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Team 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team Presents

                 Emotional Contagion in
                     CMC Groups
Walter Donner                               Jason Spiegel
Molly Drislane         Jamie Guillory     Benjamin Weiss
• Influencing the emotions or behavior of
  others through conscious or unconscious
  induction of emotional states and behavioral
  attitudes (Barsade, 2002)

• Emotional contagion in Ftf dyads and groups
  (Barsade, 2002; Sullins, 1991)

• Emotional contagion in CMC dyads
  (Hancock, 2008)
• Physical (self-report)

• Linguistic (Hancock et al, 2007; Hancock, 2008)

  • Negative emotion (sadness):

    •     Verbosity

    •      Punctuation

    •     Agreement

    •      Negative affect words
Cues to emotion:Visibility

    Group Setting: noise?

    Emotional Valence
    •   Positive vs. Negative (Barsade, 2002)
•   Emotional Energy
    •   High vs. Low energy (Hancock, 2008)
• H1: Groups sharing negative emotion CMC, will report feeling
  more negative emotion, compared with group members sharing
  no specific emotions.

• H2: Groups sharing negative emotion will use more negative
  affect words compared to groups sharing no specific emotions.

• H3: Groups sharing negative emotion will disagree more often
  compared to members in groups sharing no specific emotions
Research Questions

Differences based on the energy level of negative emotion?

• RQ1: How will the number of words produced by groups
  sharing negative emotion differ from groups sharing no specific
  emotions?

• RQ2: How will the amount of punctuation produced by groups
  sharing negative emotion differ from groups sharing no specific
  emotions?
Method

• N = 22 groups of three friends
• Angry & Neutral conditions
• Group Activity: “Tips for Surviving Freshman Year”
Angry Condition
Neutral Condition
• Self-report emotional states (pre & post-activity)

• LIWC analyzed the language used in the AIM
  conversations
Manipulation Check
High-energy Negative Emotion




                               3.00


                               2.25


                               1.50

                                                           Angry clip
                               0.75                        Neutral Clip

                                 0

                                          Angry Group
                                                             p < .05
Results
•   H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report
    higher levels of negative emotion

               3.50

               2.63
        Glad




               1.75                      Angry Group
                                         Neutral Group
               0.88

                 0
                      Condition                p < .05
Results
•   H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report
    higher levels of negative emotion

                 1.80

                 1.35
         Tense




                 0.90                     Angry Group
                                          Neutral Group
                 0.45

                   0
                                              p < .01
                        Condition
Results
•   H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report
    higher levels of negative emotion

                  1.30

                  1.20
         Gloomy




                  1.10                    Angry Group
                                          Neutral Group
                  1.00

                  0.90
                                              p < .10
                         Condition
Results
•   H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report
    higher levels of negative emotion

                  2.60

                  1.95
        Alarmed




                  1.30                   Angry Group
                                         Neutral Group
                  0.65

                    0
                                                 p < .10
                         Condition
Results
•   H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report
    higher levels of negative emotion

                 5.0

                 3.8
         Tired




                 2.5                    Angry Group
                                        Neutral Group
                 1.3

                  0
                       Condition
                                                 p < .10
Results

•   Linguistic Analysess using LIWC in progress
Discussion

•   Successful contagion in CMC groups!
•   BUT for participants interacting with angry…
    •   Anger manifests in more IMPLICIT negative
        emotional states (e.g., tension, gloominess,
        tiredness)
    •   No differences in DIRECT measures of anger (e.g.,
        anger, frustration, irritation)
    •   Findings with glad?
Discussion
Participants in Angry Condition Compared to Neutral
              Condition by Film Clip Viewed


                        Both
                     • More
                        • Tense
                        • Gloomy
                        • Alarmed




                                             p < .10
Implications


•   Advertising solutions for AIM, Twitter, Facebook
    chat)
•    Improve online classrooms or communities via
    positive emotions
•    Enhancing online games by using other gamers to
    elicit emotions for maximal game enjoyment
Questions?   Special Thanks To:
Comments?    Victoria Schwanda

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Team1980.5.3 3

  • 1. Team 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team Presents Emotional Contagion in CMC Groups Walter Donner Jason Spiegel Molly Drislane Jamie Guillory Benjamin Weiss
  • 2. • Influencing the emotions or behavior of others through conscious or unconscious induction of emotional states and behavioral attitudes (Barsade, 2002) • Emotional contagion in Ftf dyads and groups (Barsade, 2002; Sullins, 1991) • Emotional contagion in CMC dyads (Hancock, 2008)
  • 3. • Physical (self-report) • Linguistic (Hancock et al, 2007; Hancock, 2008) • Negative emotion (sadness): • Verbosity • Punctuation • Agreement • Negative affect words
  • 4. Cues to emotion:Visibility Group Setting: noise? Emotional Valence • Positive vs. Negative (Barsade, 2002) • Emotional Energy • High vs. Low energy (Hancock, 2008)
  • 5. • H1: Groups sharing negative emotion CMC, will report feeling more negative emotion, compared with group members sharing no specific emotions. • H2: Groups sharing negative emotion will use more negative affect words compared to groups sharing no specific emotions. • H3: Groups sharing negative emotion will disagree more often compared to members in groups sharing no specific emotions
  • 6. Research Questions Differences based on the energy level of negative emotion? • RQ1: How will the number of words produced by groups sharing negative emotion differ from groups sharing no specific emotions? • RQ2: How will the amount of punctuation produced by groups sharing negative emotion differ from groups sharing no specific emotions?
  • 7. Method • N = 22 groups of three friends • Angry & Neutral conditions • Group Activity: “Tips for Surviving Freshman Year”
  • 10. • Self-report emotional states (pre & post-activity) • LIWC analyzed the language used in the AIM conversations
  • 11. Manipulation Check High-energy Negative Emotion 3.00 2.25 1.50 Angry clip 0.75 Neutral Clip 0 Angry Group p < .05
  • 12. Results • H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report higher levels of negative emotion 3.50 2.63 Glad 1.75 Angry Group Neutral Group 0.88 0 Condition p < .05
  • 13. Results • H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report higher levels of negative emotion 1.80 1.35 Tense 0.90 Angry Group Neutral Group 0.45 0 p < .01 Condition
  • 14. Results • H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report higher levels of negative emotion 1.30 1.20 Gloomy 1.10 Angry Group Neutral Group 1.00 0.90 p < .10 Condition
  • 15. Results • H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report higher levels of negative emotion 2.60 1.95 Alarmed 1.30 Angry Group Neutral Group 0.65 0 p < .10 Condition
  • 16. Results • H1: Groups sharing negative emotion will report higher levels of negative emotion 5.0 3.8 Tired 2.5 Angry Group Neutral Group 1.3 0 Condition p < .10
  • 17. Results • Linguistic Analysess using LIWC in progress
  • 18. Discussion • Successful contagion in CMC groups! • BUT for participants interacting with angry… • Anger manifests in more IMPLICIT negative emotional states (e.g., tension, gloominess, tiredness) • No differences in DIRECT measures of anger (e.g., anger, frustration, irritation) • Findings with glad?
  • 19. Discussion Participants in Angry Condition Compared to Neutral Condition by Film Clip Viewed Both • More • Tense • Gloomy • Alarmed p < .10
  • 20. Implications • Advertising solutions for AIM, Twitter, Facebook chat) • Improve online classrooms or communities via positive emotions • Enhancing online games by using other gamers to elicit emotions for maximal game enjoyment
  • 21. Questions? Special Thanks To: Comments? Victoria Schwanda

Editor's Notes

  1. Linear Mixed Model excluding angry participant from Angry Group to determine change in remaining two group members
  2. Linear Mixed Model excluding angry participant from Angry Group to determine change in remaining two group members BUT no differences in perceptions of negative emotions between group members (Interestingly participants do not respond to explicit measures of anger and frustration, but respond to more visceral measures (e.g., tension, gloomy) &amp;#xF0E0; participants induced with anger seem to be encouraging more depressed affect
  3. Linear Mixed Model excluding angry participant from Angry Group to determine change in remaining two group members
  4. Linear Mixed Model excluding angry participant from Angry Group to determine change in remaining two group members - DATA excludes the angry person, so the N is much smaller for angry than neutral, given more participants these findings should be significant
  5. Linear Mixed Model excluding angry participant from Angry Group to determine change in remaining two group members Analyses comparing only angry to neutral in angry condition? Are they feeling diff emotions compared to the other group? Content (less) Relaxed (less) Calm (less) Bored (less) Gloomy (more) Frustrated (more) Annoyed (more) Alarmed (more)
  6. Advertising products to elicit positive emotion when pick up on negative emotion Use of support group leaders to elicit positive emotion Using other gamers to encourage particular emotions that may enhance enjoyment of games