99%, 24.94%, 30.99% and 25.76% of can
Consequences Of Deforestation On Rural Household Income.docxResearchWap
Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stands of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on the biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.
Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flows of labour, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.
The Effect Of Agbarho Slaughterhouse Effluent On The Agbarho River Water.docxResearchWap
Water is the prerequisite of life, mankind has settled along the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, the Indus and the Yangtze-Kiang (Marsha et al., 1999). Since ancient times and well before the past millennium, people have sought ways of dealing with water (their main commodity and primary source of drinking, sanitation, irrigation, cultivation, transportation and communication). Two major water supplies are surface water and ground water and are the water resources for readily available water for human consumption. Surface water includes pounds, streams, rivers, oceans and lakes. Pure water rarely occur in nature due to water capacity to dissolve and absorb surrounding materials. Surface water is the most readily available, yet the most polluted as a result of anthropogenic, but happily, controllable activities (David, 2006).In Nigeria, surface water pollution is being associated with surface runoff, industrial effluent, cold-room effluent, domestic waste and abattoir effluent. In this study, emphasis is placed on effluent generated from abattoir processes.
Labour Market Core Skills Requirements And University Graduate Soft Skills Co...ResearchWap
Education is a means of empowerment to an individual and the society. Also, it is a solid tool for developing human capacity needed for a sustainable national development. Tertiary education, which comprises universities, polytechnics, colleges of education and mono technics, has been recognised as a means of developing human capacity required for sustainable national growth and development. Categorically, universities are saddled with the responsibility of developing high-level manpower within the setting of the requirements of the nation. As a result of the globalisation, data innovation and revolution in the present-day learning-based economy, so much prospect has been placed on universities in creating, outfitting and transmitting information for sustainable development and improved standard of living. Consequently, the university plays a critical part in engendering the human capacities with respect to authority, administration and technical expertise.
Environmental Assessment Of Potentially Oil Impacted Areas In Duburu, Khana L...ResearchWap
The environmental assessment of potentially oil impacted areas in duburu, khana local government area, rivers state is a research carried out on the five sites to show primary source of contamination is considered to be the crude oil which may have either been spilled through sabotage or leakage from the existing oil wells and pipelines resulting to the contamination of surface and subsurface soil and water.
The oil impacted areas or spilled areas has affected the habitant of duburu and the nearby communities;
Directly and indirectly either through consumption of harvested crops products from the impacted areas and domestic and non-domestic animals as food, and drinking of domestic or portable water which has been contaminated poses to be hazardous and risky to the human health in general, and also commercially it has made the cost of living and standard of living high because instead of over 85% percent of foods are bought from other communities which are not affected.
Different researches has shown promising results and methods with respect to remediation of oil impacted areas: s
Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment (DQPA), Risk Assessment Matrix, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), Benzene, Toluene, Ethyle-benzene and Xylene (BTEX), e.t.c. were used for the assessmentof the successful completion of this word.
Design And Production Of Ceiling Board Using Plaster Of Paris (Pop) Gypsum Ma...ResearchWap
This project, Design and production of ceiling board using Plaster of Paris (POP) Gypsum materials. Gypsum is basically the raw material required in the manufacturing Plaster of Paris (POP) which posses an outstanding property and a good material for producing ceiling board.
The materials procured for the project are plaster of Paris, fiber, water and mould. The equipment used for the project are scrapper, measuring tape, mixing bowl, bucket. Firstly, water was poured into the container (mixing bowl) and plaster of Paris sprinkled, two minutes was waited for absorption and then the mortar was mixed with hand and shaked vigorously to obtain a fully homogeneous mixture and thereafter the mortar was sprayed on the mould and fiber was added which serves as reinforcement.
Water absorption test was carried out on the sample and the result indicated that plaster of Paris (POP) ceiling board has an average 8.4 percent water absorptivity compare to Asbestos with 0.5 percent. Therefore plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board absorb water readily in case there is water leakage of the roof. Flexural strength test was carried out and the result obtained showed that plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board has a mean flexural strength of 11.4 N/mm2 and Asbestos has an average flexural strength of about 1.00 N /mm2.
To this end, it is proved that plaster of Paris (POP) ceiling board possess sufficient strength and it is durable for Civil Engineering works.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
THE ELEMENT OF PARA GOTHICISM CHARLOTTE BRONTE'S JANE EYRE AND EMILY BRONTE'S...ResearchWap
Para-Gothicism is not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style; it is also a modern name for Gothicism, a genre or mode of literature combining elements of both horror and romance. This research study is centred on the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. Love and struggle is the central Para-Gothic theme in both Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. Love is presented as a powerful force in both novels. Love is used by both authors to develop the character's personalities, and produces two different outcomes. Both novels are stories of love and how this powerful emotion was able to overcome countless obstacles. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre overcame the constraints society had upon them, what appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves. These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The research study is designed in a five-chapter format, with chapter one as an introductory aspect, which leads to the review of related literature and also followed by the Para-Gothic elements/themes of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and finally, chapter four is a concluding part of the research study.
THE DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS.docxResearchWap
Job satisfaction is not a new phenomenon at all in any organization. It is one of the topics that have drawn interest among scholars in the field. Many studies have been done on this particular topic for over six decades and thousands of articles have been published (Zembylas& Papantasiu,2006). Job satisfaction has been defined as “a pleasurable emotional state arising from the appraisal of one’s job, an affective reaction to one’s job, and an attitude towards one job (Ubom, 2001). It has also been shown that when job satisfaction in the teaching profession increases, turnover decreases (Robert, 2004).
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING LOW ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SECO...ResearchWap
This study examines strategies for improving low academic performance in the English language in secondary schools in Kaduna state. Over the years, there has been a consistent decline in students’ performance in the English Language. This sordid situation has caused teachers, parents, curriculum experts and evaluators a serious concern. To carry out this investigation, data were collected from thirty-eight (38) English language teachers randomly from twenty secondary schools in Kaduna North Local Government Area. Analysis of the data revealed that poorly trained English language teachers, poor instructional delivery, lack of infrastructural facilities, teachers’ attitude toward innovation, and the traditional content/knowledge-oriented curriculum were factors associated with students’ low performance in the English language. Based on the findings recommendations were made on strategies that will improve the quality of performance in the subject. In this work, data was collected in the area of material, facilities and human resources available for teaching the subject, using questionnaires, personal interviews and relevant textbooks. Put together, the research questionnaire distributed was forty.
PREDOMINANT DEVICES USED BY NGUGI WA THIONG’O IN HIS NOVEL WIZARD OF THE CROW...ResearchWap
Language is a distinctive quality unique to man. It is what enables man to express him/herself and communicate with his/her fellow man, and it is acquired naturally. According to Fromkin et al “…language is the source of human life and power” (3). They also state that “we use language to convey information to others…, ask questions…, give command…, and express wishes” (173). There are two specific media of using language: oral – which is by words of mouth; and written – which is a graphic representation of words on paper.
It is in the use of language that style comes in. Style shows the difference between one piece of writing and the other. According to Adejare, “style is an ambiguous term…” (1). He further states that the term style means different things to different professions. Some examples are: to a psychologist, a style is a form of behaviour, to the critic, style is individuality and to the linguist, it is the formal structures in function (1).
Stylistics is the study of oral and written texts. It is the description of the linguistic characteristics (which means features of linguistics) of all situationally restricted uses of language. Linguistics is the scientific study of language or of a particular language. Linguistics is scientific because it applies the method of objective observation, collection, classification and application of facts to the study of language.
Stylistics focuses on texts and gives much attention to the devices, parts of speech and figures of speech. It goes further to look into the effects of the use of the devices on the reader.
THE PRINCIPAL HUMAN RELATION STRATEGIES AND TEACHERS JOB PERFORMANCES OF SECO...ResearchWap
This study examined principal human relation strategies and teachers' job performance in secondary schools in Patigi Local Government
Area, Kwara State.
A sample of secondary schools was randomly selected. The questionnaire was administered to one hundred and sixty principals and Teachers for research, questions were generated and tested for the study. The result obtained showed good principal human relation strategies and Teachers' job performance by involving them in Motivation, Communication, Safety and collaboration for smoothly running of the school.
Therefore, the principal and Teachers should continue having a good relationship to bring about improvement of the teacher and output of the school (student). The principal can also influence the teacher’s activities towards improving teacher skills, organizing workshops, in-service training and seminars.
PROPAGANDA IN POLITICS - THE USE OF LANGUAGE FOR EFFECT IN ELECTIONEERING CAM...ResearchWap
In the Work Propaganda in Politics, the use of language for effect in electioneering campaign seeks to x-ray the role language play as an agent of influence. This work considers the influence of propaganda on the electorate making use of some linguistic devices, like Repetition, Word Coinages, Exaggeration, Attacks on Party Logo and Slogan, Vagueness, Abusive expression etc.
Propaganda has been the deliberate distortion of fact in order to influence people to change their line of thought or to blindly maintain their line of thought. Language in the other sense is the tool or medium via which this intention is achieved because you may have thought of something but if not communicated it cannot achieve your desired effect. Generally, the researcher is concerned with the campaign of calumny in the 2007 general elections in Nigeria, necessary recommendations will be made at the end of the work.
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF WHATSAPP CHATS.docxResearchWap
Language is a distinctive quality unique to man. It is what enables man to express him/herself and communicate with his/her fellow man, and it is acquired naturally. According to Fromkin et al “…language is the source of human life and power” (3). They also state that “we use language to convey information to others…, ask questions…, give command…, and express wishes” (173). There are two specific media of using language: oral – which is by words of mouth; and written – which is a graphic representation of words on paper.
It is in the use of language that style comes in. Style shows the difference between one piece of writing and the other. According to Adejare, “style is an ambiguous term…” (1). He further states that the term style means different things to different professions. Some examples are: to a psychologist, a style is a form of behaviour, to the critic, style is individuality and to the linguist, it is the formal structures in function (1).
Stylistics is the study of oral and written texts. It is the description of the linguistic characteristics (which means features of linguistics) of all situationally restricted uses of language. Linguistics is the scientific study of language or of a particular language. Linguistics is scientific because it applies the method of objective observation, collection, classification and application of facts to the study of language.
Stylistics focuses on texts and gives much attention to the devices, parts of speech and figures of speech. It goes further to look into the effects of the use of the devices on the reader.
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF WHATSAPP CHATS.docxResearchWap
Language is one of the most complex of all human-specific phenomena. Its convolutions of parts and meanings. It goes beyond its semiotic possibility of conveying information at a communicative level to have an art form that exists by it alone which is known as the literary art.
At the communicative level, it involves other tools to aid interlocution namely voice modulation and pitch, gesticulations which for the sake of this study include facial expressions and feedback from the other person for the clarification of meanings and understanding. At the interpersonal level, language is always based on contextual sense-making as the complexity of language always bears upon every utterance.
Remove the verbal and personal arrangement of this semiotic speech act and all the other tools for sense-making to go with it. So that one runs the risk of being misunderstood which defeats the aim of conversations at all levels. However, with the advancement of technology especially in the telecommunications sector, people now rely much on texting and instant messaging platforms are becoming more and more popular across social classes and with this popularity comes the need for its acceptance by formal and informal purposes.
POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA – THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION, USING THE WORK O...ResearchWap
Nigeria’s political problems sprang from the carefree manner in which the British took over, administered, and abandoned the government and people of Nigeria. British administrators did not make an effort to weld the country together and unite the heterogeneous groups of people. Though many things we have today are due to their enlightenment, they still left us hanging. According to Adewele Ademoyega in his book Why We Struck 1981, he said that when the British came, they forcibly rubber-stamped the political state of the ethnic groups of Nigeria, and maintained that status quo until they left. According to him upon their departure nearly a hundred years later, the people resumed fighting for their political rights.
When the British came to Nigeria as an imperial nation to take over the rulership of the country from 1861 (with the cession of Lagos), they met the people of the south totally free, only observing and regulating their own monarchies and institutions (Adewele Ademoyega: Why We Struck). Chinua Achebe in his work or novel Things Fall Apart, 1958, tries to portray the life Africans lived before and during the arrival of the Europeans in Nigeria.
Things Fall Apart tells the tragic story of the rise and fall of Okonkwo and the equally tragic story of the disintegration of Igbo culture, symbolized by the agrarian society of Umofia, under the relentless encroachments of British Christian imperialism.
For Achebe, Mister Johnson represents the worst kind of portrayal of Africans by Europeans. To him, the portrayal was all the more disheartening because John Cary was working hard to achieve an accurate depiction, unlike many British authors during the imperial colonial period who deliberately, often cynically, exploited the stereotyping of Africans and African society. It was precise because John Cary was a liberal-minded and sympathetic writer, as well as a colonial administrator that Achebe felt the record had to be set straight. Achebe’s purpose then is to write about and for his own people. His first novels form a continuum over one hundred years of Igbo civilization. The Europeans have not yet penetrated Umuofia, the setting of the first novel when Things Fall Apart beings. When the novel ends colonial rule has been established. His other novels talk about the different changes that took place before independence and after it.
The British governed Nigeria indirectly through their traditional rulers, as a result, the true leader of the masses was hamstrung and held down. Just because Africans were given authority to rule over their own people, they saw it as a means to maltreat those that have wronged them, extort from those that have more than them and sell his/her own brother and sister for favours from the superior leaders - The British. (Adewele Ademoyega: Why We Struck).
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Secrets Of Credit Management In Banking Industry.docxResearchWap
Every business organization faces various financial risks. These include the uncertainty of revenues, the possibility of defaulting on loans, and the risk of fraud. One way to manage these risks is through credit management. Credit management is the process of managing financial risk by assessing the creditworthiness of customers and monitoring their payment behavior. In this blog article, we'll take a comprehensive look at credit management in the banking industry, from overviews and best practices to strategies, challenges, and opportunities. Let's get started.
We all know the importance of having a highly skilled and motivated workforce in any organization, but what about in the banking industry? Banks are the backbone of the economy and are critical to the success of any economy. As such, the employees in the banking industry need to be well-trained and highly motivated to ensure the best outcomes for customers and the organization. A development programme is one way to ensure that employees are equipped with the skills and knowledge to perform their jobs efficiently and effectively. In this blog, we will explore the benefits of a development programme, why it is essential for banks, the impact it has on employee performance in the banking industry, best practices for developing effective development programmes, challenges and opportunities of implementing a development programme, how to monitor and measure the impact of a development programme, and case studies of successful development programmes in the banking industry.
The Relationship Between Class Size And Secondary School Students Academic Pe...ResearchWap
Abstract
The study found the relationship between class size and academic performance of geography students in secondary school in Abeokuta – South Local Government Area of Ogun State.
The study adopted a random sampling technique to select one hundred and twenty respondents in five secondary schools in each ward of the Local Government. Pearson correlation was used to test the hypothesis.
The results showed that male and female teachers were similar in their opinion on the relationship between class size and academic achievement of secondary school students in geography, indicating that the performance of students in large classes was very low compared to those in smaller classes.
It was recommended that policymakers and government should recruit more geography teachers and ensure that more classrooms are built and the number of students in a class should not be more than 30.
A Survey Of Causes And Management Of Teacher’s Behaviour Problems Among Headt...ResearchWap
ABSTRACT
This research study attempted to identify ways in which behavioural problems manifest themselves among head teachers in primary schools in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State.
It also attempted to find the causes and management or control such indiscipline behaviours and made recommendations for their management. The necessary data for the research study were collected through the use of a questionnaire. One hundred teachers were randomly selected for the study. Chi-square statistical procedure was used to analyse the data.
The result showed that the teachers surveyed shared the same view with regards to age, sex and home background as responsible for behavioural problems. Respondents also shared the same opinion with regard to the various ways or methods that can be used to control or manage indiscipline, and behaviours in primary schools.
On the basis of the findings, recommendations were made that guidance and counselling services should be organized, seminars and conferences to emphasise more indiscipline behaviours in the schools.
Emotional Intelligence And Locus Of Control As Predictors Of Teachers’ Instru...ResearchWap
Recently, the reports of poor academic achievement of students especially in secondary schools have raised more attention and greater concerns among stakeholders in Nigerian education. Academic achievement or academic performance is the outcome of education, that is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals (Ward, Stoker, & Murray-Ward, 2000). Academic achievement is commonly measured by continuous assessment or examination but there is no general agreement on how it is best tested or which aspects are most important, whether procedural knowledge such as skills or declarative knowledge such as facts (Stumm, Hell, & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Irrespective of the method of academic measurement, Isangedighi (1999) observed that indiscipline, drug addiction, poor socio-economic background of the parents, inadequate motivation on the part of students, lack of information coupled with teachers’ nonchalant attitude to work and students’ negative self-concept have often resulted into students’ inconsistent and poor academic performances. Yoloye (1999) submitted that theories of educational disadvantages and social-cultural pathology have been most prominent in the explanation of poor academic achievement of students in schools. On the contrary, a growing number of scholars, have rejected this latter view and have suggested that many of the problems of learning are the artefacts of discontinuities which are brought about by the separation of learning from real-life functions and situations (Fagbemi, 2001) and by the exclusion of the child’s language, values and mode of cognition from the school environment (Ugodulunwa, 2007). It seems that the causes of low academic achievement are diverse and cannot be associated with a single factor alone. For instance, Adamu (1998) observed that self-concept and its variables may be a paramount factor in academic failure. Tukur & Musa (2001) attributed the causes of fluctuating performances among students to teacher-student interactions, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, classroom behaviour and other extraneous variables. The above may be responsible for the academic achievement of students in the area of the study. In Enugu State, the academic achievement of secondary school students has been observed to be generally poor. A look at the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination results in the past eight years (2005-2012) shows clearly the declining state of secondary school students’ achievements in external examinations in the state. The West African Certificate Examinations Council’s (WAEC) result analysis has it that in 2005, only 27.53% of candidates who sat for the senior secondary school certificate exanimation had five credit passes and above including English Language and Mathematics (WAEC, 2010). The same trend continued in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011and 2012 where only 15.56%, 25.54%, 13.76%, 25.99%, 24.94%, 30.99% and 25.76% of can
Consequences Of Deforestation On Rural Household Income.docxResearchWap
Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stands of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on the biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.
Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flows of labour, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.
The Effect Of Agbarho Slaughterhouse Effluent On The Agbarho River Water.docxResearchWap
Water is the prerequisite of life, mankind has settled along the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, the Indus and the Yangtze-Kiang (Marsha et al., 1999). Since ancient times and well before the past millennium, people have sought ways of dealing with water (their main commodity and primary source of drinking, sanitation, irrigation, cultivation, transportation and communication). Two major water supplies are surface water and ground water and are the water resources for readily available water for human consumption. Surface water includes pounds, streams, rivers, oceans and lakes. Pure water rarely occur in nature due to water capacity to dissolve and absorb surrounding materials. Surface water is the most readily available, yet the most polluted as a result of anthropogenic, but happily, controllable activities (David, 2006).In Nigeria, surface water pollution is being associated with surface runoff, industrial effluent, cold-room effluent, domestic waste and abattoir effluent. In this study, emphasis is placed on effluent generated from abattoir processes.
Labour Market Core Skills Requirements And University Graduate Soft Skills Co...ResearchWap
Education is a means of empowerment to an individual and the society. Also, it is a solid tool for developing human capacity needed for a sustainable national development. Tertiary education, which comprises universities, polytechnics, colleges of education and mono technics, has been recognised as a means of developing human capacity required for sustainable national growth and development. Categorically, universities are saddled with the responsibility of developing high-level manpower within the setting of the requirements of the nation. As a result of the globalisation, data innovation and revolution in the present-day learning-based economy, so much prospect has been placed on universities in creating, outfitting and transmitting information for sustainable development and improved standard of living. Consequently, the university plays a critical part in engendering the human capacities with respect to authority, administration and technical expertise.
Environmental Assessment Of Potentially Oil Impacted Areas In Duburu, Khana L...ResearchWap
The environmental assessment of potentially oil impacted areas in duburu, khana local government area, rivers state is a research carried out on the five sites to show primary source of contamination is considered to be the crude oil which may have either been spilled through sabotage or leakage from the existing oil wells and pipelines resulting to the contamination of surface and subsurface soil and water.
The oil impacted areas or spilled areas has affected the habitant of duburu and the nearby communities;
Directly and indirectly either through consumption of harvested crops products from the impacted areas and domestic and non-domestic animals as food, and drinking of domestic or portable water which has been contaminated poses to be hazardous and risky to the human health in general, and also commercially it has made the cost of living and standard of living high because instead of over 85% percent of foods are bought from other communities which are not affected.
Different researches has shown promising results and methods with respect to remediation of oil impacted areas: s
Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment (DQPA), Risk Assessment Matrix, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), Benzene, Toluene, Ethyle-benzene and Xylene (BTEX), e.t.c. were used for the assessmentof the successful completion of this word.
Design And Production Of Ceiling Board Using Plaster Of Paris (Pop) Gypsum Ma...ResearchWap
This project, Design and production of ceiling board using Plaster of Paris (POP) Gypsum materials. Gypsum is basically the raw material required in the manufacturing Plaster of Paris (POP) which posses an outstanding property and a good material for producing ceiling board.
The materials procured for the project are plaster of Paris, fiber, water and mould. The equipment used for the project are scrapper, measuring tape, mixing bowl, bucket. Firstly, water was poured into the container (mixing bowl) and plaster of Paris sprinkled, two minutes was waited for absorption and then the mortar was mixed with hand and shaked vigorously to obtain a fully homogeneous mixture and thereafter the mortar was sprayed on the mould and fiber was added which serves as reinforcement.
Water absorption test was carried out on the sample and the result indicated that plaster of Paris (POP) ceiling board has an average 8.4 percent water absorptivity compare to Asbestos with 0.5 percent. Therefore plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board absorb water readily in case there is water leakage of the roof. Flexural strength test was carried out and the result obtained showed that plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board has a mean flexural strength of 11.4 N/mm2 and Asbestos has an average flexural strength of about 1.00 N /mm2.
To this end, it is proved that plaster of Paris (POP) ceiling board possess sufficient strength and it is durable for Civil Engineering works.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
THE ELEMENT OF PARA GOTHICISM CHARLOTTE BRONTE'S JANE EYRE AND EMILY BRONTE'S...ResearchWap
Para-Gothicism is not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style; it is also a modern name for Gothicism, a genre or mode of literature combining elements of both horror and romance. This research study is centred on the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. Love and struggle is the central Para-Gothic theme in both Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. Love is presented as a powerful force in both novels. Love is used by both authors to develop the character's personalities, and produces two different outcomes. Both novels are stories of love and how this powerful emotion was able to overcome countless obstacles. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre overcame the constraints society had upon them, what appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves. These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The research study is designed in a five-chapter format, with chapter one as an introductory aspect, which leads to the review of related literature and also followed by the Para-Gothic elements/themes of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and finally, chapter four is a concluding part of the research study.
THE DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS.docxResearchWap
Job satisfaction is not a new phenomenon at all in any organization. It is one of the topics that have drawn interest among scholars in the field. Many studies have been done on this particular topic for over six decades and thousands of articles have been published (Zembylas& Papantasiu,2006). Job satisfaction has been defined as “a pleasurable emotional state arising from the appraisal of one’s job, an affective reaction to one’s job, and an attitude towards one job (Ubom, 2001). It has also been shown that when job satisfaction in the teaching profession increases, turnover decreases (Robert, 2004).
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING LOW ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SECO...ResearchWap
This study examines strategies for improving low academic performance in the English language in secondary schools in Kaduna state. Over the years, there has been a consistent decline in students’ performance in the English Language. This sordid situation has caused teachers, parents, curriculum experts and evaluators a serious concern. To carry out this investigation, data were collected from thirty-eight (38) English language teachers randomly from twenty secondary schools in Kaduna North Local Government Area. Analysis of the data revealed that poorly trained English language teachers, poor instructional delivery, lack of infrastructural facilities, teachers’ attitude toward innovation, and the traditional content/knowledge-oriented curriculum were factors associated with students’ low performance in the English language. Based on the findings recommendations were made on strategies that will improve the quality of performance in the subject. In this work, data was collected in the area of material, facilities and human resources available for teaching the subject, using questionnaires, personal interviews and relevant textbooks. Put together, the research questionnaire distributed was forty.
PREDOMINANT DEVICES USED BY NGUGI WA THIONG’O IN HIS NOVEL WIZARD OF THE CROW...ResearchWap
Language is a distinctive quality unique to man. It is what enables man to express him/herself and communicate with his/her fellow man, and it is acquired naturally. According to Fromkin et al “…language is the source of human life and power” (3). They also state that “we use language to convey information to others…, ask questions…, give command…, and express wishes” (173). There are two specific media of using language: oral – which is by words of mouth; and written – which is a graphic representation of words on paper.
It is in the use of language that style comes in. Style shows the difference between one piece of writing and the other. According to Adejare, “style is an ambiguous term…” (1). He further states that the term style means different things to different professions. Some examples are: to a psychologist, a style is a form of behaviour, to the critic, style is individuality and to the linguist, it is the formal structures in function (1).
Stylistics is the study of oral and written texts. It is the description of the linguistic characteristics (which means features of linguistics) of all situationally restricted uses of language. Linguistics is the scientific study of language or of a particular language. Linguistics is scientific because it applies the method of objective observation, collection, classification and application of facts to the study of language.
Stylistics focuses on texts and gives much attention to the devices, parts of speech and figures of speech. It goes further to look into the effects of the use of the devices on the reader.
THE PRINCIPAL HUMAN RELATION STRATEGIES AND TEACHERS JOB PERFORMANCES OF SECO...ResearchWap
This study examined principal human relation strategies and teachers' job performance in secondary schools in Patigi Local Government
Area, Kwara State.
A sample of secondary schools was randomly selected. The questionnaire was administered to one hundred and sixty principals and Teachers for research, questions were generated and tested for the study. The result obtained showed good principal human relation strategies and Teachers' job performance by involving them in Motivation, Communication, Safety and collaboration for smoothly running of the school.
Therefore, the principal and Teachers should continue having a good relationship to bring about improvement of the teacher and output of the school (student). The principal can also influence the teacher’s activities towards improving teacher skills, organizing workshops, in-service training and seminars.
PROPAGANDA IN POLITICS - THE USE OF LANGUAGE FOR EFFECT IN ELECTIONEERING CAM...ResearchWap
In the Work Propaganda in Politics, the use of language for effect in electioneering campaign seeks to x-ray the role language play as an agent of influence. This work considers the influence of propaganda on the electorate making use of some linguistic devices, like Repetition, Word Coinages, Exaggeration, Attacks on Party Logo and Slogan, Vagueness, Abusive expression etc.
Propaganda has been the deliberate distortion of fact in order to influence people to change their line of thought or to blindly maintain their line of thought. Language in the other sense is the tool or medium via which this intention is achieved because you may have thought of something but if not communicated it cannot achieve your desired effect. Generally, the researcher is concerned with the campaign of calumny in the 2007 general elections in Nigeria, necessary recommendations will be made at the end of the work.
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF WHATSAPP CHATS.docxResearchWap
Language is a distinctive quality unique to man. It is what enables man to express him/herself and communicate with his/her fellow man, and it is acquired naturally. According to Fromkin et al “…language is the source of human life and power” (3). They also state that “we use language to convey information to others…, ask questions…, give command…, and express wishes” (173). There are two specific media of using language: oral – which is by words of mouth; and written – which is a graphic representation of words on paper.
It is in the use of language that style comes in. Style shows the difference between one piece of writing and the other. According to Adejare, “style is an ambiguous term…” (1). He further states that the term style means different things to different professions. Some examples are: to a psychologist, a style is a form of behaviour, to the critic, style is individuality and to the linguist, it is the formal structures in function (1).
Stylistics is the study of oral and written texts. It is the description of the linguistic characteristics (which means features of linguistics) of all situationally restricted uses of language. Linguistics is the scientific study of language or of a particular language. Linguistics is scientific because it applies the method of objective observation, collection, classification and application of facts to the study of language.
Stylistics focuses on texts and gives much attention to the devices, parts of speech and figures of speech. It goes further to look into the effects of the use of the devices on the reader.
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF WHATSAPP CHATS.docxResearchWap
Language is one of the most complex of all human-specific phenomena. Its convolutions of parts and meanings. It goes beyond its semiotic possibility of conveying information at a communicative level to have an art form that exists by it alone which is known as the literary art.
At the communicative level, it involves other tools to aid interlocution namely voice modulation and pitch, gesticulations which for the sake of this study include facial expressions and feedback from the other person for the clarification of meanings and understanding. At the interpersonal level, language is always based on contextual sense-making as the complexity of language always bears upon every utterance.
Remove the verbal and personal arrangement of this semiotic speech act and all the other tools for sense-making to go with it. So that one runs the risk of being misunderstood which defeats the aim of conversations at all levels. However, with the advancement of technology especially in the telecommunications sector, people now rely much on texting and instant messaging platforms are becoming more and more popular across social classes and with this popularity comes the need for its acceptance by formal and informal purposes.
POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA – THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION, USING THE WORK O...ResearchWap
Nigeria’s political problems sprang from the carefree manner in which the British took over, administered, and abandoned the government and people of Nigeria. British administrators did not make an effort to weld the country together and unite the heterogeneous groups of people. Though many things we have today are due to their enlightenment, they still left us hanging. According to Adewele Ademoyega in his book Why We Struck 1981, he said that when the British came, they forcibly rubber-stamped the political state of the ethnic groups of Nigeria, and maintained that status quo until they left. According to him upon their departure nearly a hundred years later, the people resumed fighting for their political rights.
When the British came to Nigeria as an imperial nation to take over the rulership of the country from 1861 (with the cession of Lagos), they met the people of the south totally free, only observing and regulating their own monarchies and institutions (Adewele Ademoyega: Why We Struck). Chinua Achebe in his work or novel Things Fall Apart, 1958, tries to portray the life Africans lived before and during the arrival of the Europeans in Nigeria.
Things Fall Apart tells the tragic story of the rise and fall of Okonkwo and the equally tragic story of the disintegration of Igbo culture, symbolized by the agrarian society of Umofia, under the relentless encroachments of British Christian imperialism.
For Achebe, Mister Johnson represents the worst kind of portrayal of Africans by Europeans. To him, the portrayal was all the more disheartening because John Cary was working hard to achieve an accurate depiction, unlike many British authors during the imperial colonial period who deliberately, often cynically, exploited the stereotyping of Africans and African society. It was precise because John Cary was a liberal-minded and sympathetic writer, as well as a colonial administrator that Achebe felt the record had to be set straight. Achebe’s purpose then is to write about and for his own people. His first novels form a continuum over one hundred years of Igbo civilization. The Europeans have not yet penetrated Umuofia, the setting of the first novel when Things Fall Apart beings. When the novel ends colonial rule has been established. His other novels talk about the different changes that took place before independence and after it.
The British governed Nigeria indirectly through their traditional rulers, as a result, the true leader of the masses was hamstrung and held down. Just because Africans were given authority to rule over their own people, they saw it as a means to maltreat those that have wronged them, extort from those that have more than them and sell his/her own brother and sister for favours from the superior leaders - The British. (Adewele Ademoyega: Why We Struck).
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
THE ELEMENT OF PARA GOTHICISM CHARLOTTE BRONTE'S JANE EYRE AND EMILY BRONTE'S WUTHERING HEIGHTS.docx
1. The Element Of Para Gothicism Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre And
Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights
Introduction
Backgroundto the Study
This research study will be dealing with the subjectmatter of the para-gothicism
in the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyreand Emily Bronte’s Wuthering
Heights. Itwill be very necessary to give the basics of the subjectmatter beforea
broader look will be given the subjectmatter in the review of the literature.
Itwill be very necessary to firstof all make an absolute definition of what a gothic
novel is. Gothic fiction, sometimes referred to as Gothic horror, is a genre or
mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance.
Gothicism's origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764
novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled "A Gothic Story". The effect of Gothic fiction
feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that
were relatively new at the time of Walpole's novel. Melodrama and parody
(including self-parody) wereother long-standing features of the Gothic initiated
by Walpole.
2. Generally, the tone and mood of gothic novels are brooding and sombre. Often,
female protagonists find themselves in the midst of conspiracies, in the clutches
of mysterious or sinister people (usually men), and people tend to harbour (dark!)
secrets. The male protagonist, who may be the romantic interest, is often
brooding and charismatic. The landscapeand/or climate are often inhospitable,
and the author may use pathetic fallacy to good effect. Buildings, dwellings, and
architecture are often scary or mysterious--theremay be secretrooms or rooms
with special significance.
Narratives revolvearound the macabre, the supernatural, and death quite a bit.
People are sometimes 'haunted' by memories of dead loved ones. Other times,
the supernaturalelement is explained away, though. i.e., the main characters
think there's a ghost, but a rational explanation for seemingly supernatural events
is revealed. Protagonists'psychologyis importanttoo: a lot of the time, these
stories are rooted in some deep fears of death, sex, etc., and so a lot of the terror
may be in their imagination--which does not necessarily make it less terrifying.
Para-Gothicismis not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style;
it is also a modern name for Gothicism. According to The Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, it is defined as relating and constituting the revivalor adaptation of
the Gothic, especially in literature or architecture.
The Gothic motifs and forms areimitated. This genre could be said to be broad
and hybrid in nature. Itcovers three genres:
1. The Gothic novels – This utilizes the mysterious, thesupernatural, the
horrific, and the romantic.
2. The romance novel – This lays emphasis on love and passion and represents
the notion of two lovers destined for each other.
3. The Bildungsroman – It is a narration of a character’s internaldevelopment
as he/she undergoes a succession of encounters with the external world
In architectural terms parallel to the ascendancy of the neo-Gothic styles in the
19th century in England, interest spread rapidly to the continent of Europe,
3. Australia, South Africa, and America. The number of Gothic revivalstructures built
in the 19th and 20th centuries has exceeded the number of authentic Gothic
structures that had been built previously. Today, for instance, the Gothic style of
architecture has been imitated in churches, military academies and university
buildings.
Also, Jane Eyre is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. Itwas published in
London, England, in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. with the title Jane Eyre. An
Autobiography under the pen name "Currer Bell." The firstAmerican edition was
released the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. The Penguin
edition describes it as an "influential feminist text" because of its in-depth
exploration of a strong female character's feelings.
The novel merges elements of three distinct genres. It has the formof a
Bildungsroman, a story about a child's maturation, focusing on the emotions and
experiences that accompany growth to adulthood. The novel also contains much
social criticism, with a strong senseof morality at its core, and finally has the
brooding and moody quality and Byronic character typical of Gothic fiction.
Itis a novel often considered ahead of its time due to its portrayalof the
development of a thinking and passionateyoung woman who is both
individualistic, desiring for a full life, and also highly moral. Jane evolves fromher
beginnings as a poor and plain woman without captivating charmto her mature
stage as a compassionateand confident whole woman. As shematures, she
comments much on the complexities of the human condition. Jane also has a
deeply pious personaltrust in God but is also highly self-reliant. Although Jane
suffers much, sheis never portrayed as a damsel in distress who needs rescuing.
For this reason, it is sometimes considered an important early feminist (or proto-
feminist) novel.
Also taking a look at Wuthering Heights is a novelby Emily Brontë published in
1847. Itwas her only novel and was written between December 1845 and July
1846. Itremained unpublished until July 1847 and was notprinted until
December after the success of her sister Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre. It was
4. finally printed under the pseudonymEllis Bell; a posthumous second edition was
edited by Charlotte.
The title of the novel comes fromthe Yorkshiremanor on the moors of the story.
The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionatebutdoomed love
between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion
eventually destroys them and many around them.
Today considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights was met with
mixed reviews when it firstappeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark
depiction of mental and physicalcruelty. Although Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre
was generally considered the best of the Brontë sisters'works during mostof the
nineteenth century, many subsequentcritics of Wuthering Heights argued that it
was a superior achievement. Wuthering Heights has also given riseto many
adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a
musical by Bernard J. Taylor, a ballet, three operas (respectively by Bernard
Herrmann, CarlisleFloyd, and Frédéric Chaslin), a role-playing game, and a song
by Kate Bush.
However, in the proceeding chapter, a broader look will be given to the subject
matter and also we will be looking at what other writers havegot to evaluate
Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyreand Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Statement of the Problem
There was a time in the last decades of the eighteenth century and the firsthalf of
the nineteenth century, reflected dimly in the prints, paintings and surviving relics
of that era, which effectively symbolises our deep-rooted yearning to escape from
the mindlessness of modern existence through its portalwhere glimpses of a
beautiful, unpolluted world with clean, graceful architecture starkly contrasts
with the smoke-discoloured edifices of concrete in today’s wilderness of ugly
buildings set in a wasteland of dying forests. Such vistas, such colour and the
pleasurethey produceare of different orders fromanything we now experience.
So much so, that were weto glimpse, feel, smell and taste how life once was
(againstthe natural background sound of birds, brooks and horses’ hooves
5. instead of the cacophony of aeroplanes, industry and motor vehicles) we would
probably think and indeed dream differently.
However, the problem of this research study is to unfold the Gothic genre and the
romanticism, the demonstration of the finite and tragically self-consuming nature
of passion in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Research Question
The following questions will help guide the research study to achieve its
objectives.
1. What is Gothicism?
2. What is para-Gothicism?
3. What are the para-Gothic element in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights,
and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre?
4. What are the interrelationships between Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights,
and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre?
Purposeof the Study
The purposeof this study is to examine the following:
1. To understand the nature of Gothicism in its various context.
2. The Gothic element in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte
Bronte’s Jane Eyre.
3. And to also explore the interrelationship between Emily Bronte’s
Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre.
Significance of the Study
The importance of this research study cannotbe overemphasised, by virtueof the
fact that it is going to elucidate an area that has long existed and has remained in
a diversified sense.
6. This study is highly significant in the sensethat it will help the readers of this work
especially students in the field of languages to further understand the diversifying
nature of Gothicism.
Also, the novels whoseGothic nature is been poised will be better understood
and easily comprehended by the readers of this research study.
And to crown it all, this research study is also significanttaking cognisanceof the
fact that it will also explore the themes of Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and
Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, and will elucidate the relationships that do exist
between these two Gothic novels.
Scope of the Study
This research study will be limited in scopeonly to the works of Charlotte Bronte
and Emily Bronte novels, that is, Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights respectively
and to the review of related literature.
Operational Definition of Terms
Gothicism: is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror
and romance.
Para-Gothicism: The combination of three genres (that is, Gothic, Romance, and
Bildungsroman).
Supernaturalis that which is not subjectto the laws of nature, or more
figuratively, that which is said to exist above and beyond nature.
Protagonist: The protagonistmeans the main character of a story.
Proto-feminist: Proto-feministis a term used to define women in a philosophical
tradition that anticipated modern feminist concepts.
Romance: Romance is a style of heroic proseand versenarrative that was popular
in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe.
7. ABSTRACT
Para-Gothicismis not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style;
it is also a modern name for Gothicism, a genre or mode of literature combining
elements of both horror and romance. This research study is centred on the
novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyreand Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Love and struggle is the central Para-Gothic theme in both Jane Eyre and
Wuthering Heights. Loveis presented as a powerfulforce in both novels. Love is
used by both authors to develop the character's personalities, and produces two
different outcomes. Both novels are stories of love and how this powerful
emotion was able to overcomecountless obstacles. Characters within Wuthering
Heights and Jane Eyreovercame the constraints society had upon them, what
appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves.
These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were
faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The research study is
designed in a five-chapter format, with chapter one as an introductory aspect,
which leads to the review of related literature and also followed by the Para-
Gothic elements/themes of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s
Wuthering Heights, and finally, chapter four is a concluding part of the research
study.
EDITOR SOURCE:
1. The ElementOf Para GothicismCharlotte Bronte'sJane Eyre AndEmilyBronte'sWuthering
Heights
2. The ElementOf Para GothicismCharlotte Bronte'sJane Eyre AndEmilyBronte'sWuthering
Heights
3. The ElementOf Para Gothicism Charlotte Bronte'sJane Eyre AndEmilyBronte'sWuthering
Heights
4.