This document discusses two chapters on ethical issues related to new reproductive technologies and genetic information. Chapter 12 covers infertility treatments like in vitro fertilization and sperm donation, and the ethical debates around early human embryos, sex selection, and commercialization of pregnancy. Chapter 13 addresses ethical issues with genetic research, including maintaining confidentiality while allowing access for research, preventing unauthorized access by employers and insurers, and balancing individual privacy with family members' rights to health information.
This presentation explores modern cloning, a brief history of cloning, uses for cloning technology, cloning laws, and connections between current cloning and Cloud Atlas.
Legal Status of Children Born by in vitro Fertilization Programs in Indonesiainventionjournals
The world statistics of infertile married couple is around 15 % while that in Indonesia is at the range of 12-15 %. Some methods have been devised to solve the problem; one of these is fertilization outside the womb or in vitro fertilization (IVF). In law, a child should be a subject of the law not an object. It’s very important to conduct a study that aims to determine the legality status and guarantee the civil rights of children born by in vitro fertilization. This is a normative legal research that focused on reviewing the rules of positive law through a legislative approach and conceptual approach. The study uses a qualitative analysis technique. The results showed that the status of a child born from an in vitro fertilization program is recognized if the situation complies with Article 2 (1) and Article 42 of the Marriage Act; that is considered as a legitimate child with the consequences of having a civil relationship with his/her parents and with the family of his/her parents. Whereas, a child born by an in vitro fertilization program through a surrogate mother or mother (the wife of legal husband) with sperms not originating from a legal husband, will be regarded as an illegitimate child, but still also get protection of his civil rights after the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Thus every child born through in vitro fertilization program should be guarded with strict regulations
This presentation explores modern cloning, a brief history of cloning, uses for cloning technology, cloning laws, and connections between current cloning and Cloud Atlas.
Legal Status of Children Born by in vitro Fertilization Programs in Indonesiainventionjournals
The world statistics of infertile married couple is around 15 % while that in Indonesia is at the range of 12-15 %. Some methods have been devised to solve the problem; one of these is fertilization outside the womb or in vitro fertilization (IVF). In law, a child should be a subject of the law not an object. It’s very important to conduct a study that aims to determine the legality status and guarantee the civil rights of children born by in vitro fertilization. This is a normative legal research that focused on reviewing the rules of positive law through a legislative approach and conceptual approach. The study uses a qualitative analysis technique. The results showed that the status of a child born from an in vitro fertilization program is recognized if the situation complies with Article 2 (1) and Article 42 of the Marriage Act; that is considered as a legitimate child with the consequences of having a civil relationship with his/her parents and with the family of his/her parents. Whereas, a child born by an in vitro fertilization program through a surrogate mother or mother (the wife of legal husband) with sperms not originating from a legal husband, will be regarded as an illegitimate child, but still also get protection of his civil rights after the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Thus every child born through in vitro fertilization program should be guarded with strict regulations
5. Keywords: assisted reproduction; embryo; embryo research; ethics; fetus/foetus; fertilisation; fertility; gamete; in vitro; zygote Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
6. Most humans have a strong drive to reproduce. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
7. For couples who cannot have children, infertility is often a tragic emotional burden. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
8. Whether it is everyone's right to reproduce is matter of debate. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
9. Nevertheless, there are several routes for overcoming sub-fertility, depending on the cause. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
10. Sperm donation (with its attendant ethical problems relating to confidentiality and genetic identity) has been available for many years to overcome male sub- or infertility. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
11. In the 1970s, in vitro fertilisation was developed. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
12. Eggs and sperm, usually from the prospective parents, are mixed together in the lab and if fertilisation is successful, the embryo is placed into the woman's uterus or sometimes into the uterus of a surrogate mother. veloped. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
13. In the UK, these procedures are regulated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
14. Ethical issues include the status of the early human embryo, the creation of ‘spare’ embryos, the possibility of sex and genetic selection and the commodification of pregnancy and childbirth. Chapter 12 Starting Human Life: The New Reproductive Technologies
16. Keywords: anonymisation; confidentiality; discrimination; employers; ethics; family; human rights; insurers; responsibility; privacy Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
17. Recent developments in human genetic research have raised new, possibly unique issues. Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
18. Firstly, genetic data must remain confidential but also accessible, with permission, to researchers. Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
19. Total anonymisation of samples is not helpful because it means that useful findings can never be imparted to the person concerned; coding of samples is preferable. Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
20. Secondly, there is the matter of access by third parties. Both UNESCO and HUGO emphasise a person's rights to protection of confidential information from unauthorised access. Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
21. In several countries, employers and insurers cannot coerce people to reveal genetic information but in others the situation is less clear, raising the possibility of discrimination. Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
22. Finally there is the tension between the right of an individual to confidentiality and the needs of other family members to know about conditions that may affect them. Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
23. Although no-one is obliged to share such data, it is argued that affected individuals have a responsibility to do so. Chapter 13 Genetic Information: Use and Abuse
Editor's Notes
Keywords: assisted reproduction; embryo; embryo research; ethics; fetus/foetus; fertilisation; fertility; gamete; in vitro; zygote Summary Most humans have a strong drive to reproduce. For couples who cannot have children, infertility is often a tragic emotional burden. Whether it is everyone's right to reproduce is matter of debate. Nevertheless, there are several routes for overcoming sub-fertility, depending on the cause. Sperm donation (with its attendant ethical problems relating to confidentiality and genetic identity) has been available for many years to overcome male sub- or infertility. In the 1970s, in vitro fertilisation was developed. Eggs and sperm, usually from the prospective parents, are mixed together in the lab and if fertilisation is successful, the embryo is placed into the woman's uterus or sometimes into the uterus of a surrogate mother. In the UK, these procedures are regulated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Ethical issues include the status of the early human embryo, the creation of ‘spare’ embryos, the possibility of sex and genetic selection and the commodification of pregnancy and childbirth.
Keywords: anonymisation; confidentiality; discrimination; employers; ethics; family; human rights; insurers; responsibility; privacy Summary Recent developments in human genetic research have raised new, possibly unique issues. Firstly, genetic data must remain confidential but also accessible, with permission, to researchers. Total anonymisation of samples is not helpful because it means that useful findings can never be imparted to the person concerned; coding of samples is preferable. Secondly, there is the matter of access by third parties. Both UNESCO and HUGO emphasise a person's rights to protection of confidential information from unauthorised access. In several countries, employers and insurers cannot coerce people to reveal genetic information but in others the situation is less clear, raising the possibility of discrimination. Finally there is the tension between the right of an individual to confidentiality and the needs of other family members to know about conditions that may affect them. Although no-one is obliged to share such data, it is argued that affected individuals have a responsibility to do so.
Keywords: anonymisation; confidentiality; discrimination; employers; ethics; family; human rights; insurers; responsibility; privacy Summary Recent developments in human genetic research have raised new, possibly unique issues. Firstly, genetic data must remain confidential but also accessible, with permission, to researchers. Total anonymisation of samples is not helpful because it means that useful findings can never be imparted to the person concerned; coding of samples is preferable. Secondly, there is the matter of access by third parties. Both UNESCO and HUGO emphasise a person's rights to protection of confidential information from unauthorised access. In several countries, employers and insurers cannot coerce people to reveal genetic information but in others the situation is less clear, raising the possibility of discrimination. Finally there is the tension between the right of an individual to confidentiality and the needs of other family members to know about conditions that may affect them. Although no-one is obliged to share such data, it is argued that affected individuals have a responsibility to do so.