Taj Mahal dibina oleh Shah Jahan sebagai makam untuk isterinya Mumtaz Mahal yang meninggal pada tahun 1631. Pembinaannya bermula pada tahun 1632 dan siap pada tahun 1648 dengan kos 32 juta rupee. Bangunan ini menggabungkan gaya seni bina Parsi, Turki dan Islam serta menjadi contoh terbaik seni bina Mughal.
What is Taj Mahal? Find details of Taj Mahal along with interesting trivia & facts. Plan your tour packages, book hotels in Agra with leading tour operators in India
What is Taj Mahal? Find details of Taj Mahal along with interesting trivia & facts. Plan your tour packages, book hotels in Agra with leading tour operators in India
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Taj mahal
1. Taj Mahal (Bahasa Hindi: ) yang terletaknya di tebing Sungai Jumna, berhampiran Agra, India,
merupakan makam yang dibina oleh Maharaja Shah Jahan (1614-1666) sebagai monumen peringatan
untuk Mumtaz Mahal, isterinya yang kelima. Mula dibina pada tahun 1632 dan siap tahun 1648.
Kadang-kala Taj Mahal dipanggil dengan singkatan 'Taj' sahaja, ia adalah contoh terbaik Senibina
Mughal yang menggabungkan senibina Parsi, Turki, India dan dan gaya senibina Islam. Arkitek utama
bangunan ini ialah Ustaz Ahmad Lahauri. Taj Mahal merupakan sebuah kompleks bersepadu iaitu
merangkumi bahagian makam, dewan, taman rekreasi, masjid, menara tinjau dan lain-lain. Pada tahun
1983, UNESCO telah mengisytiharkan Taj Mahal sebagai Tapak Warisan Duniayang perlu dilindungi.
Bangunan ini dikatakan 'permata senibina Islam'.
Isi kandungan
[sorokkan]
1 Asal dan inspirasi
2 Pengaruh
3 Pembinaan
4 Taman rekreasi
5 Seni khat
6 Kontraktor projek
7 Bahan binaan
8 Arkitek dipancung
9 Sejarah
10 Pelancongan
11 Mitos
12 Kontroversi
o 12.1 Bukti
13 Rujukan
14 Pautan luar
[sunting]Asal dan inspirasi
Tahun 1631 Shah Jahan yang menjadi Maharaja Dinasti Mughal setelah kematian isterinya yang
tersayang. Isterinya Mumtaz Mahaltelah meninggal ketika melahirkan anak mereka yang ke-14 Begum
Gauhara ketika Shah Jahan berada di medan pertempuran pada tahun 1631 ketika itu Shah Jahan dalam
kepentingan memperluaskan tanah jajahannya.
2. "Shah Jahan di atas glob" dari Institusi Smithsonian.
Gambaran artis Mumtaz Mahal
Pada tahun 1631, Shah Jahan, maharaja semasa kemuncak keagungan Dinasti Mughal, dilanda
kesedihan apabila isteri ketiganya, Mumtaz Mahal, meninggal semasa melahirkan anak keempat belas
mereka, Gauhara Begum.
[1]
Pembinaan Taj Mahal bermula pada tahun 1632, setahun selepas
kematiannya.
[2]
Pengarang istana mengenai kesedihan Shah Jahan menggambarkan cerita cinta yang
secara tradisi dianggap inspirasi kepada Taj Mahal.
[3][4]
Mausoleum utama disiapkan pada tahun 1648 dan
bangunan sekeliling dan taman disiapkan lima tahun berikutnya. Maharaja Shah Jahan sendiri
menggambarkan Taj Mahal dalam perkataan berikut:
[5]
3. Sekiranya yang bersalah mencari perlindungan di sini,
Seperti orang diampunkan, dia bebas dari dosa.
Sekiranya orang yang berdosa mencari jalan ke rumah agam ini,
Semua dosanya di masa lalu dibersihkan.
Pandangan rumah agam ini mencipta keluhan kesedihan;
Dan bulan dan matahari mengalirkan air mata.
Di dunia ini bangunan ini telah dibina;
Bagi menggambarkan keagungan Pencipta.
Taj Mahal menggabung dan mengembangkan reka bentuk tradisi seni bina Persia dan seni bina Mughal
awal. Inspirasi khusus datangnya dari Dinasti Timurid dan bangunan Mughal termasuk; Gur-e
Amir (makam Timur, pengasas dinasti Mughal, di Samarkand),
[6]
makam Humayun, Makam Itmad-Ud-
Daulah (kadang-kala dikenali sebagai Bayi Taj), dan Masjid Jama, Delhi binaan Shah Jahan sendiri
di Delhi. Sementara bangunan Mughal awal biasanya dibina dari batu pasir merah, Shah Jahan
menganjurkan penggunaan marmar putih dihias dengan batu separa bernilai, dan bangunan di bawah
naungannya mencapai tahap kehalusan baru.
[7]
[sunting]Pengaruh
Makam Taj Mahal ini menggambarkan keagungan senibena Dinasti Mughal. Bangunan lain yang
mendapat gaya senibena ini ialah Timurid dan bangunan Mughal. Ini termasuklah Gur-e
Amir di Samarkhan. Makam Humayun yang dipanggil Makam Itmad-Ud-Daulah dan Masjid Jama Lauhari
dari Turki untuk mereka di Delhi.
[sunting]Pembinaan
Shah Jahan memerintahkan Ustaz Ahmad membentuk bangunan ini. Ustaz Ahmad mengumpulkan
20,000 orang pekerja yang terdiri daripada tukang batu, tukang emas, dan pengukir yang termasyhur dari
seluruh dunia.
Dengan bumbung, kubah dan menara yang diperbuat daripada marmar putih, serta senimozek yang
indah, Taj Mahal merupakan salah satu daripada Tujuh Benda Ajaib di dunia. Sebanyak 43 jenis batu
permata, termasuknya berlian, jed, kristal, topaz dan nilam telah digunakan. Pembinaan Taj Mahal
menelan masa selama 22 tahun.
[sunting]Taman rekreasi
Taman rekreasi seluas 300 meter X 300 meter dengan ,lorong-lorong hiasan bunga. Terdapat empat
charbagh yang melambangkan empat sungai utama di India yang mengalir dari syurga.
[sunting]Seni khat
Ayat dari al Quran menjadi hiasan utama Taj Mahal. Huruf khat thuluth menjadi seni huruf utama.
Jurukhat bernama Amanat Khan dibawa dari Parsi.
Antara surah yang menjadi hiasan ialah Surah 91, Surah 112, Surah 89, Surah 93, Surah 95, Surah 94,
Surah 36, Surah 81, Surah 82, Surah 84, Surah 98, Surah 67, Surah 48, Surah 77 dan Surah 39.
4. [sunting]Kontraktor projek
Taj Mahal dibina oleh sekumpulan penukang / kontraktor dari seluruh dunia:
Arkitek Turki bernama Ustaz Isa dan Isa Muhammad Effendi yang mendapat latihan
di Otoman, Turki. Beliau pernah berguru denganKoca Mimar Sinan Agha.
(Puru dari Benarus, Parsi (Iran).
Kubah / dom utama direka oleh Ismail Khan dari Empayar Ottoman.
Qazim Khan dari Lahore menghiasi kubah dengan emas.
Chiranjilal seorang pakar dari Delhi - ketua pengukir mozek.
Amanat Khan dari Shiraz, Iran merupakan ketua khatat . Namanya terukir pada pintu laluan utama.
Muhammad Hanif - penyelia
Mir Abdul Karim dan Mukkarimat Khan Shiraz, Iran - kewangan dan pembelian barangan.
Pengukir dari Bukhara.
Kaligrafi dari Syria dan Parsi.
Inlayer dari India Selatan.
Pemotong batu mozek / marmar dari Balochistan.
[sunting]Bahan binaan
Bahan binaan di bawa dari seluruh Asia dengan menggunakan 1000 ekor gajah. Marmar putih
dari Rajasthan. Permata
dari Punjab. Jeddan hablur dari China. Firus dari Tibet . Lazuardi dari Afghanistan. Nilam dari Sri Lanka.
Kamelian dari Arab.
28 jenis batu berharga telah digunakan bagi membina Taj Mahal.
Kos pembinaan lebih 32 juta rupee. Kos ini tidaklah banyak ketika itu.
[sunting]Arkitek dipancung
Apabila Taj Mahal siap dibina, Shah Jahan menjatuhkan hukuman pancung keatas arkitek Ustaz Ahmad
Lauhari. Di samping itu, kesemua penukang yang terlibat dalam pembinaan bangunan itu
dipotong tangan mereka supaya mereka tidak dapat membina bangunan yang menandingi Taj Mahal.
Namun dakwaan ini masih dipertikaikan kerana Shah Jahan seorang yang 'sentimental' dan tidak ada
bukti kezalimannya.
[sunting]Sejarah
Setelah Taj Mahal siap dibina, Shah Jahan telah digulingkan oleh anak lelakinya Aurangzeb. Shah Jahan
telah ditahan di dalam rumah berdekatan Pelabuhan Agra. Dari sana beliau meninjau makam Taj Mahal.
Setelah meninggal dunia, Aurangzeb mengkebumikan ayahnya di sebelah makam isterinya.
Abad ke-19, banyak bahagian dan lapisan telah jatuh dan tidak diperbaiki. Ketika pemberontakan India
1857, tentera British telah menguasai Taj Mahal dan mencuri batu permata didindingnya.
5. Hujung abad ke-19, George Nathaniel Curzon yang menjadi wizurai British di India mengarahkan
pembaikan dilakukan dan siap pada tahun 1908. Lampu-lampu besar chandeliar telah dipasang. Seni
taman telah diubah mengikut gaya London.
Ketika Perang Dunia II pada 1942, dindingnya rosak akibat serangan udara dari tentera Jerman.
Tentera Jepun juga menjadikannya sebagai sasaran serangan udara.
Ketika Perang India-Pakistan 1965 dan 1971, Taj Mahal turut menerima padah dari serangan udara.
Pencemaran udara terutama hujan asid dari kilang penapis minyak Mathura telah menjejaskan warna
putih Taj Mahal. Sungai Jumnayang kotor dan tercemar turut menjejaskan keindahan Taj Mahal.
[sunting]Pelancongan
Jutaan pelancong datang ke Agra, India semata-mata mahu melihat satu daripada 7 benda ajaib di
dunia.Bandar kecil seperti Taj Ganjiatau Mumtazabad dibina bagi pembinaan bazar dan pasar serta
medan caravan.
2-3 juta pelancong datang setiap tahun dan 200,000 darinya pelancong asing terutama bulan Oktober,
November dan Februari. Hon kereta tidak dibenarkan. Pelancong mestilah berjalan kaki dari tapak
meletak kereta dan bas elektrik.
[sunting]Mitos
Shah Jahan dikatakan mahu membina bangunan serupa yang di beri nama 'Taj Hitam' di seberang
Sungai Jumna, Idea asalnya kononya daripada Jean-Baptiste Tavernier , seorang pengembara Eropah
yang melawat bandar Agra pada 1665. Tetapi anaknyaAurangzeb menentang dan membuang marmar-
marmar hitam ke dalam laut. Tetapi jejak eskavasi ke dalam Sungai Jumna pada 1990 hanya menemui
marmar-marmar berwarna putih sahaja.
[sunting]Kontroversi
Pada 2002, sekumpulan penganut Hindu mendakwa tapak asas bangunan Tal Mahal
adalah kuil Hindu. Purushottam Nagesh Oak (lahir 1917) menyatakan tapak Taj Mahal itu masih ada ruin-
ruin kuil Hindu dan mahu kerja-kerja arkeologi dilakukan.
Pada 2005, Amar Nath Mishra membawa petisyen ke Mahkamah Tinggi Allahabad. Beliau mendakwa
Raja Hindu bernama Parmar Devmembina Taj Mahal pada 1196 masihi. Mereka mendakwa Taj Mahal
berasal dari istilah 'Tejo-Mahalaya' iaitu nama lain bagi dewa Shiva.
[sunting]Bukti
Batu-batu yang diambil di tebing Sungai Jumna telah dibuat ujian tarikh karbon. Hasilnya batu itu 300
tahun lebih tua dari tempoh pemerintahan Shah Jahan. Ujian itu dilakukan oleh Marvin Miller, ahli
ekonomi di New York.
Johan Albert Mandelso seorang pengembara Eropah yang melawat Agra pada 1638, tujuh tahun
selepas kematian Mumtaz Mahal. Beliau tidak menyatakan sebarang kerja-kerja pembinaan Taj
Mahal.
6. Peter Mundy seorang British melawat Agra pada tahun Mumtaz Mahal mati. Katanya Taj Mahal telah
sedia wujud sebelum Shah Jahan berkuasa.
Beberapa panel pada makam menggunakan lambang Hindu seperti Om dan Swastika.
[sunting]Rujukan