The document discusses technical writing and elements of research papers. It explains that technical writing simplifies standard English and makes content easier to understand for readers. Key features of scientific writing include precision, clarity, inclusion of peer reviews, writing for the primary audience, using formal language, and demonstrating awareness of existing literature. The main elements of a research paper are outlined as the title, abstract/summary, introduction, methods, results, discussion, work cited, and appendices. The introduction should describe the problem, review existing knowledge, explain how the study will challenge current understanding, and state objectives/hypotheses.

1. TECHNICAL WRITING

2. Writing in English
• Technical English simplifies the rather complex rules of
standard English and replaces difficult terminology with simpler
synonyms.
• This reduces the overall complexity of the text and makes the
documentation much easier for readers to understand.
• technical writer might create content to provide instructions or
explain technical concepts regarding environmental regulations,
computer applications or medical procedures

3. • 90% of papers were written in English
• English is not the first language of many in the scientific world
• Many persons for whom English is a first language are not good
writers
• The best English is that which gives the sense in the fewest short
words

4. Features of scientific writing
1. Precision
• Scientific writing relies on unequivocal accuracy, as the mission of a
scientific document is to provide relevant and factual information to
the scientific community. Precision in scientific literature can take the
form of the following writing elements:
2. Clarity
• clarifies the meaning of any uncommon terms and summarizes the
results of the writing in a way that anyone can understand. Clarity
also helps the writer establish a trusted voice within the scientific
community.

5. 3. Peer reviews
• Some scientific documents contain peer-reviewed changes or
information directly within the document. Typically, a writer
includes any peer requests or findings in revised versions of the
document to uphold their commitment to honesty and integrity
in the face of new information.
4.Primary audience
• A scientific document is almost always for a specific audience.
Good scientific writing includes information that applies to the
audience and is easy to understand

6. 5. Formal language
• Keeping language formal in scientific writing helps maintain
professionalism on behalf of the writer.
6. Awareness of existing scientific literature
• Most scientific authors express their awareness of the existing
body of scientific literature and knowledge pertinent to their
studies

7. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
 Title
 Abstract/summary
 Introduction
 Methods
 Result
 Discussion
 Work cited
 Appendices

8. INTRODUCTION
• Describe problem, nature and scope
• Brief review of knowledge
• Explain how your study will challenge the existing knowledge
• Objectives/hypotheses at the end
• Be specific as possible
• summary (only if journal demands)
• Shaped like a funnel(wide at the top and narrow at the bottom)

9. INTRODUCTION
• Excessive detail or length
• Suggest 2 page limit
• Lacks focus
• Too many citations(<20) and maximum 50 for entire paper
• Objectives are absent,inappropriate or inconsistent with other
sections of paper
• including a brief summary of the result at the end of introduction