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1. ‘We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep.’
William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act IV, Scene 1, Prospero

4. The Dream
in European Painting

6. The night before the battle at the Milvern Bridge between Constantine’s forces and those
of Maxentius ...
a divine messenger descends from on high, showing the Cross made of light to the emperor
deep in sleep, to whom he communicates the certainty of victory if the army moves under
the sign of the Cross: "In hoc signo vinces" … 'By this sign shalt thou conquer'.
Inside his large tent, the Emperor lies asleep,
seated on a bench bathed in light, a servant watches over him.
With a daring innovation, that almost seems to anticipate Caravaggio's modern concept of light,
two sentries in the foreground stand out from the darkness, lit only by the light projected
from the angel above.
Piero della Francesca
Constantine's Dream
Le Songe de Constantin
1458-1466
San Francesco, Arezzo

10. an angel appears to Pope Sergius in his sleep ...
The angel tells Sergius that the bishop Saint Lambert has been assassinated
and Sergius is to appoint a new bishop, Saint Hubert.
To the right, the Pope and two cardinals meeting a noble and a Franciscan friar,
who both kneel before the papal retinue
In the far distance, on the steps of the early Saint Peter's Cathedral,
Pope Sergius presents Saint Hubert with the bishop's miter and staff.
Rogier van der Weyden, Workshop of, l'atelier de
The Dream of Pope Sergius
Le rêve du pape Serge
1437-1440
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles

14. While resting in the shade of a bay tree, the young soldier Scipio has a vision
of two ladies Virtue and her adversary Pleasure.
Virtue offers Scipio a book and a sword, emblems of learning and valour.
Pleasure offers a sprig of flowers, standing for love.
The hard path of virtue is represented by the craggy rock in the background,
while Pleasure’s gentle meadows slope down to the shores of a lake.
Raphael interpreted the theme not as a moral dilemma but rather as a combination
of all the virtues to which an ideal soldier or knight should aspire.
Raphael, Raphaël
An Allegory, 'Vision of a Knight’
Le Songe du chevalier
1504
National Gallery, London

18. Below a canopy supported by tall thin rods, the sleeping Ursula is visited
in her dreams by the angel who tells her of her imminent martyrdom.
The light shines brightly behind the angel and penetrates into the room from
the roundels below the beams, from the windows and from the half-open door
leading into the next room;
but it does not succeed in dispelling all the shadows in the bedroom.
Vittore Carpaccio
The Dream of St Ursula
Le rêve de Sainte Ursule
1495
Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice

23. the terrifying Vision of Tondal ...
Tondal, a treacherous knight, sees in a dream all the misfortunes,
torments and tortures suffered by the vile who go to hell.
For him, this dream will be a saving grace because, frightened by what he saw,
he will return to the path of virtue.
Hieronymus Bosch, Follower of, École de
Tondal's Vision
La vision de Tondale
1520-1530
Fundación Lazaro Galdiano, Madrid

27. Mark asleep in the boat, his head lit with a halo emanating from a angel ...
Mark was sailing to Rome from Aquileia when a violent storm drove his boat towards
the Venetian islands.
During the night, an angel appeared to him in a dream saying, “Pax tibi, Marce,
Evangelista meus, hic requiescat corpus tuum”, meaning that his mortal remains
would one day return to the place where he had had the vision, and in that same
place the city of Venice would rise and he would be named its patron saint.
…
And that is the delightful but palpably false story of how Saint Mark came
to be patron of the city of Venice.
Jacopo Tintoretto
Dream of Saint Mark (Pax Tibi Marce)
Le songe de saint Marc (Pax tibi Marce)
1591
Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice

32. The mighty figure of God, attendant angels, rolling clouds, and sundry classical
figures ...
God appeared to the young King Solomon in a dream, inviting the king to ask
for whatever he wanted.
Instead of asking for long life or riches, Solomon asked for the wisdom to tell
good from evil.
Luca Giordano
Dream of Solomon
Le Rêve de Salomon
1694-1695
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

36. Jacob asleep, lying on his left shoulder with a tree behind him
and
a ray of light under a blue and gray sky
a mystical dream represented in a realistic and human way ...
Jusepe de Ribera
Jacob’s Dream
Le Songe de Jacob
1639
Museo del Prado, Madrid

40. A stark mixture of horror, sexuality, and morbidity ...
A daemonic incubus squatting on the torso of a young woman in a deep sleep
and
a horse with glowing eyes and flared nostrils emerges from the shadowy background
...
A incube is described as a spirit to lie atop people in their sleep or even to have sexual
intercourse with sleeping women.
Fuseli’s painting is suggestive but not explicit, leaving open the possibility that
the woman is simply dreaming.
Henry Fuseli
The Nightmare
Le Cauchemar
1781
Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit

44. Emerging from the darkness the fairies form a vortex of light
above a sleeping shepherd ...
a fairy touches her head with a dream-inducing wand,
a crouching witch has just pulled a flower-headed mandrake out of the ground,
seated on large stone steps, is Queen Mabs, the bringer of nightmares,
attached to her by a chain is a monster child, the demonic incubus, who points
at the sleeping man ...
The picture illustrates a moment in Milton's poem Paradise Lost, where he compares
the fallen angels in the Hall of Pandemonium in Hell to the fairies who bewitch
a passing peasant with the sound of their music and dancing.
Henry Fuseli
The Shepherd’s Dream, from ‘Paradise Lost’
Le rêve du berger, de 'Paradis perdu’
1793
The Tate Gallery, London

48. The aged Ossian asleep on his harp, dreaming of past wars and loves ...
the legendary poet Ossian is accompanied in the rocky landscape by a hound,
above
the ghosts of the past:
her son Oscar bearing a spear and shield,
Ossian's wife Evirallina, who extends the hand towards the poet,
Ossian's father, Fingal, who leads a group of warriors,
four maidens playing harps
The painting's subject Ossian purportedly was a blind Scottish poet who lived
in the 3rd century CE.
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
Le Songe d’Ossian
Ossian’s Dream
1813
Musée Ingres, Montauban

52. Genesis 28:12: "And Jacob had a dream about a ladder that rested on the earth with
its top reaching up to heaven, and God’s angels were going up and down the ladder."
Blake painted Jacob lying at the base of the stairs, asleep,
the stairs wind all the way up to the top amid stars and golden rays,
women and angels can be seen ascending and descending, some carrying urns
and one carrying a tray
William Blake
Jacob's Ladder
Le Songe de Jacob, L’Échelle de Jacob
1805
The British Museum, London

56. "Love, Glory and Wealth appear to him in his sleep".
On a clear moonlit night, a young man has fallen asleep by a tree ...
Three young women come to him in a dream:
the first, with roses in her hands, suggests Love,
the second is brandishing the laurel wreath of Glory,
the third is strewing the coins of Fortune
Pierre Puvis de Chavannes
Le Rêve
The Dream
1883
Musée d’Orsay, Paris

60. A patriotic allegory ...
a collective dream,
the French soldiers are dreaming of the glory of their predecessors, and of exacting
revenge following their country's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
the soldiers of the dream merge into the dawn clouds, making clear their unreal nature
Édouard Detaille
Le Rêve
The Dream
1888
Musée d’Orsay, Paris

65. Submitted for exhibition in Geneva in 1891, but was rejected as being obscene …
Hodler is at the center, terrified and beset by both death and an attractive pair
of buttocks ... Eros and Thanatos
while six other characters lie around him, including his wife and his mistress
Ferdinand Hodler
The Night
La Nuit
1889-1890
Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern

68. Inspired by Charles Montesquieu's Persian Letters ...
a eunuch who wanted to marry a harem slave
and
a vision of her while smoking his opium pipe
but
her little companion holding a knife dripping with blood reminds us that the eunuch's
anatomy precludes the fulfillment of his dream.
Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouÿ
Le rêve de l'eunuque
A Eunuch's Dream
1874
Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland

74. Yadwigha, Rousseau's Polish mistress, lying naked on a divan ...
a landscape of lush jungle foliage,
lotus flowers, birds, monkeys, a snake, an elephant, a lion and lioness
and a snake charmer who faces the viewer playing his flute, barely visible
in the gloom of the jungle under the dim light of the full moon.
"A woman asleep on the couch is dreaming she has been transported into the forest,
listening to the sounds from the instrument of the enchanter“, Rousseau wrote
of this enigmatic painting.
Henri Rousseau
Le Rêve
The Dream
1910
The Museum of Modern Art, New York

79. The 50-year-old Picasso’s 22-year-old mistress, Marie-Thérèse Walter, in erotic reverie.
The erotic content of the painting has been noted repeatedly Picasso painted
an erect penis, in the upturned face of his model
On 26 March 2013, the painting was sold in a private sale for $155 million,
making it one of the most expensive paintings ever sold.
Pablo Picasso
Le Rêve
The Dream
1932
Private collection of Steven A. Cohen

83. a seascape of distant horizons and calm waters,
the naked body of the sleeping Gala,
two suspended droplets of water and a pomegranate,
above the pomegranate flies a bee
In Gala’s mind the buzzing of the bee is translated into a dream in which
a huge fish bursts out of the pomegranate and in turn spews out two menacing tigers
and a bayonet; a second later the bayonet will sting Gala in the arm.
This is an example of Sigmund Freud's influence on surrealist art and Dalí's attempts
to explore the world of dreams in a dreamscape.
Salvador Dalí
Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second before Waking
Rêve causé par le vol d’une abeille autour d’une grenade, une seconde avant l’éveil
1944
Museo de Thyssen Bornemisza, Madrid

88. olga_oes
The Dream in European Painting
Le rêve dans la peinture européenne
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