1. DEDICATION:
To our respective parents who
have been our constant source
of inspiration. Without their
love and support this project
would not have been made
possible.
Lastly we offer our regards and
blessings to all of those who
supported us in any respect during
the completion of the project.
II

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to express our
Merciful
gratitude to the most gracious and Most Merciful
ALLAH Sobhanh WA Ta’la for helping us to
project.
complete this project.
Then we are heartily thankful to Mr. Mohanad
Moha
hamad El Jack as our supervisor,
supervisor, whose
encouragement, guidance and support from the initial
develop
to the final level enabled us to develop an
understanding of this thesis.
Lastly, we offer our regards and blessings to all of
of
those who supported us in any respect during the
project.
completion of the project.
III

3. Abstract:
Measure speed means to measure the amount of time it takes for a
person or object to move a specific distance, or to measure the distance
travelled over a specific time period
The purpose of this research is to design a circuit that is able to
measure the rotational speed of motors by using two different methods.
The first one is by using Infrared technology. And the other one is by
using rotary encoder which is contact directly with the shaft of motor to
contain motor speed on revolution per minute.
This circuit can be achieved using microcontroller or by using
many of integrated circuits.
IV

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‫* س.‬ ‫+$* $‬ ‫*'2 1 ت / $+ ام ط , $‬
‫ى / $+ ام :‬ ‫, ا7‬ ‫/ $+ ام ا765 24 ا 2' اء. أ ا‬ ‫, ا7و‬ ‫ا‬
‫@? ا " .‬ ‫دا* تا' :‬ ‫ا ; ا ي ,$ = 5':د ا '2 ك وا ي‬
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‫.‬ ‫ا'‬
‫‪V‬‬

5. Table of Contents
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ I
Dedication II
Acknowledgement III
Abstract IV
‫ا‬ V
Table Of Contents VI
List Of Figures IX
List Of Tables X
List of Abbreviations XI
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction 1
1.٢ Application 2
1.3 Problem Definition 6
1.4 Methodology 6
1.5 Objectives 6
1.6 Research Layout 7
Chapter two
THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 History 8
2.2 Types of tachometers 10
2.2.1 Analog and Digital Tachometers 10
2.2.1.1 Analog Tachometer 10
2.2.1.2 Digital Tachometer 10
2.2.2 Contact and Non-Contact Tachometers 10
2.2.2.1 Contact Type 11
2.2.2.2 Non Contact Type 11
VI

6. 2.2.3 Time and Frequency Based Measurement 11
2.2.3.1 Time Based 11
2.2.3.2 Frequency Based 12
2.3 Tachometers Theory 12
2.3.1 Rotary Encoder Theory 13
2.3.1.1 Absolute Rotary Encoder 14
2.3.1.2 Incremental Rotary Encoder 20
CAHPTER THREE
COMPONENTES AND EQUIPMENTS
3.1 Rotary Potentiometer 26
3.2 Liquid Crystal Display 27
3.3 ULN2804 28
3.4 Microcontroller 29
3.5 Atmel AVR 32
3.6 Voltage Regulator 35
3.7 Line Print Terminal 35
3.8 Resistor 36
3.9 Capacitor 38
3.10 Light-Emitting Diode 40
CHAPTER FOUR 41
CIRCUIT AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Tachometer Block Diagram 41
3.2 Flow Chart 42
3.3 Circuit Design 43
3.4 Circuit Analysis 43
3.5 Calculation and Results 46
VII

7. CHAPTER FIVE 50
CONCLUSION AND RECOMONDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 50
5.2 Recommendations 51
Reco
References 52
Appendixes
VIII

8. List of figures
TITLE PAGE
2.1 Absolute Rotary Encoder ROD 425 14
2.2 Standard Binary Encoding 15
2.3 Gray Encoding 17
2.4 Encoder ROD 420 20
٢.٥ Two Square waves in Quadrature 22
(clockwise rotation).
3.1 Liquid Crystal Display 27
3.2 LCD Interface to Microcontroller 28
3.3 ULN2804 29
3.4 Microcontroller Architecture 29
3.5 AVR Atmega8535L 33
3.6 Microcontroller Pin Descriptions 33
3.7 Voltage Regulator 35
3.8 Line Print Terminal 36
3.9 The Resistor 37
3.10 Capacitor 39
3.11 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 41
4.1 Tachometer Block diagram 42
4.2 Flow Chart 43
4.3 Circuit Design 44
4.4 Three Types of Readings(Lab and 49
Tachometers)
IX

9. List of tables:
2.1 Standard Binary Encoding 16
2.2 Gray Coding 18
2.3 Incremental encoder’s motion 21
(counter-clockwise rotation)
2.4 Incremental encoder’s motion 22
(clockwise rotation)
4.1 Reading Back EMF With Voltmeter 46
4.2 Reading Rotary Encoder 47
4.3 Final Results 48
X

10. List of abbreviations
ASIC application-specific integrated circuits 30
BRGC binary-reflected Gray code 17
CNC computer numerical control 7
CPU Central Processor Unit 27
dB Decibels 24
EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only 30
memory
EPROM erasable programmable read only memory 30
IR Infra Red 8
kph kilometers per hour 1
LCD Liquid Crystal Display 8
LED Light Emitting Diode 10
LPT Line Print Terminal 33
MCU or µC Microcontroller 27
mph miles per hour 1
ROM Read-only memory 30
rpm revolutions per minute 1
SDCC standard dialects of C language 29
WIG wheel impulse generators 4
XI