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2. To deliver drugs into systemic circulation through skin
o To reduce systemic side effects
o To by pass first pass metabolism
o To improve efficacy
o To have a better patient compliance
o Define Transdermal Drug Delivery system
o Describe regulatory requirements of transdermal drug delivery system
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AIM
OBJECTIVES
OUTCOMES
3. • Introduction
• Definition
• Types of patches
• Applications
• Merits and Demerits
• Ideal Properties
• Various Approaches for TDDs
• Factors Effecting
• Formulation aspectes of TDDs
• Evaluation of TDDs
• Transdermal Devices
• Thermal methods
• Recent techniques
• Conclusions
• Reafference
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4. • Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a method of administering
medication through the skin directly into the bloodstream.
• The concept of transdermal drug delivery has evolved over the years, and
various technologies have been developed to enhance the absorption of drugs
through the skin.
• Transdermal drug delivery is a non-invasive approach that involves the
application of drug-containing patches or formulations to the skin's surface
• The skin, being the largest organ in the human body, serves as a potential route
for drug absorption.
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5. • The outermost layer of the skin, called the stratum corneum, acts as a
barrier to the penetration of many substances.
• Therefore, designing effective transdermal delivery systems requires
overcoming this barrier to ensure efficient drug absorption.
• Components of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems:
a.Drug Reservoir
b.Adhesive Layer
c.Backing Layer
d.Controlled Release Membrane
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6. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Integument is the largest system of the body which
has:
1. 16% of body wt
2. 1.5 to 2m2 in area
3. The integument is made up of two parts
a. Continous membrane
i. Epidermis – Superficial epithelium
ii. Dermis – Underlaying CT with blood
supply
b. Accessory Structure
I. Hair
II. Nails
III. Exocrine glands
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8. • Transdermal drug delivery system is the system in which
delivery of the active ingredients of the drug occurs through the
skin.
• It has been described as a promising drug delivery system for
systemic delivery of drugs and maintaining constant blood level
for lungs period of time and decreased side effects.
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11. • Transdermal patches come in various types, each designed to deliver specific
medications and serve different therapeutic purposes. Here are some
common types of transdermal patches:
Reservoir or Matrix Patches
1. Reservoir Patches: These patches consist of a drug reservoir, a membrane
controlling drug release, and an adhesive layer. The drug is contained in a
reservoir, and the release rate is controlled by the membrane.
2. Matrix Patches: In matrix patches, the drug is uniformly distributed
throughout a polymer matrix, and the rate of drug release is determined by
the diffusion through the matrix.
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12. Drug-in-Adhesive Patches:
These patches have the drug incorporated directly into the adhesive layer. The adhesive
not only helps the patch adhere to the skin but also facilitates drug release and
absorption.
Vapor-Phase Patches:
These patches release drugs in vapor form. They are less common but can be used for
delivering volatile drugs.
Microreservoir Patches:
These patches contain microscopic drug reservoirs that release the drug in a controlled
manner. They are designed to enhance the precision of drug delivery.
Multi-Layer Patches:
Multi-layer patches have distinct layers for drug release, control, and adhesion. This
design allows for more precise control over drug delivery kinetics.
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Advantages IV ORAL TDDS
Avoid hepatic
first pass effects
Yes No Yes
Constant drug
levels
Yes No Yes
Self
Administration
No Yes Yes
Termination of
therapy
No Yes Yes
18. PROPERTIES
• Shelf life
• Patch size
• Dosefrequency
• Asthetic appeal
• Packaging
• Skin reaction
COMMENTS
Up to 2 years
< 40 c㎡
Once a daily to once a week
Clear, tan and white colour
Easy removal of release liner and
minimum number of steps requried to
apply
Non irritating and non sensitizing
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19. • Transdermal drug delivery systems have found applications across various medical fields
due to their unique advantages. Some key applications include:
Pain Management
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Cardiovascular Disorders
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)
Central Nervous System Disorders
Contraception
Motion Sickness
Diabetes Management
Neurological Disorders
Allergy Treatment
Dermatological Conditions
Prevention of Osteoporosis
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20. • Polymer member penetration controlledTDDS system.
• Polymer matrix diffusion controlledTDDS system.
• Drug reservoir gradient controlledTDDS system.
• Micro reservoir dissolution controlledTDDS system.
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26. Conti……
Adhesion
1. Peel adhesion properties
2. Track properties
Rolling ball test
Quick stick test
Probe tack test
3. Shear strength
In-vitro drug release
Effect of skin uptake metabolism
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27. THE RATE OF DRUG RELEASE FROM SYSTEM DEFINED BY :
• dQ / dt = Km/r . Ka/m .Dm. Da / Km . Dm . ha + Ka/m . Da . hm (Cr)
• Where, dQ/dt = Rate of drug diffusion
• CR = conc of drug reservoir
• Ka/m= partition coefficient of drug from membrane to adhesive
• Km/r= partition coefficient of drug reservoir to membrane
• Da = diffusion coefficient in adhesive layer
• Dm = diffusion coefficient in membrane
• ha= thickness in adhesive layer
• hm = thickness of membrane
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28. THERMAL METHODS
• The use of controlled heat allows drugs to permeate the skin more
effectively and efficiently than traditional methods.
• Dilation of blood vessels, thus improving permeability through the
blood vessels wall.
• An increase in skin permeability.
• An increase in local blood circulation.
• An improvement in the release rate of the drug from local skin tissue
into systemic circulation.
• An improvement in the solubility of most drugs.
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31. CONCLUSION
• Transdermal drug delivery technologies are one of the fastest growing
sector in pharmaceutical industries .
• Despite some disadvantages, transdermal drug delivery offers many
advantages capable of improving patient health and quality of life.
• Advance in drug delivery systems having increasingly brought about rate
controlled delivery with fewer side effects as well as increased efficacy and
constant drug delivery.
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