Thapa 6 Charles Darwin gave a theory on how life began and developed over time by publishing a book On the Origin of Species. This book mainly deals with the evolution by natural selection. Because of intelligent speculation and a powerful thesis supported by carefully analyzed evidences, it became the bible of evolution. Although scientists continue to view natural selection as the primary mechanism of evolution, the latest advanced discoveries and religious belief makes me skeptical. So, in this paper I will analyze Darwinian evolution, and its relationship to the origin of species. The Bible tells us that life was created on the fourth, fifth and sixth day by god more than 10,000 years ago and main feature of the earth were produced by Noah’s flood. Moreover, there has been no remarkable changes in life since then. Animals of different kind were created which acknowledges us that evolution was merely the process by which God created life. But, according to Darwin, evolution is natural process and believed that cosmos is closed system of material which can never be influenced by anything outside of material nature. Large explosion of matter created cosmos, and everything produced naturally. The very first organism was created by chance without any purpose. Others were evolved through natural process such that all the plants and animals that have ever existed on the earth have been evolved from the same organism, which means we all have same ancestor[footnoteRef:1]. In a specific population, characters which favor the animal to survive remains with them and to cope with new environment new characters are developed during the course of time. Such characters get transferred to next generations and become more frequent in later generations. Thus, there appear to be clash between science and religion. Religion relies on faith and belief as well as it helps people to make meaning out of their lives, where as there is no faith in science because it involves only observation leading to common sense decision. Moreover, religion gives the feeling that world is decent. On the contrary the struggle for existence gives the sense of death, waste, and selfish concerns over our own genes. Also, it is difficult to overcome the existing belief that humans evolve from the lower animals. Furthermore, living organism are enormously complex and such complex organism created by chance seems clearly less credible.[footnoteRef:2] Thus, Darwin lacks strong evidence and witness to integrate religious and scientific thinking which keeps me in dilemma over issue of the evolution of species. [1: Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. The Harvard Classics; v. 11. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909. ] [2: Johnson, Phillip E. Darwin on Trial. Washington, D.C. : Lanham, MD: Regnery Gateway; Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network, 1991. ] Darwin’s grand idea of natural selection is the basic mechanism of evolution. Natural selection works by.

1. Thapa 6
Charles Darwin gave a theory on how life began and developed
over time by publishing a book On the Origin of Species. This
book mainly deals with the evolution by natural selection.
Because of intelligent speculation and a powerful thesis
supported by carefully analyzed evidences, it became the bible
of evolution. Although scientists continue to view natural
selection as the primary mechanism of evolution, the latest
advanced discoveries and religious belief makes me skeptical.
So, in this paper I will analyze Darwinian evolution, and its
relationship to the origin of species.
The Bible tells us that life was created on the fourth, fifth and
sixth day by god more than 10,000 years ago and main feature
of the earth were produced by Noah’s flood. Moreover, there
has been no remarkable changes in life since then. Animals of
different kind were created which acknowledges us that
evolution was merely the process by which God created life.
But, according to Darwin, evolution is natural process and
believed that cosmos is closed system of material which can
never be influenced by anything outside of material nature.
Large explosion of matter created cosmos, and everything
produced naturally. The very first organism was created by
chance without any purpose. Others were evolved through
natural process such that all the plants and animals that have
ever existed on the earth have been evolved from the same
organism, which means we all have same
ancestor[footnoteRef:1]. In a specific population, characters
which favor the animal to survive remains with them and to
cope with new environment new characters are developed
during the course of time. Such characters get transferred to
next generations and become more frequent in later generations.
Thus, there appear to be clash between science and religion.
Religion relies on faith and belief as well as it helps people to

2. make meaning out of their lives, where as there is no faith in
science because it involves only observation leading to common
sense decision. Moreover, religion gives the feeling that world
is decent. On the contrary the struggle for existence gives the
sense of death, waste, and selfish concerns over our own genes.
Also, it is difficult to overcome the existing belief that humans
evolve from the lower animals. Furthermore, living organism
are enormously complex and such complex organism created by
chance seems clearly less credible.[footnoteRef:2] Thus, Darwin
lacks strong evidence and witness to integrate religious and
scientific thinking which keeps me in dilemma over issue of the
evolution of species. [1: Darwin, Charles. The Origin of
Species. The Harvard Classics; v. 11. New York: P.F. Collier
& Son, 1909.
] [2: Johnson, Phillip E. Darwin on Trial. Washington,
D.C. : Lanham, MD: Regnery Gateway; Distributed to the
Trade by National Book Network, 1991.
]
Darwin’s grand idea of natural selection is the basic mechanism
of evolution. Natural selection works by relative advantage, not
an absolute standard of design. “…as natural selection acts by
competition for resources, it adapts the inhabitants of each
country only in relation to the degree of perfection of their
associates”.[footnoteRef:3] Evolution through natural selection
depends on mutation. Though mutation gives new genetic
information, it cannot arise when it is needed because mutation
is a random process which arise without any sign advantages
and disadvantages. Mutation is mostly harmful which cannot
improve the characters in organisms. Thus, created newly
organism are impaired rather than fittest. Due to unguided and
random processes of mutation, they do not produce evolution
due to absence of constructive ability. Mutation deals at the
cellular level. Darwin failed to give the account of evolution at
the cellular level. “Natural selection can do something, but not
that it can create anything that was not already in

3. existence”.[footnoteRef:4] For instance, there is shortage of
food for tiger and we clearly know that tiger will die but will
never eat grass. To increase the chances of survival, if tiger
starts to eat grass then, should we call it tiger? Off course not.
Moreover, if that something else thrive and reproduces, thus
produce organism will be able to digest cellulose; it’s the matter
of logic and depends on the plan of the designer. I agree that
natural selection has helped to explain various process of living
organisms. However, it cannot fully explain many aspects of
evolution such that natural selection is not the exclusive means
of modification in organisms. [3: Darwin, The origin,] [4:
Johnson, Darwin on,]
Darwin was a gradualist. In his time, very few fossils were
explored, and Darwin believed if fossils were discovered that
would more possibly show the evidences of gradual change of
species from one to another. Unfortunately, it doesn’t. Instead,
it shows sudden transition. “Fossils are the imprints of earlier
life forms that had been wiped out by gigantic
catastrophes.”[footnoteRef:5] Darwin purpose his theory by
studying tiny fraction of fossils. It was difficult for him to find
out the right fossils to prove his theory and he was puzzled to
find the traces of sea creature high up on the mountains.
Various fossils records of animals like Archaeopteryx and
presences of connecting link between animals supports
Darwin’s view of gradualist. I guess Darwin would be very
happy and pleased to know modern paleontology supported by
chemical dating and microscopic analysis of fossils. Moreover,
evolution isn't anything that can be fully grasp within the
second. It takes lots of time to understand all the ecological and
geographical process. However, he purposed that fossils
frequently resemble species found in the same area. Darwin
wrote a book based on observation for a short period of time
such that he lacks detailed and researched information of
fossils. [5: Gaarder, Jostein. Sophie’s World. New York:
FarrarStraussGiroux, 2007, p. 405]

4. Darwin included the concept of soft inheritance in Origin of
species but failed to understand the importance of the result. He
states that individuals which survive the struggle for existence
transmit their useful variations to the offspring, which will also
prove to be fit. Thus, offspring of selected individual are born
fit to the environment. But how? He did not provide the sources
of variation and process of transfer of changes from one
generation to another of mode of inheritances. Thomas Hayden
noted the saying of paleontologist Niles Eldredge that Darwin
“didn’t know anything about why organisms resemble their
parents, or the basis of heritable variations in
populations.”[footnoteRef:6] Later Gregor Mendel found out
that offspring inherits a set of genetic traits from each parent. In
addition, there is gap in knowledge of Darwin due Genetics. In
fact, at that time “genetics” was not even coined and DNA was
not discovered which create a hole in Darwin’s follow of
knowledge. Today every DNA can be tracked and can be found
what mutation exactly occurred. Thus, we can know how the
origin of new species. Concerning the genetics, there are lots of
evolutionary surprises for Darwin like number of genes which
can be transferred among individuals, genetic engineering, and
many more. Nevertheless, this doesn’t show any account for
Darwinism. A biologist at the University of California at Irvine
named Francisco Ayala said that, “Darwin did not know 99
percent of what we know but the 1 percent he knew was the
most important part”. [6: Hayden, Thomas. 2009. "What
Darwin Didn't Know. (Cover story)." Smithsonian 39, no. 11:
40- 48. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed
November 26, 2017).
]
After the careful analysis of works of Darwin, it is clear that his
ideas of natural selection and his book had great influence by
evidencing the evolution of organisms. Even though, lack of
enough evidences, opposition by the churches, and latest

5. discoveries weaken his speculation, his powerful thesis hold
true in modern evolution.
References list:
1 Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. The Harvard
Classics; v. 11. New York: P.F. Collier
& Son, 1909.
2 Gaarder, Jostein. Sophie’s World. New York:
FarrarStraussGiroux, 2007, p. 399-422
3 Hayden, Thomas. 2009. "What Darwin Didn't Know. (Cover
story)." Smithsonian 39, no. 11:
40- 48. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost
(accessed November 26, 2017).
4 Johnson, Phillip E. Darwin on Trial. Washington, D.C.:
Lanham, MD: Regnery Gateway;
Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network,
1991.
RAMResponsibility Assignment MatrixPrepared by: Date:Roles
and ResponsibilitiesDetermine the team roles and
responsibilities needed on the project and who is responsible for

6. each aspect of the project.CriteriaDescribe the criteria you
would use to determine an appropriate fit for each
role.MatrixList the project tasks and milestones in Column A.
Enter the project team roles as headings for Columns B through
H in the Project Team Members section of the matrix.
Use the following key to denote responsibilities. Note: Each
stakeholder can have more than one responsibility for each task
or milestone.Key
A = Accountable
P = Participant
R = Review Required
I = Input Required
S = Sign-off RequiredProject Tasks/MilestonesProject Team
Members(Team Member Role)(Team Member Role)(Team
Member Role)(Team Member Role)(Team Member Role)(Team
Member Role)(Team Member Role)StrategiesAnalyze the
strategies for team leadership and team development. Explain
how the strategies promote successful project execution, and
provide credible support. Write your analyses in the cell below.
(A37) End of Worksheet
&G
Parajuli1
Ashna Parajuli
Professor Thames
Philosophy 1301
March 13, 2019

7. Research Paper Proposal
For this paper, I have chosen to research the
philosopher/scientist Charles
Darwin. For this research, we will begin with the case of
Darwin's Darwinism as explain
in the book, The Origin of Species. As we use the term
philosopher in today's world,
Charles Darwin was not considered a philosopher back then.
However, he was often
portrayed as a philosopher throughout his lifetime. I have heard
a lot about Charles
Darwin and his theory of evolution and would like to do
detailed research on it. I have
always been interested in the idea of evolution and development
since I was a kid. How
did everything start? Where did humans come from? The
process of evolution amazed
me. Learning about the theories and findings of evolution
written by him, it intrigued me
to find more about him. With the help of this research, I can
learn more about his
theories, understand it and maybe even question it.
He was a philosophical liberal, pushing thoughts, ideas
regarding human equity

8. and freedom, including the freedom to contemplate the presence
of God and about the
origin of the world's creatures. He composed various
exceptionally well-known works of
genetic history, in which he supported beliefs and perspectives
about development. This
involved transformative hypotheses and considerations about
the upward advancement
of living things from ancient time. The Origin of Species is a
book written by Charles
1
2
3
4
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:17:18-07:00
Do not use "we" unless there are two or more of you. Use "I."
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:18:02-07:00
No, he was and is not. He was aware, and everyone around him
was very aware, that the science he was doing had religious and
philosophical implications.
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:18:57-07:00
Hm. This word in the 1850s meant more or less what the word
"conservative" means today. But maybe you mean something

9. else--that he was cutting edge, or something?
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:19:13-07:00
How do you know this?
Parajuli2
Darwin. In this book, he gave a hypothesis on how life started
and created over time. A
creative theory and a compelling thesis supported by rigorously
examined pieces of
evidence, it turned into the bible of evolution. This book mostly
manages the evolution
process by subjective determination.
Even though researchers review the genetic selection as the
essential component of
evolution, the most recent propelled discovery and religious
faith makes me suspicious.
Along these lines, in this paper, I will dissect Darwinian
advancement of development
and its relation to the origin of species.

10. 5
6
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:19:40-07:00
Skip this paragraph. It is not needed in a proposal.
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:20:05-07:00
Suspicious of...what? or of whom?
Parajuli3
Sources (Reference)
arvard
Classics; v. 11. New York:
P.F. Collier & Son, 1909.
FarrarStraussGiroux, 2007, pp 399-
422
story)." Smithsonian

11. 39, no. 11:40- 48. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost
(accessed March
17,2019).
Lanham, MD: Regnery
Gateway;Distributed to the Trade by National Book
Network,1991. Academic
Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 18,2019).
Publishers.
7
8
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:20:34-07:00
Do not use "Sources" or "References" but "Bibliography."
Mark Thames @ 2019-04-02T20:20:49-07:00
Take the bullet points out.
Comment Summary
Page 1
1. Do not use "we" unless there are two or more of you. Use "I."
2. No, he was and is not. He was aware, and everyone around
him was very aware, that the science he was doing

12. had religious and philosophical implications.
3. Hm. This word in the 1850s meant more or less what the
word "conservative" means today. But maybe you
mean something else--that he was cutting edge, or something?
4. How do you know this?
Page 2
5. Skip this paragraph. It is not needed in a proposal.
6. Suspicious of...what? or of whom?
Page 3
7. Do not use "Sources" or "References" but "Bibliography."
8. Take the bullet points out.
Paper Proposal Guidelines
2016SU-PHIL-1301-55001
Introduction to Philosophy
El Centro College
Summer I, 2016
Dr. Curtis-Thames, Instructor
Your term paper will be to choose one philosopher Sophie
encounters (or who is in Wolff's book), find out more about his
(they're all guys--sorry!) views, and discuss what you think of
him and his views. We're talking five pages in Word--typed,
double-spaced, one-inch margins, 12-point font.
The paper proposal is this: send me an email called "[your
name]'s Term Paper Proposal" with...
(1) the philosopher you want to tackle. The best way to pick this
if you don't have any prior idea is to look through the table of
contents in Sophie's World and Ten Great Works, make a list of
names, and go to Encyclopaedia Britannica here, or the Internet
Encyclopaedia of Philosophy here, and find out enough about

13. each one to see if he interests you. After all, the one you want
to write on might not come up in class until end of term. So
check them all out now, just enough to decide which one you
want to debate. I'll be happy to take your questions and help
you.
(2) why you picked this one. What did you like about him, or
what about what he believed bugs you, or how did you decide
on him?
(3) sources:
one book this guy has written that you will read in in order to
find out more of what he thinks;
one book or article about this guy or about his ideas;
two books (at least Sophie’s World and Encyclopaedia
Britannica) that provide general introduction and background.