Short description about sugar cane manufacturing procees in sinhala.

1. 1
ri uqiqjl jgmsgdj
Wmkkao fudfydÜá
2
yeoskaùu
fudkrd., osia;%slalfha m%Odk wdr®Ól fNda.h f,i;a m%Odk wdodhï
udr®.h f,i;a osia;%slalh mqrd jHma; j mj;sk Wla Ydlh ms<sn|j yd
wOhdmksl jákdlulska hqla; mr®fhaIkd;aul wOHhkhla fuu .%ka:h
uÕska bosrsm;a lsrsug Wmkkao fudfydÜÜ uy;d W;aidy f.k we;
úfYaIfhka Wla Ydlh ms<sn|j yd iSks ksIamdokh ms<sn|j;a úoH;aul
j meyeos,s lsrsula" fï uÕska is¥ flfr® fï ms<sn|j wOHhkfha
fhfok isiq orejkag;a fï ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajk jeâysá whg;a
õHdmdrsl m%cdjg;a" f.dú ck;djg;a tlfia jeo.;a iSks ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh úia;r lrkqfha Wla Ydlfha WoaNso úoH;aul kdufha isg h'
iSks ksIamdok l%shdj,sh b;d ixlSr®K jQjls' th wdOqkslfhl=g myiqfjka
f;areï .; yels whqrska meyeos<s lsrsu w.h l< hq;a;ls'
fï l=vd .%ka:h uÕskaa iSks lr®udka; Yd,dfõ l%shdldrs;ajh tlska tl
õia;r lsrsu wOHdmkh ,nk isiq orejkag uy;a m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
fi!kaor®hd;aul jia;=jla mdGl is;a .kakd whqrska j“kd lsrsu uy;a
wisre lreKls' lr®udka; Yd,djl wNHka;rsl l%shdldrs;ajh úia;r
lsrsu Bg;a wisre lreKls' Wmkkao fudfydÜÜ uy;d tu wisre;dj
ch .ksñka ieug m%fhdackj;a whqrska fuu l=vd .%ka:h mdGl w;g
m;a lsrsug lghq;= lsrsu m%YxikSh lghqq;=hs'
fldÜGdYh Ndr wOHmk wOHCI
isrsjr®Ok osidkdhl
fldÜGdY wOHdmk ldr®hd,h
nq;a;,

2. 3
lr®;Df.ka'''''''''''''''''
mdi,a orejka ;=< o" úoHdj yd ;dCIKsl õIhhka yodrk
wdOqkslhkaf.a o" ;dCIK l=i,;d jeâoshqKq lr .ekSu i|yd"
wjYH oekqu ,nd.ekSug iajNdIdfjka ,shù we;s fmd; m; w,am
h' fuys myiqfjka f;areï.; yels mrsos woshfrka wÈhr ir,
úia;rhla wvx.= lr we; tu ksid th hï ;rñka fyda
uÕyrjd,Su i|yd ud úiska ilia lrk ,o fï lD;sh bjy,a
fõ h hs woyia lrñ'
4
m%Kduh
mdi,a wOHmkfhka ud fmdaIKh l< w;=r,sh uy õÿy,a uEKshkag"
f;da,x.uqj ueos uy õÿy,a uEKshkag iy me,aj;a; iSks
lrudka;dh;khg''''
ia;+;sh
fldgfkˆfõ m[a[r;k .re iajdóka jykafiag'''''(
l<uKdldr md,s; fm%au;=x. ue;s;=udg'''
m%ikak fm%aur;ak" ta nd,iQœrsh" uyskao chisxy" fldai, .uf.a" Wmq,a
lrekdr;ak" bkaosl lgq.y " ysrdka" .dñKSs f.dvf.a hk uy;ajrekag'''
iy
fidaÿm;a lshùfuka ud yg iyh jQ reyqKq úYajúµ,fha udkj Ydia;%
yd iudÔh ú» mSGfha isxy, úfYaIfõ§ fo jk mx;s f.!rj Wmdèhla
,o tÉ' tï' ,laud,s m%shx.sld fyar;a fukúhg iy fi!kaor®h
úYajúµ,fha ^f;jk jir& tï' B' iqfndaOd ueKsfla fukúhg;a udf.a
úfYaI ia;=;sh msßkuñ'

3. 5
Wla Ydlh
Sugar cane
ielarï T*siskdreï Sacrum officinarum
hk WoaNso úoH;aul kdufhka yÿkajkq ,nk WlaYdlh ksjr®;k
l,dmfhys jefvk .%eñfka fyj;a ;DK l=,hg wh;a tal îc m;%S
Ydlhls' ;ka;= uq,a moaO;shlska iukaú; jk w;r m÷rla f,i
j¾Okh fõ' LKavkh fkdfyd;a mqrela f,i fjka jQ l|ka 20 isg 30
muK tl m÷rl oel .; yelsh' mqrela folla w;r msysgd we;s
.egh u.ska kj Ydlhla m%frdayKh lr .; yelsh' Wla j.dj" ol=Kq
wdishdfõ nqreuh" Ökh" bkaoshdj" Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, jHdma; j
we;' uq,a ld,j, oS fuu Ydlh fl£ iy hqI ,nd .ekSu i|yd
m%fhdackhg f.k we;s w;r óg Y; jr®I 400 lg muK fmr o
Ökfha j.djla f,i ;sî we;s nj i|yka fõ' tfy;a f,dalfha fuh
j.djla f,i jHdma; jQfha b;d fiñka h'
óg jir 5000 g fmr W;=re bkaoshdj iy mlsia;dkh hk rgj, iSks
iaMál yuq jS we;s njg idlaIs we;' wdos ñksid úiska fuu Ydlfhka
hqI ,nd .ekSu msKsi jxf.ä fuda,a.ia Ndú; l< o wo jk úg th
ñksia Y%uh u.ska" i;=kaf.a Y%uh u.ska" i;=kaf.a Wmldrfhka c,
Yla;sh u.ska" ,Sjr l%u u.ska" wdoS f,ig l%ufhka úldYkh ù wo
jk úg c, jdIam n,fhkaa l%shdlrk weUreï hka;%h olajd meñK
we;'
1868 jr®Ifha oS m%:u jdIam weUreï hka;%h cefuhsld rfÜ oS ia:dms;
lrk,oS'
wUrd .kakd ,o Wla hqIj, c,h bj;a lsrSu i|yd uq,ald,j, oS ueá
;dÉÑ Ndú; l, njg idlaIs we;' tfy;a fuh l%ufhka oshqKq ú f,day
;dÉÑ" jdIamSlrK Wªka" ßla;l Wªka" iy oaú;aj ldr®h jdIamSlrk
Wªka njg wo jk úg úldYkh ù we;'
6
Wla Ydl jr®. Varieties
Wiia fouqyqï w;ayod ne,sïj,ska wk;=re j f,dalh jfÜ fouqyqï
wdh;k msysgqjk ,os' tu rgj,a f,i Java, Indiya, Babado, fvurdrd
i|ykaj we;'
fuu rgj,ska y¥kajd oS we;s Ydl úfYaI kdulrKh i|yd tu rgj,a
y¥kajk kfuys uq,a wl=re fhdod f.k we;' WodyrK f,i my;
i|yka úfYaI .; yel'
B – Babados
Co – Coimbatore
CB – Campos , Brazil
CP – Canal Point Florida
NCO – Bred in Coimbatore, selected in Natal
kj Ydl ìyslr .ekSu wNsckkh uOHia:dk yryd isÿ fõ fuys oS
WlaYdlj, mqIam yg .ekSug i,iajd tuÕska ,efnk îc m%frdayKh
lr tys f;dr;=re reia lr .kq ,efí' fuu Ydlj, ,CIK uõYdlhg
fnfyúka wiudkh' fufia ,efnk Ydl w,sx.sl m%ckk l%uhla jk
jr®Ol m%pdrK l%uh u.ska wjqreÿ wgla muK kej; kej; m%frdayKh
lrñka tys f;dr;=re reialr .kq ,efí' fuys oS wmg WÑ; ,CIK
f,i iSks iy ;ka;= wvx.= m%udKh" wiajkq fk,Sfï yelshdj" f,v
frda.j,g iy kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj" lDñ m%;sfrdaë;djh"
iS;, iy WKqiqu i|yd olajk m%;spdr" Ydl NCIl i;=ka jk w,shd"
W!rd" óhd wdoS i;=kaf.ka jk ydksh hk lreKqj,ska wju ydksh we;s
WÑ; Ydl muKla f;dard kj Ydlhla f,i jHdma; flfr®'
Co 775 K7130 My 5565 Co997 Co527

4. 7 8
Wla j.dj The Sugar Cane Plant
Wla j.dj fj<| fNda.hla f,i rgj,a 75 l muK jHdma; j we;'
fuu.ska ksmojd .kakd ,o iSks udkjhdf.a Yla;s Pkkh i|yd
wdydrhla f,i Ndú;hg .efka'
r;= ¥Uqre mi Wla j.dj i|yd b;d WÑ; jqj;a ;rul je,sf,dau mfia
isg ;o ueá mi olajdu Wla Ydlh fydÈka jr®Okh lr .; yel'
ridhksl jYfhka WodiSk jQ mi j.dj i|yd b;du fhda.Hh jqj;a
;rul wdï,sl mil fyda ;rul NdIañl mi o Wla j.dj i|yd
fhda.Hh fõ'
je,s wOÞl mi;a" ueá wÈl mi;a" iy ,jK wÈl mi o fuu j.dj
i|yd fhda.H fkd fõ'
Lksc ,jKj,ska wkQk jQ r;= ¥Uqre mi iy weÆúh,a mi fuu j.dj
i|yd b;du WÑ; fõ' weÆúh,a mi my;a ìï m%foaYj, § muKla
±lsh yels ksid tys § fyd¢ka P, jykh is¥ fkd jk ksid;a .egˆ
u;= úh yel'
jdr®Isl jr®Idm;kh ñ'ó 1500 muK jk úh<s l,dmfha fuu j.dj
b;d idr®:l j l< yels h'
úh<s l,dmfha m<d;a lsysmhlska ,nd.;a jdr®Isl jr®Id m;kj,
idudkHh w.h my; ±lafõ
idudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajdidudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajdidudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajdidudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajd
udi lka;f,a ysÕ=rdk fijk., me,aj;a;
ckjdß 100100100100''''1111 120120120120''''9999 38383838''''3333 108108108108''''4444
fmnrjdß 47474747''''4444 74747474''''9999 80808080''''8888 94949494''''91919191
udr®;= 10101010''''6666 69696969''''3333 157157157157''''5555 180180180180'67676767
wfma%,a 115115115115''''5555 70707070''''4444 143143143143''''5555 190190190190'13131313
uehs 103103103103''''5555 71717171''''6666 138138138138''''0000 75757575'55555555
cqks 41414141''''0000 26262626''''4444 39393939''''9999 18181818'86868686
cQ,s 124124124124''''9999 45454545''''7777 20202020''''3333 43434343'61616161
wf.daia;= 73737373''''3333 30303030''''0000 33333333''''8888 41414141''''84848484
iema;eïnr® 159159159159''''4444 78787878''''0000 63636363''''0000 69696969'7777
Ulaf;daïnr® 256256256256''''3333 128128128128''''3333 207207207207''''3333 227227227227'6666
fkdjeïnr® 357357357357''''5555 235235235235''''7777 33333333''''25252525 360360360360'05050505
foieïnr® 268268268268''''0000 365365365365''''8888 16161616''''81818181 165165165165'54545454
jdr®Isl 1748174817481748''''5555 1317131713171317''''0000 1423142314231423''''0000 1568156815681568

5. 9
ìïilia lsrSu Land preparation
le,Ej bj;a lrk ,o bvï Wla j.dj i|yd iqÿiq h' fuys oS
m<uqfjka u fikaá ógr® 50 muK .eUqrg nqre,a lrk kÕ=, uÕska
mi nqre,a lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,efí' fuys oS mi hg ;sfnk .,a iy uq,a
u;=msgg meñfKa' bka wk;=re j ;eá k.=, Ndú;fhka mi fmr,Su;a
l+re kÕ=, uÕska leg fmdä lsrSu;a isÿ lr .kq ,efí wk;=re j
bvu fldgiaj,g fjka lsrSu i|yd iy fidaodmdˆj j<lajd .ekSu
i|yd ifudaÉp fr®Ldj,g wkqrEm j mia jeá iy ldKq moaO;sh o
m%jdyKh i|yd udr®. o ilia lrkq ,efí' wjidk jYfhka ifudaÉp
fr®Ldj,g wkql+, j fikaá ógr® 50 muK .eUqrg V wlaIrfha
yevhg ldKq ilia lr;s' fuu ldKq folla w;r mr;rh ógr® 1'5
muK fõ'
îc Wla.ia ,nd .eîc Wla.ia ,nd .eîc Wla.ia ,nd .eîc Wla.ia ,nd .ekkkkSuSuSuSu Seed CaneSeed CaneSeed CaneSeed Cane
udi yhla wgla muK jhie;s ksfrda.S iqÿiq m%fNaohla f;dard f.k th
mqrela ;=k ne.ska isák f,ig lmd fjka lr.kq ,efí fuu len,s
os,SrkdYlhl .s,ajd wk;=re j fikaá f.%aÜ wxYl 50 WIaK;ajhla
hgf;a meh folla muK msrsisÿ c,fha .s,ajd ;ïnd.kq ,efí' bka
wk;=re j m%d:ñl ;jdkl fuh isgqjkq ,efí fuu ;jdkg udi wgla
muK jhi .sh miq tu j.dj lmd oaú;Sl ;jdkl m%frdayKh lrKq
,efí
oaú;Sl ;jdkg jhi udi wgla .;jQjhska miq jdKsc j.djka i|yd
îc ksl=;a lsÍu l< yel'
îc Wla.ia isgqúu Seed Cane Plantation
îc Ydl mqrela ;=k ne.ska isák f,i lmd os,Sr kdYl ødjKhl
.s,ajd isgq ùu i|yd .kq ,efí fuu îc len,s fo fma,s l%uhg fydaa
tlyudr l%uhg V wlaIr ldKq ;=< w;=rd ksr®foaYs; fmdfydr jk
Urea, Triple Super Phosphate, M.O.P wjYHh ud;%djg fhdod fikaá
10
ógr® 5 muK jefik f,ig miaj,ska jikq ,efí' jeisiuh wdrïNh;a
iu. isgqùu fyda jdrs l%u u.ska c, iïmdokh lsÍfuka osk ody;rla
we;=<; kj Ydl m%frdayKh lr .; yel'
fmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Sufmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Sufmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Sufmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Su
fertilization and Weedingfertilization and Weedingfertilization and Weedingfertilization and Weeding
isgqùfïaos
isgqjd udi ;=kla .sh miq
isgqjd udi yhla .sh miq
j.djg je<fok frda. iy m<sfndaOlhska Diesease and Pests
1 Sugar Cane Mosaic Virus
ffjria frda.hla jk fuh iS;, ld,.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a jHma; fõ'
m;%j, wjr®K fr®Ld jeks ,CIK oelsh yel' m%Ndixiaf,aIKh wvqùu
ksid iSks m%;sY;h wvq fõ'
2 Ratoon Stunting Disease
nelaàrshd frda.hla jk fuh úh<s ld,.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a jHma; fõ'
isgqjk îc Wkqj;=r m%;sldrl l%uj,g fhduq lsrSu uÕska frda.h
j<lajd .; yel
3 Sugar Cane rust
4 Sugar Cane Smut
os,Sr frda.hla jk fuh j.djg úYd, ydks f.k fokakls' frda.h
wdidokh jq Ydlfha w.%ia:fhka l+rla wdldrhg fldgila my,g keñ
jr®Okh fõ' fuys lˆmdg iqnq,a jeks frda.s îcdkaY+ka úYd, m%udKhla
;sfnKq ±lsh yel' tajd iq<Õ iuÕ me;sÍ f.dia fjk;a Ydl u;
m;s; ú frda.h jHdma; fõ' frda.S Ydl ;DK m÷rl wdldrhg ñáù
úkdY ù hhs
5 Leaf Scald
6 Downy Mildew

6. 11
7 Red Rot
8 Sugar Cane Grasse Shot Disease
lDñ iy m<sfndaOlhska Insect and Pests
9 l|ka úosk mKqjka
10 l=reñkshdf.a tla wjia:djla 11 fõhd
12 Pyrilla 13 ;DK iy m<,a m;%
jr®Okh iy j.djjr®Okh iy j.djjr®Okh iy j.djjr®Okh iy j.dj Growth and CultureGrowth and CultureGrowth and CultureGrowth and Culture
WlaYdlh" uq,a l| iy m;% jYfhka fldgia ;=klska iukaú; h' ;ka;=
jYfhka me;sfrk uQ, uKav,h l| uq,a lr f.k is¥fõ' fuh fikaá
ñgr® 50 isg fikaá ógr® 150 olajd m%foaYhl úys oS ;sfnkq ±lsh
yel' mfia ;;a;ajhka jk ueá wvx.= m%udKh" fndrˆ wvx.= m%udKh"
fmdaIH modr®: iy c,h wvx.= ia:dk wkqj fuh ;SrKh fõ' mqrela
moAO;shlska hq;a taldldr isyska os. l| ógr® 2 la muK Wi fõ'
mqrella fjkaúu .eg u.ska isÿfõ' l| jfÜ iú Yla;sfhka jeä bá
ia:rhlska wdjrKh jQ fmd;a;la msysghs' lf|a jg m%udKh ñ,s ógr®
80 muK jk w;r' idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a w;= fnoSula olakg fkd
yelsh' uD¥ia;r ffi, jeâ m%uKhlska iEoS we;s mQrl mglhlska l|
ksr®udKh ù we;' Ydlfha by<ska we;s w.%ia: úNdclfhka w¨;ska
ffi, tlafjñka l| Wiska jeâjk kuq;a leïìhula fkd msysàu
fya;=fjka uy;ska jeâùula is¥ fkd fú' tl mqrellg tl m;%h ne.ska
msysghs' lf|a by<ska w¨;ska fld<mdg m;% tl;= jk w;r my<ska we;s
¥Uqre meye .ekajqKq úh<s m;% bfíu .e,ù bj;a fõ' kj Ydl ìysùu
Ydlfha uq,ska yg .kakd fudfrhshkaf.ka u is¥ jk w;r th jeis
,efnk ´kEu ld,hl is¥úh yel' fijk fyda wèl P,h we;s
ia:dkj, fuu Ydlh fyd£ka jr®Okh fkd fõ' nyq jdr®Isl Ydlhla jk
fuys tl m÷rl õõO jhia iSudj, Ydl ;sfnkQ oelsh yels h' wêl
úh<s ld<.=K ;;a;aj hgf;a oS Ydlfha m;%j,ska c,h jdIam f,i
12
msgùhdu fyj;a W;aiafõokh wju lsrSug m;%
,enqK jydu mdr®Yaõl wxl=r jr®Okh
iqlafriqlafriqlafriqlafrdadadadaiiiia kïka y÷kajk iSks jr®.h
Ydlfhks'
Y%S ,xldfõ ´kEu m%foaYhl j.dl< yelss fuu Ydlh jr®Idm;k
ógr® 1500 ;a 2000 ;a w;r jQ fudKrd.," w
wkqrdOmqrh hk õh<s foaY.=Khla mj;sk oSia;%slalj, fyd
l< yels h' oekg lr®udka;Yd,d msys
msysá lka;f,aa" wïmdr osia;%slalfha
osia;%slalfha msysá fijk., iy me,aj;a; hk ia:dk
fïjdhska me,aj;a; iy fijk., muKla
oekg ksIamdok lghq;= lrf.k hk w;r wfkla lr®udka;Yd,d
jk õg ksIamdok lghq;= is¥ fkd fõ
Wla j.dìul or®YKhla
okh wju lsrSug m;% õh<Sh hss' kej;;a jeis
l wxl=r jr®Okh ù w;= fnÿk iajrEmhla .kS'
.h fjka lr .kq ,nkafka fuu Wla
aYhl j.dl< yelss fuu Ydlh jr®Idm;kh ñ,s
jQ fudKrd.," wïmdr" ;%sl=Kdu,h" iy
h<s foaY.=Khla mj;sk oSia;%slalj, fyd£ka j.d
h' oekg lr®udka;Yd,d msysgqjd we;af;a ;%sl=Kdu, osia;%slalfha
osia;%slalfha msysá ysÕ=rdfkaa" fudKrd.,
fijk., iy me,aj;a; hk ia:dkj,;a muKs'
jdhska me,aj;a; iy fijk., muKla
lrf.k hk w;r wfkla lr®udka;Yd,dj, fï
õ'
Wla j.dìul or®YKhla

7. 13 14
f.dnh
uq¥k
m;%
.egh iy
m;% le<,
m;% ;,h
mqrel
m;% fldmqj
l|
uõ Ydlh
uQ, uKav,h
WlaYdlh
Ydl l|
wei msysgd ;sfnk
we,sh

8. 15
.a,Qfldaia iy mDlafgdaia iSks
Glucose and fructose
iQr®hdf,dalfhys wvx.= Yla;sh Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka jdhqf.da,Sh
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ^Co2& iy mfika ,nd .kakd c,h Ydl m;%j, we;s
yrs;m%oj, Woõfjka .aÆQfldaia njg mrsjr®;kh lsrSfï ixlSr®K
l%shdj,sh m%Ndixiaf,aIKh hs' fufia ksmofjk .aÆfldaiaaj,ska fldgila
Ydlfha cSj l%shd i|yd fhod .kakd w;r" b;srs fldgi c,fha osh ù
Ydlfha maf,dahu mgl Tiafia my<g .uka fldg .a,Qfldaia wKq tlla
iy mDlafgdaia wKq tlla ne.ska tla Ö iqlafrdaia iSks wKq f,iska
lf|a ixÑ; mglfha ffi,j, we;s rsla;l ;=< ;ekam;a fõ'
m%Ndixiaf,aIKfha w;=re M,hla jk Tlaiscka ^02& jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia
fõ' fuu jdhqj uÕska msrsis¥ jd;dY%hla we;s lrhss' fï wkqj
ksIamdos;fhka jeâ m%udKhla Ydlfha jr®Okh i|yd m%fhdackhg .kS'
jeis iys; ld,j,oS .fia mqrela oslaùu" w¨;ska m;% yg .ekSu" w¨;ska
fudfrhshka jr®Okh lr .ekSu wdosh oel .; yels h' úh<s ld,h
t<USu;a iuÕ u .fia jr®Okh wvqlrñka ksIamdos; .aÆfldaia ixõ;
mgl lrd f.k f.dia .a,Qfldaia wKq tlla iy mDlafgdaia wKq tlla
ne.ska tl;= ù tl iqlafrdaia iSks wKqjla ^C12H22O11) ne.ska iE§
ixÉ; mglfhys ;ekam;a fõ' fuu ;ekam;a ùu" lfoa uq, isg by<g
l%udKql=,j isÿfõ' jeis iuh wdrïN ùu;a iu. fufia ;ekam;a jq
iqlafrdaia" Ydl tkaihsuj, l%shdfjka c,úÉfPaokh ù kej;;a
.aÆfldaia iy mDlafgdaia wKq iEoS Ydlfha jr®Okh i|yd m%fhdackhg
.kS'
Ydl iy i;aj rdcOdksj, mrsjD;a;Sh l%shdfõ jeo.;a
fufyjrla bgqlrkq ,nkafka ir, iSks jr®. jk .a,Qfldaia iy
mDlafgdaia uÕsks' Ydlj, fõ.j;a jr®Okh we;s fldgiaj, .a,Qfldaia
idkaøKh jeämqr ;sfnKq oel .; yels h'
.a,Qfldaiaj, .arEï wKqlNdrh 180'2 muK fõ' tys >K;ajh 1'544 lss'
øj wxlh fi f.%a wxYl 146 fõ' lhs/,a jk wKqjls' ;,O%eú;
16
wdf,dalh yuqfõ Ok N%uKhla fmkakq
,CIK fmkakqï l<;a ;,O%eú; w
fmkakqï lrhs
iqlafrdaia wKqj
Wla Ydlfha fldgiaj, ixÑ; ldfndayhs
hqI úYaf,aIKh u.ska ^ ñ '.a $ ñ' ,S &
Ydl fldgi msIag
h
m;% ;,h 11.1 40 0.32
m;% fldmqj 4.3 38.6 0.05
frda,a jq oˆqj 2 48.2 0.09
lfoa w. 1.6 47.6 0.08
w. fi us 60 14 69.3 0.07
fojk fi ó
60
14.8 71.3 0.06
;=kajk fi ó
60
17.8 73.6 0.04
i;rjk fi ó
60
19.5 71.1 0.03
lemSfuka b;srs 9.3 65.3 0.07
uq,a 1.3 27.2 0.00
uereK fld< 4.3 37.1 0.00
Ok N%uKhla fmkakqï lrhs' mDlafgdaia o by;
; wdf,dalh yuqfõ >DK N%uKhla
ia wKqj
yhsäfâ%Üia ix>gl m%udKhka
' ,S &
msIag
0.32 5.4 7.72 3.75 6.76
0.05 4.0
3
14.2 3.33 5.92
0.09 5.5
8
6.85 7.56 13.6
0.08 5.9 14.82 12.94 17.52
0.07 1.8
1
130.4
6
6.88 9.84
0.06 1.4
5
154.8
8
5.38 6.08
0.04 1.4
7
181.8
5
3.63 4.04
0.03 1.3
0
185.1
0
3.06 2.80
0.07 2.0
8
152.5
0
3.01 5.94
0.00 1.2
8
008.7
6
1.25 2.50
0.00 5.4
2
000.0
0
0.00 0.00

9. 17
Ydl m%Ndixiaf,aIKh
Photosynthesis
Ydl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõYdl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõYdl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõYdl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõ
wxl=rh
w.%ia: wxl=rh
O2
Co2
18
ffi,h <má wjia:dfõ iïmQr®K f,
jr®Okhùu;a iuÕ u fuys mrsudj
ffi, ma,diaufha jeäùu thg iudkqmd;sl
m<uqfjka ffi,fha wvx.= j ;snqKq f
ffi,h ;=< fnoS hEu ksid ffi,h iïmQr
ma,diaufhka msrS fkd f.dia ysia wjldY yg
.kS fuu wjldY rSla;l f,i y¥kajkq ,efí
.Kkla ffi,hla ;=< ;sìh yel'
fuu ffi, w.%ia:fha msysá úNdcl mglfha msysgd ;sf
ffi,hl msg;ska u ffi, ì;a;sh;a wk;=re
we;=<; ffi, ma,diauh iy tys .s,S we;s kHIa
f.d,a.sfoay" yrS; ,jh" iuÕ b;d
we;=<;a jqkq iSks iy msg;ska uOH iQia;r o
K f,i ffi,ma,diaufhka msrS ;sfí'
lsysm .=Khlska jeä fõ' tfy;a
ma,diaufha jeäùu thg iudkqmd;slj is¥ fkd fõ tu ksid
qKq ffi, ma,diauh m%udKh úYd, jq
ffi,h ;=< fnoS hEu ksid ffi,h iïmQr®K jYfhka ffi,
f.dia ysia wjldY yg
kajkq ,efí' fïjd tlla fyda jeâ
mglfha msysgd ;sfí' idudkHhfhka
;a;sh;a wk;=re j ma,diau mg,h;a
ffi, ma,diauh iy tys .s,S we;s kHIagsh" uhsgfldkaâ%hd"
b;d úYd, u,a,la jeks rsla;lhl
we;=<;a jqkq iSks iy msg;ska uOH iQia;r o ;sfnkq oelsh yels h'

10. 19
Wla Ydlfhys udi tllg mqrela fol
ne.ska jr®Okh ùula olakg yels fõ' fï wkqj fydoska r;= meye
.ekajqKq mqrela 24 muK we;s Ydlhla udi fod<y blau jq Ydlhla
f,i ;SrKh l< yel ta wkqj wiajkq fk<Su wdrïN lrkq ,efí'
Wla .fia m;% fyd|ska jr®Okh fjñka we;akï iy fld< lsysmhla
bj;a lr w¨;ska yg .kakd mqrelaj, os. ii|d ne,su uÕska tu
Ydlh ;ju;a jefvñka mj;sk Ydlhla o fudard we;s Ydlhlao hkak
;SrKh l< yel' õh<s ld,h meñfK;a u Ydlfha m;% b;d iS>%fhka
fudard õh<s ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu wdrïN fõ' w,q;ska yg .kakd
mqrelaj, os. m%udKh o flá fõ' fï wkqj Ydlh ms<sn| j o<
woyila ,nd .ekSug mqˆjk'
Wla j.dlr we;s bvulska wyUq f,i imhd .;a Wla Ydl lsysmhla
,ndf.k tajd uq," ueo" w." jYfhka fldgia ;=klg lmd fjkalr
tys wvx.= hqI fjka fjka jYfhka ,ndf.k tys idkaøKhka iy osh ù
we;s iqlafrdaia m%udKhka fidhd n,kqq ,efí' fuu w.hkaf.ka jeâu
w.h uq, fldgig;a B,. w.h ueo fldgig;a wvqu w.h by< u
fldgig;a ,efí' uq, fldgig idfmaCI j by< fldgi orK
wkqmd;fha m%;sY;h 80 isg 100 w;r w.hla .kafka kï tu Ydlh
fudard we;s nj ;SrKh l< yel'
wiajekak fk<Su HARVESTING
jhi ;SrKh lr .ekSu
Ydlh fudardwe;snj ;SrKh lr .ekSu
WmlrK Ndú; fldg mrSCId lsrSu
20
fylaghdr® tll j.d ìula kï" tys jr®. ógr® 10000 l íï
m%udKhla we;' isgqjd we;s Wla fma<s folla w;r mr;rh ógr® tl
yudrla kï tu bvfuys osla ógr® 6667 l wla fkr ;sìh yel'
j.d ìfuys tl fma<shla osf.a ógr® oyhl os.la wyUq f,i fjka lr
f.k tys wvx.= jk Wla Ydl .Kk;a wyUq f,i lmd.;a .ia
lsysmhl Wi iy tys nr;a fidhd .ekSu uÕska tu bvfuka ,efnk
o< wiajekak ;srKh l< yel'
WodyrKhla (-
Wla .ia lsysmhl Wi uek" nr o lsrd .kak' ta wkqidrfhka tl
ógrhl nr .Kkh lr.kak' tfukau fma,sfhys ógrhla Èf.ys
wvx.= .ia m%udKh o .kkh lr w.hhka ,nd .kak' Wi ógr® 2 ls'
nr .arEï 700 ls' Wla .ia m%udKh 10 ls'
,efnk wiajekak
fu fgdka } 6667‹10‹2‹700›1000} 93
wdikak jYfhka ,efnk fuu w.h uÕska wh iy jeh ms<sn|j uQ,sl
woyila ,nd.; yel'
by; lreKq imqrd .;a bvula wiajkq fk<Su i|yd iq¥iq lï ,nd
we;'
• ,xldfõ ñksia Y%uh fhdod .kSñka wiajkQ fk<Su is¥lrkq ,efí'
wiajkq fk<Su i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk msysh m<,ska jeä os.ska o jeä
fl,jr kuk ,o úfYaIs; jQ msys úfYaIhls' fyd|ska j.d l< bvulska
tla ïksfil=g osklg Wla fgdka tlla muK lemsh yels h' j,a ìysù
we;s bvul oS fuu m%udKh fjkia úh yel' wosl j j,a ìysù we;s
úg tu bvï .sks ;nd wiajkq fk<Su isÿ lrkq ,efí tfy;a tuÕska
ydks isÿjk wjia:d o we;'
bvfuka ,efnk wiajekak fldmuKfõoehs ;SrKh
lr .ekSu

11. 21
.skakla yg .ekSug uQ,sl jk l%shdldrlu is¥lrkq ,nkafka ñksid
õiska u h' th ¥ï jeáhla fyda fjk;a wkqjK l%shdldrlul
m%;sM,hls'
Wla j.d ìula w;s úYd, m%udKhlska úh<s fld< f.dv.eiS ;sfnKq
oelsh yels h' tfia fyhska iqˆfjka fyda yg .kakd .skak ;;amr
.Kklska uyd úYd, .skakla njg m;aùug .;jkAfka b;d iqˆ
ld,hls' fuys oS W;amdokh jk ;dm Yla;sh w;s õYd, h' tuÕska
wjg mrSirfhys we;s ish¨ u cSù Ydl ms<siaiS hhs' Wla j.dfõ
Ydlj,ska fldgila oeù õkdY ù hhs b;srsjk Ydlj, c,h wêl
f,i r;aùu ksid tu Ydlj, ffi, wcSõ fõ' tu fya;=j ksid Ydlh
miqj fyda kej; jr®Okh ùula olakg fkd yels h' Wla Ydlfha
wdrCIdjg l| jfÜg ;=kS bá ia:rhla ;sfnKq oelsh yels h' b;du
iAj,am jQ ;dm m%udKhlska jQj o fuu bá ia:rfhys ieleiau fjkia
õh yels h tys m%;sM,hla f,i Ydl lfoa we;=<; we;s c,h msg;g
jdIamù hhs' msg; jdhqf.da,fha isák ffjria nelaàrshd os,Sr jeks
CIøcSùka ffi,;=<g rsx.d .kS' tys wvx.= iSks ødjKh meh õis
y;rla hkakg;a u;af;ka õfhdackh lr yrS' osk ;=klg miq uq¨q
Ydlh u os,Sr uÕska wdidokh ù ;sfnKq oelsh yels h' fï wdldrhg
osk .Kkla miq jq õg Ydlh iõu;a mÜghl iajrEmhla .kS' B<.g
tk j.dfõ oS fuu ;;a;ajh ksid wiajkq fk<Su o wêl õhoï f.k
fok ;;ajhla jkq
we;'
Wla j.d ìul tu j.djg wu;r j õõO cSùka cSj;a fõ' tkï
l=re,q õfYaI" lDñ õfYaI" WrÕ õfYaI" weig fkd fmfkk i;=ka" iy
CISrmdhs i;=ka fudjqka ish¨ fokd u õkdâ .Kklska cSõ;CIhg m;a
.skak u.ska is¥fjk
.skak ksid j.djg jk ydksh
tu .skak ksid tu mrSir moaO;shg jQ
ydksh
22
fõ' mrsir moAO;sfhys iu;=,s;;dj ìojeàug o fuu ;;a;aaajh
fya;=jla fõ fuh ñksidg Nhdkl m%;sM, f.kfokakls'
l=re¨ leoe,a,lg .sks weõˆKq õg tu ia:dkfhka by<g wefok
WKqiqï jdhq oyrd uÕska" .sks.;a leoe,a, by<g f.k f.dia fjk;a
ia:dkhl m;s; fõ' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka tu mrsirh;aa .sksn;a lr
ùulss'
lmd.kakd ,o Wla Ydl ñksia Y%uh iy megjqï hka;%h Wmfhda.S
lr.ksñka m%jdyk r:j,g mgjkQ ,efí' m%jdyk r: f,i g%elagr® r:
iy f,drs r: Ndõ; lrhs' g%elagr® r:hla uÕska Wla fgdka 5 isg 6
olajd;a" f,drS r:hla uÕska Wla fgdka 10 isg 12 olajd;a" m%jdykh
lrkq ,efí'
Wla m%jdykhg Ndõ; lrkq ,nkqfha g%elagr® r: iy f,drs r:hka h'
fuu jdykj, ndysrg újD; ù we;s m%foaYh fndfydaa jeÙh' m%jdykh
isÿlrk wjia:dfõ oS isÿ jk .eiaiSï iy meoaoSïj, m%;sM,h jYfhka
tys wvx.= Wla .ia tl fol ìug m;s; fõ' fïjd fjk;a jdykj,g
yiq ù ;e,S fmdäù hhs' fuuÕska isÿjk ydksh o úYd, fõ'
tl Wla Ydlhla os.ska ógr® 2 la muK fõ' tõg tys nr ls' .a' 1'4 ls
tys jákdlu remsh,a 1'75 ls tu.ska wysñ jk iSks m%udKh .a?ï
112 ls th ñksiqka oi fofkl=f.a idudkHh mrSfNdackhls'
idr®:l iSks wiajekakla fjka lr .ekSu i|yd ñ,oS .kq ,nk Wla
Ydl kshñ; m%ñ;sfhka hq;= j ;sîSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' udi fod<y
blaujq Ydl j, fyd| iSks m%;sY;hla wvx.= fõ' tfy;a wèl jhia
m%jdykh TRANSPORT
ñ,oS .ekSug m%:u lrkq ,nk ;;a;aj mrSCIKh
m%jdykfha oS isÿjk ydksh

12. 23
.;ùu;a" mqIam yg .ekSu;a fya;=fjka tys wka;r®.; iSks m%udKhka
my< niS'
Ydlfha hqI mrSCId lsrSu uÕska iy Ydlhl wvx.= mqrela m%udKh
.Kkh lr .ekSu uÕska tys m%ñ;sh ms<sn| j woyila ,nd.; yel
fkd fïrE fldgia wvx.=j ;sîu o" úh<s Ydl m;%" fjk;a Ydl fldgia"
wmøjHh" iy .skakg yiq ù l,a bl=;a jq Ydl wdosh ms<sn| j fidhd
ne,Su uÕska b;d idr®:l isks ksIamdokhla l< yel'
lr®udka; Yd,djg Wla wiajekak ,efnk m%Odk udr®. ;=kls' tkï
me,aj;a; iSks lr®udka;dh;kh i;= flakaøSSh j;=hdh u.ska ,efnk
wiajekak" wdh;kh u.ska mj;ajdf.k hk lÜÜ lrejkaf.a j;=hdh
u.ska ,efnk wiajekak" iy msgia;r f.dõhkaf.a bvïh j,ska ,efnk
wiajekak'
lr®udka; Yd,dj
lr®®udka;Yd,dj ;=< is¥jk l%shdjka
flakaøSh
j;=hdh
lÜÜ
lrejkaf.a
j;=hdh
msgia;r
f.õhkaf.a
bvï
24
m%jdyk r: u.ska ,efnk ish¨ u
,enqk jydu tys boslr we;s lsreï uOHia:dkfha iõlr we;s mrS
uÕska nr igyka lr .kq ,efí'
fuys os úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhla we;
f.dúhdf.a ;rdos igyka m;%sldfõ we;
iïmQr®K lsrSuhs tu f;dr;=re f,i f.
m%foaYh wkqms<sfj, wxlh" jdyk wxl
;;a;ajmd,k wxYh uÕska ksl=;al< jdr®
hq;=h'
fuu úia;r wvx.= msgm;a lsysmhla ilid
wod, ia:dkj,g fhduqq lefr®'
nr igykalr .ekSunr igykalr .ekSunr igykalr .ekSunr igykalr .ekSu
weUÍu i|yd we;s Wla
u Wla wiajekak" lr®udka;Yd,djg
,enqk jydu tys boslr we;s lsreï uOHia:dkfha iõlr we;s mrS.Kl
hq;= lreKq lsysmhla we;' tkï Wla
we;s úia;rhg wkqj tu f;dr;=re
i f.dúhdf.a ku" iemhqïlref.a ku"
wxlh" oskh" iïmQr®K nr" ;dr nr"
ska ksl=;al< jdr®;dj" igyka wxlh" we;=<;al<
a lsysmhla ilid .; hq;= h' wk;=re j
nr igykalr .ekSunr igykalr .ekSunr igykalr .ekSunr igykalr .ekSu
weUÍu i|yd we;s Wla

13. 25
wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSkswiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSkswiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSkswiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSks
m%;sY;hm%;sY;hm%;sY;hm%;sY;h
by; ksrEmKh jkafka Wla wiajekak fk<d jdhq f.da,hg ksrdjrKh
jqjdg miq osfkka osk tys wvx.= ù we;s iSks m%udKh fõ'
fufia wvqùula fmkakqï lrkqfha" os,Sr" nelaàrshd" ffjria" wdidokh
fya;=fjka Ydlfha ;ekam;a iqlafrdaia" .aÆfldaia njg m;aù we;s njls'
cSù Ydl lmd osk lsysmhla .;jQjdg miq tu Ydlfha tkaihsu
l%shd;aul ù mdr®Yúl wxl=r m%frdayKh wdrïN fõ' fï i|yd wjYH
Yla;sh ,nd .ekSug ixõ; wdydr jk iqlafrdaia .aÆfldaia njg m;afõ'
wiajekak fkÆ õ.i weTrSug fhduq lsrSfuka by; ydksh wju lr
.; yels h'
26
g%elagr® r: uÕska m%jdykh lrkq ,nk
wiajekak fl,skau fmdaIl M,lh fy<kq ,ef
f,drS iy g%elagr® r:j, mgjd hlv nyd,qï
,o Wla wiajekak" õfYaI hka;%hl Wmldrfhka fm
,efí' fmdaIl M,lh wNHka;rfha o lsl
n%uKhjk wlaIhlg iú lrk ,os f.
moaO;shla we;'
fuh my; i|yka rEmfhka fmkakqï flfr®'
fmdaIl M,lh ,enqkq Wla wiajekak h
hgf;a Wla ordf.k hkq ,nk wdfrday
hlv máh lemqï hka;% fol háka
hlv máh u; wvx.=j ;ssfnk Wla
fjk;a uÕlg fhduq fõ'
weUrSu MILLING
fmdaIl M,lhg iemhSu
fmdaIl M,lh iy lsl¾
m%jdykh lrkq ,nk fgdka 5" 6 m%udKj,ska hq;a Wla
fy<kq ,efí'
hlv nyd,qï uÕska m%jdykh lrk
I hka;%hl Wmldrfhka fmdaIl M,lh fy<kq
fmdaIl M,lh wNHka;rfha o lsl¾ kïka y÷kajkq ,nk
os f.dvj,a ;=kS lsrsug yels hdka;%sl
ï flfr®'
ak hka;% l%shdlrjkakkaf.a wëCIKh
frdayl máhla u;g fy<kq we;' tu
áka N%uKh lrkq ,efí' túg tu
Wla Ydl ish,a, leã" fmdâù ;e,S"
MILLING
iemhSu FEED TABLE

14. 27
by; oelafjk wdldrhg f,drs u.ska m%jdy
fmÜá" ,Sjr moaO;shla u.ska l%shdlrK hka;%hl wkqidrfhka fm
máhg fy<kq N%uKh jk hlv máh
N%uKh jk máh
by; oelafjk wdldrhg f,drs u.ska m%jdykh lr.;a Wla wvx.= hlv
" ,Sjr moaO;shla u.ska l%shdlrK hka;%hl wkqidrfhka fmdaIl
,efí'N%uKh jk hlv máh
1
N%uKh jk máh
2
28
1 iy 2 lemqï hka;%
fuu N%uKh i|yd fhod.;a hlv m
ógr® 115'2 la o fõ' fuu máh tl jghla i
15 l muK ld,hla .; fõ' N%uKh i|yd w
lsrSug o is¥ù ;sfí'
lemqï hka;%h C
lemqï hka;%h ksr®udKh ù we;af;a wCIhla jgd Rcqfl
má 36 la fma<s yhlg isák f,i i
ógr® 1'6 l úIalïNhla orK is,slavrhl yevh .kS' w
N%uKh jk fujeks hka;% folla ;sfí
w;r wfkl oCIsKdjD; N%uKhla olajhss
hka;% folg háka .uka lsrSug yels jk mrs
wdjrKh lr we;'
lemqï hka;% miqlsrSu;a iuÕ Wla Ydl ish,a,
m;a fõ'
fuu N%uKh i|yd fhod.;a hlv máh m<,ska ógr® 1'8 la o os.ska
h tl jghla iïmQr®K ùu i|yd úkdâ
' N%uKh i|yd wèl Yla;s m%udKhla jeh
CUTTERS
we;af;a wCIhla jgd RcqfldaKdi%dldr hlv
k f,i iúlsrSfuks' fuh N%uKh jk úg
Nhla orK is,slavrhl yevh .kS' wêl fõ.fhka
í' tlla jdudjD; N%uKhla olajk
w;r wfkl oCIsKdjD; N%uKhla olajhss' Wla .ia /.;a máh fuu
ka .uka lsrSug yels jk mrso iõu;a hlv ;yvqj,ska
Wla Ydl ish,a, u frdvq f.dvla njg

15. 29
tkï fuys we;af;a fi' ó' 10 la 15 muK jQ ;e,Sï" fmdäùï iy fl|s
njg m;a jQ Wla Ydl fldgia h' tkï Ydl ffi,j, ì;a;s jeä
m%udKhla újD; ù we;' fuu wjia:djg m;a jqjdg miq Wla hqI jeä
m%udKhla ,nd .; yel' fuu Ydl fldgia kshoshla ridhkd.drfha
we;s úfYaI WmlrK uÕska mrSCId lsrSfuka tys újD; ù mj;sk ffi,
m%udKh ksr®Kh lr.; yel tu w.h 65] muK fõ'
fuu nr orK wdfrdayl máh ^ MAIN CANE CARRIER MCC& kñka o
y÷kajkq ,efí' fuh m<,ska ógr® 1'5 la o os.ska ógr® 57 la o jk
jD;dldr .uka udr®.hl N%uKh jk rnr® máhls' fuys uOHhg
jkakg máhg by<ska úoHq;a pqïNlhla iú lr we;'
ieliq Wla iuÕ máh" úoHq;a pQïNlhg háka .uka lrhs' túg tyss
hläka ksujQ hï øjHla ;snqKfyd;a tkï oïje,a" msysh" weK jeks oE
by; úoHQ;a pqïnlh uÕska .%yKh lr.kq ,efí'
wk;=rej fuu ;ka;= njg m;a jQ Wla" ;e,qï hka;%hla jk
SHREDDER kñka y÷qkajkq ,nk WmlrKh ;=<sska .uka lrjkq ,efí'
fuh ksr®udKh ù we;af;a by; rEmfha we;s lemqï hka;%hg iudk
hka;%hla is,skavrhla ;=< fõ.fhka N%uKh lrjk wdldrhlskss' ;rula
¥rg ;ka;= njg m;a Wla Ydl fuu hka;%h ;=<ska .uka lrùfuka ;j
Wla m%jdykh lrk m%Odk máh yd úoHq;a jQïNlh
N%uKh jk rnr® máh
úoHq;a pqïNlh
ieliQ Wla
30
¥rg;a ;ka;= njg m;afõ' fuys oS jeâ m%udKhla Wla Ydl ffi,
õjD; fõ' tu m%udKh ishhg 85 la muK fõ' bka wk;=rej fl|s
fkdfyd;a ;ka;= njg m;a ieliQ fuu Wla weUreï uOHia:dkhg
shredder elevator fkdfyd;a wdfrdayl u.ska f.k hkq ,efí'
weUreï hka;%fhys ógr® 0'98 l úIalïNhla iys; iy os. ógr® 1'83
la jk hlv frda,a ;=kla iy Wmldrl frda,la ne.ska iukaú; fõ'
fuu hka;%fha by< frda, .shr® fmÜáhl wdOdrfhka turbine
;,nurhlg iïnkaOlr we;' fuu turbine yryd fi f.%aÜ wxYl 240
l WIaK;ajfha we;s c, jdIam live steam .uka lrjkq ,efí' fuys oS
turbine õkdählg N%uK jdr 3600 muK lrlefõ tuÕska ckkh jk
wèl Yla;sh .shr® moaO;sh yryd weUreï hka;%hg ,nd foa' túg
weUreï hka;%h õkdählg N%uK jdr 5'2 muK wvq iS>%;djhlska
N%uKh fõ' weUreï hka;%fha iEu frda,l u msg; mDIagh ñ'ó' 50
.eUqrg V wCIrh yevh orK we,s 35 ne.ska lmd we;' fufia lr
we;af;a ieliQ Wla iy frda,a w;r .efgk mDIaGh jeälr .ekSug h
;jo tu Ndysr mDIaGh úoHq;a pdm welding dots ;nd we;' fuuÕska Wla
iy frda,a w;r >r®IKh jeä ù jeä ffi, í;a;s m%udKhla újD; fõ'
fuu frda,aj,ska by< u frda,g uq¥ka frda, o" Wla we;=,a lrk frda,
fmdaIl frda, o" msgqmi frda, msgjk frda, o" f,i y¥qkajkq ,efí'
weUreï wxYh MILL HOUSE
weUreï hka;%h MILL

16. 31
weUreï hka;%h MILL
32
B;, uÕska fmkajd we;s wdldrhg N%uKh jk frda,a w;rg ieliQ Wla
we;=,a l< úg tajd weUrS msgjk frda, w;rska my<g jefÜ tu
ia:dkfha we;s N%uKh jk wdfrdaylh uÕska kej;;a fo jk weUreï
hka;%h fj; fhduqlrkq ,efí'
tuÕska weUrS bj;a jk hqI fmdaIl frda,;a msgjk frda,;A w;rska hg
we;s mS,a,g tl;= fõ' th hqI we, hkqfjka y÷qkajkq ,efí' m<uq
weTreï hka;%fhka fjkajk Wla frdvqj,g fojk weUreï hka;%hg
fhuq lsrSug fmr thg ;=ka jk weUreï hka;%fhka wUrd bj;a lrk
,o hqI tlalr tuÕska f;;a lr wk;=re j th wdfrdayl má uÕska
fo jk weUreï hka;%h fj;g fhduq flfr®' by; wdldrhg fo jk
weUreï hka;%fhka bj;ajk Wla frdvqj,g y;r jk weUreï
hka;%fhka fjkajk hqI uÕska f;;alr ;=ka jk weUreï hka;%h fj;
fhduq lrkq ,efí' by; wdldrhg u fuu ia:dkfhka weUrS bj;ajk
Wla frdvq j,g P, ógrhla yryd .kakd ,o c,h tlalr y;r jk
weUreï hka;%fhka wjika weUrSu is¥lrkq ,efí' fuysoS msgjk frdvq
jdIam W÷fka oyk lghq;= i|yd m%fhdaPkhg .kq ,efí'
m<uq iy fo jk weUreï hka;% uÕska bj;alr .kakd hqIj,
idkaøKh b;d wêl h' hï ia:dkhl fïjd m;s; ù ;snqk fyd;a
jdhqf.da,fha we;s nelaàrshd iy os,Sr fïjd u; m;s; ù Tjqkaf.a cSjk
l%shdjka wdrïN lrhs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i úYd, nelaàrshd iy os,Sr
>kdjdi f.dvkef.a' fuys fldgia hqI .uka .kakd k, udr®. Tiafia
f.dia l=yr jeks ia:dkj, ia:dk.; ù ks;r u w¨;a jk hqI iu.
Tjqkaf.a cSjl%shd wdrïN lrhs' tys w;=re ksIamdokhla f,i fmd,s;Ska
jeks f.da, iEoS ;sfnkq oelsh yels h' fïjd c,fha wødjH fuka u
>k;ajfhka o jeâ m%n, NIauj, muKla ødjKh jk øjHhls'
ødjKfha idkaøKh wˆyqKq jeks øjHla uÕska jeâ l< fyd;a by<g
weUrSfï hdka;%Kh

17. 33
bms<Sula oelsh yels h' fuuÕska is
fy,Su;a k, udr®. wjysr ùu;a j<lajd
m<uq iy fo jk mS,sj,g tl;=jk hqI fmrd bj
N%uKh jk is,skavrdldr fmfkarh ;=<g fhduq
hqI we;=,aùu
ka is¥jk ydksh jk iqlafrdaia ì|
lajd .; yels h'
j,g tl;=jk hqI fmrd bj;a lsrSu i|yd
dldr fmfkarh ;=<g fhduq flfr®'
fmrd bj;a jk hqI
je,s bj;a jk
gexlshg f.khdu
N%uKh jk
is,skavrh
34
fuuÕska fmrd bj;a jk Wla hqI" je,s bj;a lsrSug we
,efí' b;srs jk Wla frdvq fo jk weUre
f,i ilid we;'
hqIhqIhqIhqIj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%h
Wla hqIj, wvx.= øjH mrSCId lsrSu i|yd
ksmojd we;' tkï"
1' hqIj, osh ù we;s ødjHh wxY=j, idkaøK fidhd
REFACTOMETAR WmlrKh
2' tys wvx.= iSks m%udKh fidhd .ekSu i|yd
O%ejKudKh m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí'
Brix hkqfjka y÷qkajkq ,nkafka nr wkqj
.;aõg tys oshù we;s ødjHh wxY= nr wkqj fldgia .Kk
ridhkd.drfha ls%hdjka
je,s bj;a lsrSug we;s gexlshg hjkq
jk weUreï lÜg,hg weo yef,k
j, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%h
lsrSu i|yd õfYaI WmlrK folla
j, idkaøK fidhd .ekSu i|yd BRIX
.ekSu i|yd POLARI METAR fkdfyd;a
qkajkq ,nkafka nr wkqj ødjKh fldgia 100la
we;s ødjHh wxY= nr wkqj fldgia .Kk hs' tkï
ridhkd.drfha ls%hdjka

18. 35
ødjKh fldgia 100la ødjHh wxY= fldgia 18'5la we;s nj;aa h' ^18'5
Brix hkqfjka y÷kajhs'& fuu ødjHh wxY= w;r iqlafrdaia" .a,Qfldaia"
mDlafgdaia" ,jK jr®. iy Wla Ydlfhys P,fha oshjk øjH wvx.=
h'
Pol hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka nr wkqj ødjKh fldgia 100l wvx.=
iqlafrdaia muKla wvx.= fldgia .Kk hs' tu w.h ks;ru Brix w.hg
wvq w.hla .kS' ^fuu WmlrK ms<sn| úia;rhla miq msfgys i|yka
fõ'&
c,h .a 57'12
oshjk øjHh .a 10'88
hqI .a 68 la
wvx.=jk øjKfhys
Wla .a 100 u.ska;ka;=uh øjHh
.a15'36
iSka .a 0'64
jdIamSlrKfhka c,h .a
70iSks iaMál .a 9'52
r;a lsrSu
36
je,s bj;a lsrSfï l%shdj,sfhka wk;=re j Wla hqI iSks fjka lr .ekSu
i|yd fhduq lrkq ,efí' m%:ufhka u nr lsÍfï tallh yryd .uka
lrùfuka ,efnk hqIj, nr .Kkh lr .kq ,efí' fï i|yd
õfYaIfhka ilia l< WmlrKhla we;' th is,skavrhla hqI fgdka
3'26 uÕska msrS wjika jQjdg miq iu;=,s;;dj ì|Su fya;=fjka" õjD;
ùu;a ysia jQjdhska miq kej; jeiSu;a is¥ úh yels mrsÈ ;kd we;s
hka;%hls'
ishhg 76 muK c,h
ishhg 13 muK iqlafrdaia
ishhg 3 muK iSks fkd jk fjk;a øjHh
ishhg 0'5 muK wldnksl wˆ jr®.
ishhg 17 muK ;ka;= jr®.
hqI ñY%Kfhys mia" jr®Kl" uv" iy jdhq jr®. wvx.=jk ksid tu
ødjKh ,d wˆmdfÜ isg ;o fld<mdg jr®Khla .kS' fuys wka;r®.;
øjHh m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod fjka lr .; yel'
1' oshjk øjHh soluble matters
iqlafrdaia" .A,Qfldaia" mDlafgdaia" ldfndlai,sla weisÜ" ,jKjr®." weuhsfkda
weisfÜâ" fmdiafmaÜ" i,afmaÜ" is,sflaÜ" fidaähï khsÜfÜ%Ü" fmdgEishï"
le,aishï iy ue.akSishï'
2' wj,ïì; øjHh suspended matters
ishqñ ne.Eia l=vq" mia" bá" laf,dafrd*s,a" iy we,aìhqñka jr®.'
3' l,s, modr®: colloidal matte
mia" fïo" bá" fm%daàka" .ï" fmlaàka" gekska" jr®Kl øjHh'
Wla hqIj, nr lsrd .ekSu'
hqIj, wvx.= øjHh MIXED

19. 37
uË iy l,s, iy; hqI ødjKh r;a lr fmrd .ekSu uÕska tys
wvx.= wmøjHh fjka lr .; yel'
.ï iy fmlaàka we;=ˆ j l,s, jr®. weUÍfï § ødjKhg tl;= fõ'
fuu ødjKhg wˆyqKq ouñka PH w.h 8'8 olajd jeälrf.k h;au
fmlaàka le,aishï fmlafÜÜ njg;a .ï jr®. wjfÌaamhla f,ig;a
;ekam;a fõ' fïjd o fmrd .ekSu u.ska bj;a lr .; yel'
ldnksl wï, wˆyqKq tl;= lsßu uÕska WodiSklr bj;a lr .; yel'
tfia fkdù iaMálSlrKh olajd u .uka .kakd wï, jr®. o we;'
le,aishï iy fidaähï ,jK uÕska ødjkfha oDiai%dù;dj viscosity
jeälrk w;r u iaMálSlrK fõ.h wvq lrkq ,efí' fndfyduhla
,jK wˆyqKq iu. wjfÌamjk w;ru iaj,amhla ,jK jr®.
fud,Eiia olajd .uka lrhs'
jr®Kl ldrl Colouring Matter
geksks jr®Klh wvx.= j mj;sk w;r ielßka yqKq iu. úYd,
leá;a;la ù wjfÌam fõ' fndfyduhla jr®Kl c,fha wødjHh jk
w;r tajd m%;sldrl uÕska bj;a fõ'
fïoh iy bá fats and waxes
bá jr®. idudkHh WIaK;ajfha oS osh fõ' fuh l,s,hla f,i ±l.;
yel'
nr igyka lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej r;a lsrsu wdrïN l< hq;= h'
tfy;a hqI wdï,sl udOHfhka iukaõ; ksid ^ pH w.h 5 muK jk&
wêl WIaK;ajhlg r;al< fyd;a iqlafrdaia" .a,Qfldaia njg m;a fõ'
fuh wju lr .ekSu i|yd m%:ufhka m%d:ñl ;dmlh yryd hjd
fi'f.%a' wxYl 65 ;a 70 ;a w;r WIaK;ajhlg r;a lr.kq ,efí'
wmøjHh bj;alr .kakd wdldrh
m%d:ñl ;dmlh
38
fuuÕska Ydl tkaihsuj, l%shdldrs;ajh o wek ysà' bka wk;=re j osh
lr idod .kakd ,o wˆ calcium hydrocarbo base yqKq tla lrñka
wdï,sl;dj WodiSk jk" tkï pH w.h 7'5 jk f;la wˆ yqKq tl;=
lrkq ,efí'
Wla hqI r;alsrSug m%:u my; i|yka f;dr;=re ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla
;sìh hq;= h' iSks .a,Qfldaia njg fmr<Sug n,mdk m%Odk lrekq ;=kls'
tkï"
1' WIaK;ajh 2' pH w.h 3' ld,h h'
WIaK;aj
h
6 pH
6.2
pH
6.4
pH
6.6
pH
6.8
pH
7 pH
50c
0.00
1
0.000
63
0.000
4
0.000
25
0.000
16
0.000
1
80c
0.03
3
0.021 0.013 0.008
3
0.005
2
0.003
3
100c 0.21 0.13 0.084 0.053 0.034 0.021
120c 1.1 0.7 0.44 0.28 0.18 0.11
by; i|yka lreKqj,g wkqj fmkS hkafka wvq pH w.hla iys;j
jeä WIAK;ajhlg r;a lsrsfuka tys wvx.= iqlafrdaia úkdY jk njhs'
yqKq oshr uÕska WodiSk jq hqI ødjKh oaú;Shsl ;dmlh fj; we;=,a
fõ' tys we;s .uka uÕ wjika jk úg hqI ødjKh fi'f.%a' wxYl 110
g r;a ù we;' wk;=re j th msrsmy¥ gexlshg fhduq lrkq ,efì'
oaú;Shsl ;dmlh Secondry heater

20. 39
;dmlhka yryd hqI mrsjy
ógr® 4 la Wi iy ógr® 2 l úIalï
wêl nrlska hq;a mshka follska jid we;af;a rnr® ;yvq u
frdaol jk whqrsks' by< mshk uÕska fldgq tllg ng 64la wvx.= jk
fia l,dm 15la wdjrKh lrkq ,nk w;r" tys hg mshk
wdldrhg u is¥ lrkq ,enqj;a fldgq 14 fjka lrmq wdldrfha fjkila
we;' fï wdldrfha ieliqulska n,dfmdfrd;a;=
we;=<; r;a lr .ekSug we;s uÕ osla lr .ekSuls'
wˆ yqkQm%:u ;dmlh
fi' f.%a' wxYl
65-70
pH 5.5
;dmlhka yryd hqI mrsjykh
Nhla jk is,skavrhla Wv iy hg
l nrlska hq;a mshka follska jid we;af;a rnr® ;yvq uÕska jdhq
ska fldgq tllg ng 64la wvx.= jk
fia l,dm 15la wdjrKh lrkq ,nk w;r" tys hg mshk o by;
q ,enqj;a fldgq 14 fjka lrmq wdldrfha fjkila
ldrfha ieliqulska n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkqfha l=vd wjldYhla
osla lr .ekSuls'
fojk ;dmlh
fi' f.%a' wxYl
110
pH 8
yqkQ
40
msßis¥ lsÍfï m%Odk wruqK ødjKfha wvx.= wmøjHh
^impurities) bj;a lr .ekSu;a" ,efnk ødjKh
(brilliant) hqla;lr .eksu;a" iqlafrdaia ì|
is,skavrdldr msrsmy¥ gexlsfha by<
wxYl 110 g r;a jQ hqI fmdïmhl wdOdrfhka f
wdldrhg úoskq ,efí' fuh ir®ms,dl
.uka lrhs túg hqI b;d l=vd l=vd wxY= njg m;a
l=Kdgqjl wdldrhla yg .kS" fuys m%
mSvkhla o wjg jeä mSvkhla o yg
we;s jdhq jr®. ue|g .uka lr msg;g bj;a f
f*df,dlshq,kaÜ kï ridhkh hqI ød
by< isg my<g b;d u iSrefjka .uka lrjkq ,ef
lrkq ,enQ LT26 f*df,lshq,kaÜ ridh
õfYaI yelshdjla we;' thg wdfrdamKh jQ u
msrsmy¥ gexlsfha jHqyh DISCRIPTION OF THE
;dmlhl Wv iy há mshka u.ska l=àr fjkalr we;s whqre
ødjKfha wvx.= wmøjHh jeämqr m%udKhla
,efnk ødjKh oSma;su;a jr®Khlska
iqlafrdaia ì| fy,su wju lr .ekSu;a h'
gexlsfha by< u we;s l=vd gexlshg fi'f.%a'
mhl wdOdrfhka fõ.j;a myrl
s,dldr .uka udr®.h Tiafia we;=<g
g hqI b;d l=vd l=vd wxY= njg m;a ù tu ia:dkfha
dgqjl wdldrhla yg .kS" fuys m%;sM,hla f,i wNHka;rh wvq
yg .kSs' fuu fjki fya;=fjka oshù
lr msg;g bj;a fõ' wk;=re j
qI ødjKhg tl;= lr th gexlsfha
u iSrefjka .uka lrjkq ,efí' wm õiska tl;=
ridhkfhys uv wxY= w,a,d .ekSfï
thg wdfrdamKh jQ uv wxY= wdlr®IKh fõ'
DISCRIPTION OF THE CL ARIFIER
;dmlhl Wv iy há mshka u.ska l=àr fjkalr we;s whqre

21. 41
fï wdldrhg nr jqkq uv wxY= úYd, leá;a; iEu ;Ügqjl u my<
wjlafIamhla f,i ;ekam;a fõ' hïs fyhlska hqIj, oshù ;snqk jdhqj
bj;a ù fkd;snqkfyd;a tu jdhq nqnq,q uv leoe,a, hg tl;= ù uvj,
nr wvq lrñka kej;;a by<g f.khkq ,efí' th hqI msrsis¥ lsrSug
ndOdjls' ksishdldr j ødjKfhys hqI iy uv fjka jQ miq by<ska
msrsis¥ hqI msgdr .,k l%uhlg;a my<ska wjfCIamjk uv b;du;a u
wvq fõ.hlska N%uKh jk uv fmdarejl Wmldrfhka uv we,s fj;g
;,a,qq lr tu ia:dkfhka hdka;%sl j ls%hd lrk msIagka wdOdrfhka fjk
fjk u gexls follg .kq ,efí' wjfCIam jQ uv bj;a lsrSfï fõ.h
u; ;j ;j;a uv ;eka m;a ùu r|d mj;S'
msrsis¥ldrl gexlshys by< u CIKsl j l=Kdgqjl wdldrhla iEosh
yels l=vd gexlshla we;' úYd, is,skavrdldr gexlsh ;Ügq y;rlskaa
iukaú; h' tl ;Ügqjla >K ógr® 72 mrsudjla ork w;r tu
;Ügqjla kej;;a mqkS,dldr yev ork fn¥ï fldgia y;rlg fnod
we;'
fuu ieu fldgil u by<ska msrsis¥ hqI ,nd .ekSug yels mßos újr
o my<ska uv bj;alr .ekSug yels mßos újr o we;' tys tl
fldgil Odrs;dj >K ógr® 18'4 la muK fõ'
is,skavrfha ue| is¥rla iys; nghla iúlr we;' tu nghg b;d
fiñka N%uKh jk ndyq iys; ;Ügqu; f;rmqula we;s lr .; yels
mrsos rnr® ;yvq iú lrk ,o hdka;%sl moaO;shla we;' N%uKh ùfï oS
uOHh wCIfhys we;s ngh ;=<g uË tl;=fjk mrsos by; rnr® ;yvq
ksr®udKh lr we; uOH wCIfhys we;s N%uKh jk moaO;sh b;du wvq
fõ.hlska N%uKh ùug i,iajd we;'
msrsis¥ldrlh kj;d ;eîug m%:u lrk mQr®j iQodku
Precautions During Shutdown
42
weUrSu is¥lrk ld,h ;=< oS jdIamSlrK Wÿkaj, kv;a;=j i|yd
kej;Sula l< fyd;a msrsis¥ldrlh ;=< wvx.= hqI iïmQr®Kfhka u
wjika lsrSug fkd yel' fujeks wjia:djl oS tys wvx.= hqI krla
fkd ù l,a;nd .ekSug wjYH m%;sldrl l<hq;= h' wdï,sl;dj ke;s
lr.; hq;= h' ta i|yd kej;Sug meh fol ;=klg l,ska wˆ yqKq
tl;= lrñka PH w.h 7'5 isg 8'5 olajd jeälr .; hq;= h' wvq PH
w.hla hgf;a jeä WIaK;ajhlg ;nd fkd .; hq;= h' fufia
jeäfõ,djla ;nd .ekSu fya;=fjka ødjKh ;o w÷re jr®Khla ,nd
.kq ±lsh yels h' weUrSu k;r lsrSug meh 1$2 g muK fmr isg
nelaàßhd ur®okhg wjYH jk nelaàßhd kdYl tl;= l< hq;= h'
WIaK;ajh fi f.%a wxYl 95 muK mj;ajd .; hq;= h gexlsfha wvx.=
uv m%udKh b;d u wvq uÜgul ;nd .; hq;= h'
msßisÿ ldrlhl wNHka;r fldgil rEm igykla

22. 43
msrsis¥ l< hqI pH
w.h 7'5 iy WIaK;ajh wxYl 105 muK f
fuu hqI m<uq j b;d l=vd is¥re iys; oe,lska fmrd jdIamSlrKh
i|yd we;s W÷ka ;=<g hjhs' tu hqI
iSrefjka
N%uKhjk
uv fmdare
hqI msgdr
.e,Su
isÿjk
ia:dkh
5 iy WIaK;ajh wxYl 105 muK fõ'
re iys; oe,lska fmrd jdIamSlrKh
g hjhs' tu hqIj, oshù we;s øjHj, idkaøKh
lmdG
uv tl;=
lr .kakd
k, udr®.h
uË bj;g
.ekSug
we;s udr®.
44
u|la wvq jk w;r tys we;s iSks m%udKh tf,
rkajka meyehla .kakd w;r ;rula m%ikak iqj|lska
Brix = 12.00 Pol = 10.5 Density
bj;a lr .;a øj u
fjka lr .ekSug uv fmrKh fj;g fhduq lr
uv fmrKh MUD FILTER
uv fmrKh wNHka;r ±laula
ldr®hh Duty
e;s iSks m%udKh tf,i u mj;S' fuu ø%djKh
rkajka meyehla .kakd w;r ;rula m%ikak iqj|lska o hqla; h'
Density≠ 1'05
bj;a lr .;a øj uv" tys we;s hqI iy uv
fmrKh fj;g fhduq lrkq ,efí'
MUD FILTER
wNHka;r ±laula

23. 45
hqI mßsi¥ldrlh ;=< ;ekam;a jQ uv
iy uv fnrh Ndú;fhka fjka lr .ekSu
Wmlrk Equipment
N%uKrsla;l uv fmrKh Rotary Vacuum Filter
WmlrKfha úia;rh Discription of Equipment
l=vd isÿre iys; u, fkd nefok ±,lska msg; mDIaGh wdjrKh lrk
,o fnrhl yevh orK is,skavrh" ;sria wCIhla Tiafia N%uKh ùug
i,iajd we; tu is,skav%dldr fnrfha fldgila uv ødjKfha .s,S
N%uKh ùug i,iajd we; b;sß fldgi pQIk k,hg iïnkao
we;'fnrfha wNhka;rh LKavl 24
iEu Lkavlhlg u u, fkd nefok ng iïnkaolr we;
±,l iajrEmhla f.k we;' fuu WmlrKh úkdählg jg 2 isg 5
olajd N%uKh l< yels h'
msrsmy¥ gexlsfhka ,nd.kakd uv ødp
bj;alsrSug yels mrSÈ mQr®j iQodkula
c, jdIam
v ødjKfhka tys wvx.= iSks" c,h
lr .ekSu'
Rotary Vacuum Filter
Discription of Equipment
±,lska msg; mDIaGh wdjrKh lrk
vrh" ;sria wCIhla Tiafia N%uKh ùug
i,iajd we; tu is,skav%dldr fnrfha fldgila uv ødjKfha .s,S
fldgi pQIk k,hg iïnkao j
avl 24 lg muK fnod fjka lr we;'
nefok ng iïnkaolr we;' th ul=ˆ
fuu WmlrKh úkdählg jg 2 isg 5
pKfhka b;d myiqfjka uv muKla
mQr®j iQodkula l< hq;= h'
we;s,af,k rnr®
máh
N%uKh jk rnr®
máh
øj uË wvx.=
Ndckh
46
fï i|yd myiq u l%uh f,i wUrd bj;a lrk ne.eia b;d u l=vd
isÿre iys; ±,la Wäka heùug i,iajd tys § fjka jk fldgi
^ne.isf,da& uv iuÕ ñY%lr ñY%Khla ido .kq ,efí tu ñY%Kh
wr®O is,skav%dldr Ndckhg oud fnrhl yevh ork l=vd isÿre iys;
is,skavrh b;d u wvq fõ.fhka tkï úkdä tlg jg 5 ne.ska
N%uKh ùug i<iapkq ,efí' Ma iu. u jQIK fmdïmhg iïnkaO k,
udr®.hla Wmldrfhka fnrh we;=<; mSvkh wvq lrkq ,efís' oeka
we;=<; iy msg; mSvk fpki fya;=fpka ;,mhl wdldrhg tu
ñY%Kh is,skavrfha msg; mDIaGfha wef,a' fuys we;s iújr;djh;a
taldldr ne.isf,da ñY%Kh;a fya;=fjka b;d myiqfjka msg; isg we;=<g
uvj, ;snqKq øp wxY= .uka lrkq we;' th kej;;a msrsmy¥ gexlshg
tl;= fõ'
>k pq uË fnrfhys í;a;sfha we,S .uka lrk úg tys we;s,af,k
rnr® ;yvqp Wmldrfhka .e,ù .uka lrk rnr® máhg pefÜ' tu
uË fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .efka '
tu uvj, fldgia ishhl
P,h 76 iSks 02 úh,s uv 22
by; uË ldnksl fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .efka"
mssrsisÿ lr .;a hqI ødjKfha jdIamSlrk l%shdj,sh fuu ia:dkfhka
wdrïN lrkq ,efí' fuu hqIj, PH w.h 7'5 muK o tys idkaøKh
^Brix& 12'5 - 15'5 muKo fõ jdIamSlrKfhka miq hqIj, idkaøKh 60
65 úh hq;= h' jdIamSlrKh i|yd fjku u Wÿka moaO;shla we;'
jdIamslrKh Evaporation

24. 47
jdIamSlrK WjdIamSlrK WjdIamSlrK WjdIamSlrK W÷÷÷÷fkfkfkfka ksr®udKha ksr®udKha ksr®udKha ksr®udKh
uq,a wjÈfh § jdIamSlrK W÷ka ÖkÉpÜáj,ska ksr®udKh lr we;
jr®;udkfha uD¥ hlvj,ska ksmo jkq ,efí' fuys wOsl m%idrK;djh;a
ìf|k iq¨;djh;a wvq h' th Wiska ññS 1630 la iy úIalïNh ññ
4400 muK jk is,skav%dldr Wi Wÿkls' fuys ññ 3000 muK Wig
ññ 42 muK úIalïNhla we;s hlv ng 3768 la iúlr we;' fuu
ish,qu ng by<ska iy my<ska wNHka;rhg iïnkaO úh yels h'
tfuka u ish¨q u ngj, msg; mDIaGhka tlsfkl iïnkaO úh yels h'
tfy;a lsis úfgl;a ngj, we;=<; iy msg; mDIaG fudku
weldrhlskaj;a jdhqjlska fyda øjhlska iïnkaO úh fkd yel' Wÿfka
flakaø wCIfhys ngj,ska iukaú; fldgfiys úYd, is,skav%dldr isÿrla
we;' th ïó 1100 muK fõ' ngj, ndysr mDIaG c, jdIamj,ska
iïnkao jk w;r ngj, wNHka;r mDIaG Wla hqIfhka msrS by<g
.uka lr uOHhfha we;s úYd, is,skavrdldr újrh uÕska kej;;a
my<g weo ye,S thg iïnkao jdIamSlrK Wÿkg tl;= fõ' ógr®
;=kla muK Wi ng iú lr we;s m%foaYhg le,ekaâ%hdj hk kñka
y÷qkajkq ,efí' we;=<; keröug yels jk mrsos le,ekaä%shdj uÜgñka
by<g ù¥re rjqïj,ska jik ,o újr y;rla we;' le,ekav%shdjg
by<ska ysia wjldYh ïós 630 muK Wila we;' by< u fldgfiys
c, jdIam msgùug újrhla iy >kSNjkh fkd jk jdhq jr®. msgùug
fjk;a újrhla o we;'
r;ajk mDIaGfha jr®. M,h } 1500 m2
áhqí .Kk } 7368
úIalïNh } 4'4 M
wNHka;r isÿfrys úIalïNh' } 1'1 M
48
jdIamSlrK Wÿfkys l%Shdj,sh
msrsisÿ lr .;a Wla hqI m<uq pdIamSlrK W
my<ska we;=,a lr le,ekaâ%hdp yry
lrpkq ,efí' fï iuÕu weUreï
yryd tkq ,nk by< WIaK;aphl we;
jk ix;Dma; c, jdIam npg m;alr le,eka
msáka .uka lrjkq ,efí' ngj, we;=<ska by<g hk hqI r;a
le,ekaâ%hdp ue| we;s úYd, újrh ;=<ska my<g weo ye,s fo
kys l%Shdj,sh
lr .;a Wla hqI m<uq pdIamSlrK Wÿfkys le,ekaâ%hdjg
yryd we;s ng osf.a by<g .uka
uOHia:dkh iy úÿ,s n,d.drh
we;s c, pdIam fi f.%a wxYl 120
dIam npg m;alr le,ekaâ%hdp yryd we;s ngp,g
' ngj, we;=<ska by<g hk hqI r;aù
rh ;=<ska my<g weo ye,s fo jeks
ysia wjldYh
jdhq jr®. bj;a
lrk újrh
jdIam msgjk
újrh

25. 49
pdIamSlrK Wÿkg we;=ˆ fõ' le,ekaâ%hdp ;=<g we;=,a pQ c, pdIam
my<ska we;s l=àrh ;=<g we;=,a ù c,h npg m;a fõ tapd kej;
by< WIaK;apfha c, jdIam npg m;a lsrSug jdIam Wÿkg hpkq ,efí'
hqI r;a ùu fya;=fpka tys ;snQ c,h le,ekaâ%hdpg by< wpldYhg
f.dia k, udr®. Tiafia fo jks jdIamSlrK Wÿfka le,ekaâ%hdp ;=<
we;s ngj,g msáka we;=,a fõ' fï wdldrhg jdIamSlrK Wÿka myla
yryd hqI .uka lrpkq ,efí' y;r iy mia jk Wÿaj, oS tys
WIaKk;ajh wvq ùu fya;=fjka c,h jdIam lsrSu wiSre fõ thg
ms<shula f,i tu Wÿka folys u mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg jvd wvq
lr we; ^riosh fi ó 60& túg l%ufhka hqIj, wvx.= c,h bp;a ù
idkaø% jQ ødpKhla ,efí' th meKs f,i y÷kapkq ,nhs' jdIamSlrK
Wÿkg we;=,a lrk úg hqIj, idkaøKh 13 la muK jqj;a meKs npg
m;a jQjdg miq idkaøKh 65 laa muK fõ' fuys oS msgjQ c,h jeä
m%udKhla jdIam Wÿkg hpkq ,efí' m<uq jdIamSlrK Wÿfkka fo jk
jdIamSlrK Wÿkg hk jdIamj,sska fldgila msg; jdhqp Wmfhda.S lr
.ksñka wxYl 70 WIaK;aphg wvq lrf.k m%d:ñl ;dmlhg hpkq
,efí' fï iEu jdIam .ukaa udr®.hla u ;dm mrsjdrl øpH uÕska
wdjrKh lr we;' tu ksid isÿqjk ;dm ydksh o b;d wvq h'
meKsj, fN!;sl ;;a;ajh
ØjH wxY=ka nr
wkqj
iqlafrdaia nr wkqj mdrSY=oaO;dj
65 51 78•5
50
jdIamSlrK W÷fkys yria lv
^le,ekaû%hdj yryd&
lr®udka; Yd,dfõ jdIamSlrK W÷ka moaO;sfha fN!;sl f;dr;=re
jdIamSlrK
W÷ka
1 2
mSvkh
msg;$
we;=,;
2$ 1 1/ 0.5
WIaK;ajh 120$11
0
110$100
mrsjdrl 40mm 40 mm
mDIaGsl j$
m
15002
700 m2
hlv ng 3768 2260
we;=,;
úIalïNh
4.4m 3.6m
hlvng
úIalïNh
45mm 45mm
Wi 11.63 10.42m
le,ekav%shd
Wi
3.0m 2.34m
fkys yria lv
hdj yryd&
ka moaO;sfha fN!;sl f;dr;=re ì|la
3 4 5
0.5/
0.75
0.75/
0.15
0.75/
100$90 90$80 80$70
40 mm 40mm 40mm
600 m2
700m2
600m2
2260 2341 2260
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
45mm 45mm 45mm
10.08m 10.08
m
10.08m
2.0m 2.0m 2.0m
uOH újrh
jdIam ndOlh
jdIam we;=,ajSu
hlv ng
n|
;dm
mrSjdrl

26. 51
jdIamSlrK WjdIamSlrK Wÿk
52
Wÿka moaO;s yryd hqI .uka lsrSf
yqud,h Wmfhda.Slr .ksñka ;dmh yqjudrej jk wdldrh
ia,rs SLURRY
ia,rs hkqfjka y¥kajkqfha iSksj, wka
iSks wxY+ka úfYaIhls' fuh idod.kq ,nkafka iSks osh
jk tXre f;,a iy ìhqgfkda,a j, iSks
ld,hla hka;%dkqidrfhka ñY%lr idod .kakd
iys; ñY%Khls'
wvx.= øjHh
iSks .a?ï 750" tËref;,a ñ,s,Sgr® 750"
2250'
jdIamwe;=,ajSu
hqI
>kS Njkh jQ c,h kej; fndhsf,arejg
ryd hqI .uka lsrSfï oS idkaøKh jeäùu
ka ;dmh yqjudrej jk wdldrh
SLURRY
kajkqfha iSksj, wkaùCISh or®Ykhla jk b;d l=vd
fYaIhls' fuh idod.kq ,nkafka iSks osh fkd jk øjH
kda,a j, iSks iaMál meh y;rl muK
Y%lr idod .kakd ,o b;d l=vd iSks wxY+ka
,s,Sgr® 750" ìhqgfkda,a ñ,s,Sgr®
meKs
>kS Njkh jQ c,h kej; fndhsf,arejg

27. 53
iaMálSlrKh
Crystallization
´kEu ødjKhla ksh; WIaK;ajhl oS iy ksh; mSvkhl oS oshù ;sìh
yels ødjH wxY= ixLHdj ksh;hls' tu wjia:dj tu øjKfha ix;Dma;
wjia:dj f,i y¥kajkq ,efí'
iSks wvx.= ødjKhl c,h bj;a lrñka tys idkaøKh jeä lrf.k
hkúg tl wjiatdjl os tu øjKh ix;Dma; øjKhla njg m;afõ'
;j¥rg;a c,h bj;a lrk úg iu;=,s;;dj /l .ekSu i|yd iSks
wKq tlg tl;= ù wxY= njg m;afõ' ;j ;j;a c,h bj;a lrk úg
wxY= jgd ;j ;j;a iSks wKq tl;=ù iaMál njg m;afõ'
rsrsrsrsla;l jdIamSlrKhla;l jdIamSlrKhla;l jdIamSlrKhla;l jdIamSlrKh PPPPPPPPAAAAAAAANNNNNNNN BBBBBBBBOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNGGGGGGGG
fuysoS m%Odk fldg i<lkq ,nkafka meKs ødjKfha ødjHh ;;a;ajfha
mj;sk iqlafrdaia wKqj,ska jeäu m%udKhla iqlafrdai iaMÜl f,i fjka
lr .ekSu hs'
iSks ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS ix;Dma; meKs ødjKh fi f.%a wxYl 70 l
WmrSu WIaK;ajhloS;a riosh fi ó 60 l jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhlg jvd
wvq mSvkhloS;a meKs fyda fu,Eiiaj, wvx.= c,h jdIamSlrKh lrkq
,efí'
by; tl;= lrk øjHhj, ¥iai%dù;djh o b;d by< h tfuka u
ix;Dma; jQ meKs ødjKfha idkaøKh o ishhg 70 muK fõ fufia
ùug fya;=j idkaø jQ iSks ødjKhg wu;r j b;srs jQ wmøjHh jk
ue,shï bá we;=Æ j ldnksl iy wldnksl ,jK jr®. wka;r®.; ùu
h' ix;Dma; jQ meKs ødjKhg ia,rs tl;= lr tu ødjKfha c,h
bj;a lsrsfuka taldldr iaMál ,nd .; yels h' fuu ñY%Khys we;s
iaMál jgd iqlafrdaia wKq tl;=ù wvq ld,iSudjlska taldldr jQ iSks leg
ksmojd .; yel' fufia ksmofjk Wl= ;r,hla ;=< wvx.= ñY%Kh
ueislshqÜ hk kñka y¥kajkq ,efí'
54
iaMálSlrK Wÿqka Vacuum Pan
iMálSlrK Wÿka o jdIamslrK Wÿqka fuka u h' fuyso le,ekaâ%hdj"
iy thg by<ska msysá ysia wjldYh rsla;l k, moaO;shs" jdhq jr®.
bj;a lrSug we;s lmdg" WIak;ajh iy mSvkh ±k .ekSug we;s
WmlrK" wNHka;rh ksrSIKhg újr o wdrCIl lmdg wdoSsh o
we;=<;a fõ' le,ekaâ%hdfõ we;s hlv ng ;rula úIalïNfhka jeäh
th u< fkd nef|k jdfkaj,ska wNHka;rh b;d iqug mDIaGhla isák
f,i iy w.,a y;rla muK úIalïNhla isák f,i ksmojd we;' wvq
WIaK;ajfhka c,h jdIamlsrsug we;s ksid Wÿk we;=<; msvkh wvq
lsrsug pQIk k, udr®.hla iïnkaO lr we;' tuÕska >kSNjkh fkd
jk jdhq jr®.;a" by<g .uka lrk c, jdIam bj;a lsrSu;a Wÿk
we;=<; mSvkh wvqlr .ekSu;a is¥lr.kq ,efí' Wÿk we;=<;
yg.kakd by< ;dmh bj;a lsrSu i|yd úfYaI c, k,hla iïnkao
lr we;' fuu k<h úYalaïNfhka wä 2la iy Wiska wä 33 la muK
jk úYd, k,hls' th ;=<ska wêl fõ.fhka c,h úoskq ,efí' tu
c,h ;eál jeoS l=vd l=vd wxY= jYfhka my<g weo yef,a' fuu wxY=
yd c, jdIam tl;= ù W÷k ;=< meKsj, idkaøKh jeä lsrSu;a
wNHka;rfhys WIaK;ajh ksh; j mj;ajd .ekSu;a is¥ lrkq ,efí'
Wÿk we;=<; l%shdj fõ.j;a j lr .ekSu i|yd fufia ;dmh bj;a
lsrSfï l%shdj b;d jeo.;a fõ' fï i|yd msg;ska meñKs c,h r;aùu
ksid by; l%shdjg ndOd meñfKa th uÕ yrjd .ekSu i|yd tu r;a jq
c,fhys WIaK;ajh wvq lsrSug úfYaI isis,k moaO;shla we;'
r;a lsrsu i|yd msg;ska le,ekaâ%hdj ;=<g meñfKk c, jdIam ;dm
yqj udrefjka miq >kSNjkh ù my<g tl;= fõ' ta iuÕ meñfKk
>ks Njkh fkd jk jdhqjr®. ta ioyd we;s k, udr®.h Tiafia bj;a
fõ'

28. 55
c, jdIam
c,h úoSu
ueislshqÜ msgjk
újrh
jd
hq
j
r®
.
b
j
;a
jS
u
pQIK fmdïmh
c,h l=vd wxY=
njg m;alrk
;eáh
c,uqø%d k,h
we, udr®.h
ne
frda
ue
á
la
l
ka
fv
ka
i
r
h
56
iaMálSlrK W÷fka we;s jdIam nefrdaueála lkafvkairh
uÕska bj;a fjk wdldrh oelafjk moaO;sh
ksIamdokh lrk iSks jr®.
ta iSks" î iSks" iy iS iSk' W÷fkka bj;a lr isks fjka lrk wjiatdj
olajd thg ueislshqÜ hk ku Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
idkaøKh iSksm%udK
h
Y=oaO;d
j
Ndú; ku
A
ueislshqÜ
91 45 ] 84 tA iSks
BS
ueislshqÜ
93 40 ] 75 nS iSks
C
ueislshqÜ
98 35 ] 59 iS iSks
iSks jr®. jr®Kh >k;ajh iaMál m%udKh ødjH;dj
A ueislshqÜ ,d ¥qTqre 1' 4 45] fydoska oshfõ
B ueislshqÜ ¥Tqre 1' 5 40] ;rula oshfõ
C ueislshqÜ ;o ¥Tqre 1'51 35] b;d wmyiqh

29. 57
iaMiaMiaMiaMáááálSlrKfhys hdka;lSlrKfhys hdka;lSlrKfhys hdka;lSlrKfhys hdka;%%%%KKKKhhhh
iS lksld ksIamdokh C seed
meKs >k ógr® 20 muK f.k th r;a lrñka c,h bj;a lr
ix;Dma; wjia:dj ,nd .kS' túg tys mrsudj >k ógr® 15 muK fõ'
fuhg ia,rs ñY%Kh ñ,s,Sgr® 2000 tlalr tys wvx.= iaMál muKla
jr®Okh jk wdldrhg A fud,Eiia l=vd mrsudj,ska tlalrñka >k ógr®
40 l mßudj olajd jr®Okh ùug bv yrskq ,efí' th C seed lksld
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
meKs 15 ‹ 78 } 1170 ^1&
A fud,Eiia 25 ‹ 64 } 1600 ^2&
^1& ¤ ^2&" 2770 › 40 } 69
C ueislshqÜ ksIamdokh
C (Seed) lksld >k ógr® 13 muK f.k th ix;Dma; wjia:dfõ ;nd
.ksñka B fud,Eiia tla lrñka c,h bj;a lr mrsudj >k ógr® 40
olajd jr®Okh lr .kS' fuh C ueislshqÜ f,i y¥kajkq ,efí'
C isâ 13 ‹ 69 } 897 ^1&
B fud,Eiia 27 ‹ 55 } 1485 ^2&
^1&¤^2&" 2382 › 40 } 59
ishhg 59 mdrsY=oaO jq C ueislshqÜ ,efí'
B ueislshqÜ ksIamdokh
C ue.aud >k ógr® 13 muK f.k th ix;Dma; wjiatdfõ ;nd
.ksïka A fud,Eiia tlalrñka c,h bj;a lr mrsudj >k ógr® 40
olajd jr®Okh lrkq ,efí' fuh B ueislshqÜ f,i y÷kajkq ,efí
58
C ue.aud 13 ‹ 80 } 1040 ^1&
A fud,Eiia 27 ‹ 65 } 1755 ^2&
^1&¤ ^2& 2795 › 40 = 70
ishhg 70 mdrsY=oaO jq B ueislshqgh ,efí'
A ueislshqÜ ksIamdokh
B ue.aud >k ógr® 13 muK f.k th ix;Dma; wjiatdfõ ;nd
.ksñka meKs tlalrñka c,h bj;a lr mrsudj >k ógr®40 olajd
jr®Okh lrkq ,efí fuh A ueislshqÜ f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
B ue.aud 13 ‹ 95 } 1235 ^1&
meKs 27 ‹ 78 } 2106 (2)
(1)+(2), 3341 › 40 = 84
ishhg 84 mdrsY=oaO jq A ueislshqÜ ,efí
.;
jk
ld,
h
iaMá
l ]
iaMálh
l
m%udKh
ødjH
h
wxY=
]
is
ks
>k
;aj
h
c,
h
]
A
ueislshqÜ
48 0.7-1.0 91 7
6
1.4
9
9
B
ueislshqÜ
40 04- 0.6 93 7
0
1.5 7
C
ueislshqÜ
35 0.3 97 5
7
1.5
1
3
by; ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ldKav jYfhka is¥ lrkq ,efí' tfuka u A
ueislshqÜ j, isg C ueislshqÜ olajd hEfï os tys ¥iai%dù;dj jeä fõ

30. 59
wm øjH jeä fõ wvx.=jk iSks m%udKh wvq fõ' WIaK;ajh wvqfj;a u
iaMálhl m%udKh o úYd, fõ' fuu ksIaamdokj, c,h b;d wju
m%udKhl mj;S' tneúka tys laIqø cSù ls%hdjka is¥jkafka o ke;'
iSks meKs
A ueislshqÜ Afud,Eiia
B iSks BueislshqÜ B fud,Eiia
C nScdkq
C isks C ueislshqÜ
bCIqmdlr®
A fud,Eiia
ia,rs
60
A iSks ksmoùu
A boiling
B ue.aud iu. meKs fyda rSfu,aÜ B magma + Syrup or remelt
A ueislshqÜ A massecuite
A fud,Eiia A
molasses
A iSks A sugar
fj<| fmd<g hjkq
,nk iSks
B iSks ksmoùu B sugr
+A fud,Eiia A molasses
+ meKs Syrup
+ c,h Water
B ueislshqÜ B massecuite
B iSks iu. c,h BSugr +water
B ue.aud B magma B fud,Eiia B molasses
C ue.aud C magma

31. 61
C ueislshqÜ
C
massecuite
C iSks ksmoùu
C sugr
+A fud,Eiia A molasses
+B fud,Eiia B molasses
+ c,h Water
C iSâ C Seed
C iSks iu. c,h CSugr
+water
C ue.aud C
magma
wjika fud,Eiia
Final molasses
C îc ksmoùu
C Graining
+ meKs Syrup
+A fud,Eiia A
Molasses
+c,h Water
C îc C Seed
C .nvd lsrSu
Stock
C ue.aud C
magma
Slurry
62
iSks iaMál iy fud,Eiia fjka lr .kakd WmlrKh flakaø
hka;%h fõ
flakaø wmidrS n,h ,nd fok hka;%h
l< yel
lr .kakd WmlrKh flakaø wmidrS
ka;%h my; ioyka mrsos ksrEmKh

32. 63
fj<| fmd< i|yd bosrsm;a lrk iSks fjka lr .ekSug fuu hka;%h
Wmfhda.Slr .kS'
fuh iajhxl%Sh j l%shd;aul jk hka;%hls' fuys wCIhg iú lrk ,o
b;du l=vd is¥re iys; ì;a;sj,ska iukaú; is,skavrhla we;' fuu
fldgiys N%uK fõ.h" úkdäfhka úkdähg jeä lsrSu;a wvq lsrSu;a
l< yels mrSos iúlr we;' ;jo c,jdIam k, moaO;shl=;a p,kh l<
yels ndyqjl=;a N%uKhg ndOdjla fkd jk whqrska is,skavrh we;=<;
we;'
A ueisslshqÜ iy B ueislshqÜ
flaaJøwmidrS hka;%h
úÿq,s fudagrh
N%uKh jk l=vdis¥re
iys; fnrh
fud,Eiia
A iSks
64
iaMálSlrK Wÿk uÕska bj;a l< ueislshqÜ .nvd lrk gexlsj,
;ekam;a lr we;' tuÕska ,nd.kakd ueislshqÜ ldKav jYfhka wêl
fõ.fhka N%uKh jk fuu hka;%h ;=<g we;=,a lrkq ,efí' tajd
is,skavr ì;a;sfhys we;=<; ia;rhla f,i ;ekam;a fõ' N%uKh
fya;=fjka tys wvx.= øj fldgia oef,ka t<shg .uka lrhs' oe,
we;=<; iSks iaMál muKla b;srs fõ' tu iaMál c,jdIam u.ska fidaod
p,kh jk Ndyqj uÕska fjkalr .kq ,efí' fuu.ska ,nd.kakd tA
jr®.fha iSks muKla .nvdj fj; hjkq ,nk w;r' fuu iSks ;rul
f;; iajNdjhla .kS iqog yqre ¥Uqre jr®Khlska oelsh yels h'
fuuÕska fjkalr .kakd î jr®.fha iSks kej;;a ta jr®.fha iSks
ksIamdokhg ,nd .kS'
blaIq mdlr®
bj;a jk
N%uKh jk
mqkS,dldr
WmlrKh
C iSks
C ueislshqÜ
we;=,a
lsrSu
ú¥,s fudagrh
taldldr fõ.fhka N%uKhjk flaFøwmidrSn,
hka;%h

33. 65
fuu hka;%h l%shdlrjkakkaf.a wëCIKh hgf;a l%shd;aul jkakls'
fuys mqkS,hl yevh ork úYd, NdPkhla ú¥,s fudagrhlg
iïnkaolr we; mqkS,fhys ì;a;s b;du isyska is¥rej,ska iukaú; jk
w;r tys ;=< wêl f,i WKqiqï c, k, moaO;shla muKla oelsh
yels h'
fkd kej;s taldldr j wêl fõ.fhka N%uKh jk fuu mqkS,h ;=<g
iS jr®.fha ueislshqÜ taldldr f,i weoye,sug i,iajkq ,efí' ta iu.
u WKqiqï c, myr thg úoskq ,efí' fuu c, myr iu.
ueislshqÜj, fldgia mqkS,h we;=<; wdk; jQ ì;a;s osf.a by<g .uka
lrhs'
N%uKh jk jia;=jla ;=< we;s ´kEu øjHhhla flakaø wCIfhka bj;g
úis ùfï isoaOdka;hla we;' fï wkqj by; ueislshqÜj, fldgia o
bj;g úis fõ' tfy;a mqkS,fha we;s oe, fya;=fjka øj fldgia muKla
oe, ;=<ska we;=<g hk w;r iSks wvx.= fldgi mqkS,fhka t<shg úis
fõ' fï wdldrhg .uka udr®. follska fjkalr .kakd iS iSks iy
bj;alrk wjidk blaIqmdr®l fkdfyd;a fud,Eiia ,nd .kS'
ueislshqÜ u.ska ,efnk øjHh
iSks fu,Eiia
A
ueislshqÜ
A iSks A fu,Eiia
B
ueislshqÜ
B ue.aud B fu,Eiia
C
ueislshqÜ
C ue.aud C fu,Eiia
blaIqmdlr® fkdfyd;a wjidk fud,Eiiaj, wvx.=øjHh ishhg
c,h 17 - 25
iqlafrdaia 30 - 40
.a,qfldaia 4 - 9
marelafgdaia 5 - 12
fjk;a fudfkdielrhsv 10 - 25
ue,shï$ msIaGh$ 2 - 5
66
ldfndyhsvSfv%sgsia
wˆ 7 - 5
fldgia muKla oe, ;=<ska we;=<g hk w;r iSks wvx.= fldgi
mqkS,fhka t<shg jsisfjs' fus wdldrhg .uka udr®. follska fjka lr
.kakd iS iSks iy bj;alrk wjidk blaIqmdr®la ,nd .kS'
flakaø wmidrs hka;%h uÕska bj;a lrk ta jr®.fha iSks muKla tu
hka;%hg háka pl%dldr udr®.hla Tiafia .uka lrk m<,ska jeä rnr®
máhla u;gjefá' fuu ;rula f;;ukh iys; iSks .nvdfõ we;s
úh<k WmlrKhg hjkq ,efí'
úh<k hka;%h ógr® oyhla muK os. ógr® ;=kla muK m<,
is,skav%dldr WmlrKhls' th ;rula úYd, n,hla we;s ú¥q,s fudagrhla
Wmldrfhka N%uKh ùug i,iajd we;' tu is,skavrh tl jghla
úh<kúh<kúh<kúh<k hka;%hhka;%hhka;%hhka;%h
iSks m%jdykh lrk rnr® máh
.nvdfõ
úh<k
hka;%h

34. 67
iïmQr®K ùu i|yd .; jk ld,h úkdä y;rls' fuu is,skavrhys tl
fl<jrla fmdf<djg wdk; jk f,i iú lr we;' tyss we;=<;ska
fikaáf.%aÜ wxYl ye;a;Ejl muK WIaK;ajhla we;s jdhq Odrdjla hjkq
,efí'
hka;%fhys by< fl<jrska we;=,a jk iSks l=àrh ;=< r;a fjñka
úhf<ñka wfkla fl<jr lrd meñfKa' fuys oS ,efnk iSks leg iy
msá jYfhka fjka fjka j ,efí' ,efnk iSks j, f;;ukh oYu 07
l m%;sY;hla orhs fuu iSks kej;;a pl%d .uka uÕl máj, iú lrk
,o fldamam wdOdrfhka by< fmÜáhl ;ekam;a lrjkq ,efí'
iSks úh<k WmlrKhl f;dr;=re
rnr®máhg
iúlrk ,o
fldamam isks we;=,aùu
iSks msgùu
fldamamiúlrk,omáh
68
úIalïNh } ógr® 2'286 ldr®h m%udKh } mehg fgdka 15
iSks j, we;=,ajSu mssgjSu
f;;ukh 1'5 ] 0'07
WIaK;ajh 60 C 45 C
úh,s jd;h 70 C 55 C
u,qj, weisrSu iy .nvd lsrSu
fmÜáfhys ;ekam;ajqkq iSks lsf,da.a?ï 50 ne.ska ksl=;a lrk iajhxlS%h
WmlrKhla yryd hjd fmd,s;sSka u,qj,g mqrjd.kq ,efí fuu iSks u,q
jl% udr®.hl .uka lrk rnr® máhla Wmldrfhka uyk hka;%h yryd
hjd ueiSu is¥ lr kej;;a jl%hl .uka lrk rnr® má udr®. folla
Tiafia f.k f.dia fj<o fmd<g ksl=;a lsrSu i|yd .nvdfõ ;ekam;a
lrkq ,efí'
fj<ofmd< i|yd we;s iSks j, fN!;sl ;;a;ajh
c,fha fyd|ska oshjk w;r t;fkda,aj, osh fkd fõ tfy;a c,Sh
t;fkda,aj, fyd|ska osh fõ' B;r® fyda laf,dafrdf*daïj, osh fkd fõ'
wï, fyda bkajfÜia uÕska c,úÉfÉokh ùfuka .a,qfldaia iy
marelafgdaia iEfoa fïjd ir, iSks f,i y¥kajkq ,efí' iqlafrdaia øjKh
;, O%eú; wdf,dalhg Ok N%uKhla fmkakqï lrhs
.;jk ld,h meh 6
f;;uKh 0'07
uyd mrsud >k;ajh 0'90
jr®Kh wjr®K
jr®;k wxlh 1' 58
øjdxlh fi 'f.%a' 188

35. 69
iSks ksIamdokfhaoS Ndú;jk úfYaI WmlrK
hqI j, oshù we;s øjHh wxY= m%udKh ksr®Kh lr .ekSu fuu.ska
is¥lr.kq ,efì
fuu WmlrKfhys by< we;s ù¥rej ;=<g hqI ødjKh iaj,amhla
tlalr tys we;s h;=r l%shd;aul l< úg wdf,dal loïNhla .ukalr
th hqI ødjKfha jeoS mQr®K wNHka;r mrdjr®;khg ,lafõ' tu .uka
udr®.h ;j;a ixfõoS WmlrKhl wdOdrfhka ødjKfha idkaøKh
m%;sY;hla f,ig m%ldY fõ' fuu w.h BRIX f,i y¥ka jkq ,efí'
idïm,h
ixhqla; ldp
m%siauh
wdf,dal
m%Njh
Digital Refractometer
70
BRIX
ØdjKh .arEï ishhla .;a úg tu ødjlfha oshù we;s ødjH wxY= .arEï
.Kk by; kñka y¥kajkq ,efí'
Wla hqI ødjKhl oshù we;s øjHh f,i .a,Qfldaia" marelafgdaia" iqlafrdaia"
oshjk fm,sielrhsv iy ,jK jr®. y÷kd f.k we;'
iqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõiqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõiqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõiqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõ
fuys m%Odk fldgia folla ;sfí ly wdf,dalh ,nd fok fidaähï
myk;a" wdf,dalh jr®;kh lr yerùug we;s ù¥rej,ska iukaú;
fldgi;a h'
wdf,dalh ksl,a m%siauhla ;=<ska .uka lrùug ie<eiajQúg ,efnk
wdf,dalh ;, O%eú; wdf,dalh hehs lshkq ,efí' tkï tu wdf,dal
loïNfha ish¨ u lïmk tlu ;,hl is¥ fõ' iqlafrdaia .a,Qfldaia
marelafgdaia lhsre,a ixfhda. fõ lhsre,a ixfhda.j,g O%eú; wdf,dalfha
lïmk ;,h N%uKh l< yels h tksid thg m%ldY il%Sh h hs lshkq
,efí'
ixfhda.h uÕska lïmk ;,h oCIsKdjr®; j N%uKh jkafka kï thg
Ok N%uKhla ^positive rotation) we;s nj fyda th oCISK N%uKh
(dextrorotatory) jkafka hhs lshkq ,efí
N%uKh jdudjr®; kï ixfhda.hg RK N%uKhla (negative rotation)
we;s nj fyda th jdudjr®; N%uK (laevo rotatory) jkafka hhS fyda
lshkq ,efí'
úYsIag N%uKh (specific rotation)
tla ;rx. wdhduhla muKla iys; tkï tAl jr®K wdf,dalh
^monochromatic light) Ndú; jk O%jKudkhla (polarimeter)
Ndú;fhka ixfhda.hla uÕska is¥ lrk wdf,dalfha N%uKh ueksh yel'
O%ejKudKhO%ejKudKhO%ejKudKhO%ejKudKh
POLARIMETERPOLARIMETERPOLARIMETERPOLARIMETER

36. 71
fuys oS idudkHfhka 589nm jk fidaähï -D- fr®Ldjg wkqrEm ;rx.
wdhduh iys; wdf,dalh O%ejKldrlhla (polarizer) ;=<sska .uka lrjd
;, O%eú; wdf,dalh njg yrjd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fuys oS ;, O%eú;
wdf,dalh lhsre,a fkd jk ødjlhl ødjKh l< ixfhda.h wvx.=
k,hla ;=,ska .uka lrùug i<iajkq ,efí'
k,fhka msgjk lïmk;,h N%uKh ù we;s wdf,dalh"
(Analyser)úYaf,aIlhla ;=<ska .uka lrjkq ,efí fuu úYaf,aIlh o
N%uKh l< yels uqyqK;la u; kexjq ;j;a ksl,a m%siauhla fõ' msgjk
wef,dalh Wmrsu ;Sj%;djfhka ksrSCIKh l< yels fudfyd; ,efnk
f;la úYaf,aIlh N%uKh lrkq ,efí' N%uK fldaKh lshjd .ekSu
i|yd ixfhda.h we;sj iy ke;sj ,nd .kakd mdGdxl
ixikaokh lrkq ,efí wdf,dalh N%uKh jkafka oCISKdjD;j o
jdudjD;j o hkak u; N%uK fldaKh ms<sfj,ska Ok fyda RK fõ'
wdf,dal loïNfha udr®.fha mj;sk m%ldY il%Sh wKq ixLHdj u;
ksrSCIKh lrkq ,nk fldaKh" ‹" r|d mj;S' tneúka ‹ ixfhda.
ødjKfha idkaøKhg iy k,fha os.g iudkqmd;sl fõ' ta wkqj úYSIag
N%uKh ^‹& "my; oelafjk iólrKh uÕska wr®: oelafõ'
‹
^‹& } -----
l . C fuys ‹ hkq ksrSCIKh lrkq ,nk N%uK fldaKho" 1
hkq fvis ógr®j,ska m%ldYs; fldaIfha os.o C hkq gcm-3 j,ska m%ldYs;
ødjKfha idkaøKh o fõ'
úYsIAg N%uKh" ;rx. wdhduh" WIaK;ajh" fhdod.;a ødjlh" iy Ndú;d
lrk k,h u; rod mj;S
taljr®K
wdf,dalh
^idudkHfh
ka fidaähï
D fr®Ldj&
O%ejKldrl
h
idusm,h
wvx.=
k,h
úYaf,aIl
h
N%uK
fldaK
ksrSCI
72
wï, H
+ WodiSk
pH ógrh
wï, iy NIau y¥kd .ekSug we;s
WmlrKh
NIau OHWodiSk
ógrh
wï, iy NIau y¥kd .ekSug we;s
WmlrKh

37. 73
fuu WmlrKfhys" bf,lafg%dav folla" 1 isg 14 olajd l%udxlkh lrk
,o ógr® mqjrejla" iy p,kh jk or®Ylhla we;'
pH ógrfha bf,lafg%dav fol hï ødjKhl .s,ajQ úg tys w.h 7 g
jvd wvq kï tu ødjKh wdï,sl jk wh
f,i th foys hqI ødjKhla úh yel'
;j;a ødjKhl oS tu w.h 7 g jvd jeäkï tu ødjKh NdIañl jk
whksl ødjKhls' WodyrKhla f,i th yqKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
;j;a ødjKhl oS tu w.h 7 kï tu ødjKh WodiSk ødjKhls'
WodyrKhla f,i th c,h" ,qKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
fuu WmlrKfhys" bf,lafg%dav folla" 1 isg 14 olajd l%udxlkh lrk
,o ógr® mqjrejla" iy p,kh jk or®Ylhla we;'
l hï ødjKhl .s,ajQ úg tys w.h 7 g
jvd wvq kï tu ødjKh wdï,sl jk whksl ødjKhls WodyrKhla
f,i th foys hqI ødjKhla úh yel'
;j;a ødjKhl oS tu w.h 7 g jvd jeäkï tu ødjKh NdIañl jk
whksl ødjKhls' WodyrKhla f,i th yqKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
7 kï tu ødjKh WodiSk ødjKhls'
WodyrKhla f,i th c,h" ,qKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
74
>k
jdhq bkaOk fl,ska u oykh lr ,ef
kHIagsl Yla;sfhka ,efnk ;dmfh
ksIamdokh lrk" iïmQr®Kfhka jeiQ Ndc
fndhsf,arejla hkqfjka yeoskafõ'
ksIamdokh lrk jdIamj, mSvkh jr®.
jvd jeä kï th wOsmSvk jdIam fndhsf,arejla yeáhg y¥kajkq ,efí'
fndhsf,are OdrS;djfndhsf,are OdrS;djfndhsf,are OdrS;djfndhsf,are OdrS;dj
hïlsis mSvkhl oS mehg ksIamdok
fndhsf,arefõ Odrs;dj hkqfjka ydoskaf
tallj,ska i|yka l< yel
yqud, ckl hka;%hyqud, ckl hka;%hyqud, ckl hka;%hyqud, ckl hka;%h ^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&
øj fyda
,efnk ;dmfhka fyda ú¥,s n,h fyda
dmfhka yqud,h ke;fyd;a jdIam
ksIamdokh lrk" iïmQr®Kfhka jeiQ Ndckhla fyda gexlshla yqud,
jr®. fikaá ógrhg lsf,da .aA 5 lg
jvd jeä kï th wOsmSvk jdIam fndhsf,arejla yeáhg y¥kajkq ,efí'
amdokh lrk jdIam yqud,fha nrg
doskafõk fndhs,rhl Odrs;dj fkdfhla
^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&

38. 75
mehlg fuÜÜ%la fgdka
WodyrKhla jYfhka fndhsf,arejl Odrs;dj mehg fgdka 2 la hehs is;uq
fuys f;areu jkqfha iEu mehlg u fndhsf,arejl ;=<g j;=r fgdka 2
la we;=,a l< hq;= h ke;fyd;a ,Sgr® 2000 la fndhsf,arej we;=<g
heúh hq;=h'
mSvkhmSvkhmSvkhmSvkh
mSvkh hkq tall fCI;%M,hla u; l%shd lrk n,h fõ
mSvkh úúO ñKqïj,ska olajkq ,efí
1 jr®. fikaá ógrhlg lsf,da .arEïj,ska ^ CM2
&
2 ndr®j,ska ^Bar&
ndr® 1 la } jr®. fikaá ógrhlg ls .a 1' 019 la
ndr® 1 la } jdhqf.da, mSvk 0 '986 la
3 jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkj,ska
uqyq¥ uÜgfï oS jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh jr®. fi ógrhg ls .a 1'019 ls
wjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmhwjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmhwjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmhwjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmh
wjia:dfõ oS ,nd .kakd fyda bj;a jk ;dmh .=ma; ;dmh kï fõ' hï
øjHhla mj;sk wjia:dfõ ^>k"øj fyda jdhq& isg fjk;a wjia:djlg
m;ajk úg ;dmh ,nd ¥kak;a" bj;a l<;a" tys WIaK;ajh fjkia fkdWIaK;ajh fjkia fkdWIaK;ajh fjkia fkdWIaK;ajh fjkia fkd
fõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrkfõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrkfõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrkfõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrk fuu
whsia j;=r njg m;aùfï oS .=ma; ;dmh Wrd.kS'
yqud,h j;=r njg m;ajk úg .=ma; ;dmh uqod yrS'
fndfyda wjia:dj, lr®udka; Yd,dj, os m%fhdackhg .kafka fuu .=ma;
;dmh hs'
yqud,h lsf,da .%Euhla WKq j;=r njg m;ajk úg cQ,a 22580 la msg
lrhs iEu lr®udka;hl u mdfya fuu ;dmh m%fhdackhg .kS
bkaOkbkaOkbkaOkbkaOk
oeùfu oS ;dm Yla;sh mSg lrk foaj,a bkaOk kñka yeoskafõ'
76
bkaOk" >k " øj yd jdhq wjia;d ;=fka u mj;S'
>k bkaOk - Wla frdvq" or" oyhshd" fmd,algq .,a wÕ=re
øj bkaOk - oeúf;,a ãi,a ,dïmqf;,a
jdhq bkaOk cSj jdhqj " fmÜfÜ%,shï jdhqj
;dm ckl w.h
bkaOk ksYaÑ; nr m%udKhla oykh lsrSfï oS msglrk ;dm m%udKh tu
bkaOkfha ;dm ckl w.h kñka ye|ska fõ'
WodyrK - oeúf;,a lsf,da.areuhla ;dm ckl w.h lsf,da .areuhg
lsf,dale,rs 10500 la muK fõ
oyhshdj, fuu w.h 3200 la muK fõ
Wlafrdvq j, fuu w.h 1850
WIaK;ajh yd ;dmhWIaK;ajh yd ;dmhWIaK;ajh yd ;dmhWIaK;ajh yd ;dmh
hï jia;=jl WKqiqï m%udKh oelaùug WIaK;ajh hk jpkh fhdod
.ksuq' WIaK;ajh ukskq ,nkafka fi,aishia wxYlj,sks
;dmh hkq WIaK;ajh jeä ia:dkhl isg WIaK;ajh wvq ia:dkhlg .,d
hk Yla;s úfYaIhls hï jia;=jlg ;dmh ,nd¥k fyd;a tys WIaK;ajh
by< kÕsk w;r hï jia;=jlska ;dmh bj;a l<fyd;a tys WIak;ajh
my< niS'
;dmh uekSug Ndú; jk kj tAllh jkqfha cQ,h hs
c,h lsf,da .areï 1 la WIaK;ajh fikaá f.%aÜ wxYl 1 la by< oeóug
wjYH ;dm m%udKh cQ,a 4200 la fõ'
yqud, cklhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrh
ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha jdIamSlrKh is¥jk wjia:djka jk jdIamSlrK Wÿka
iy ßla;l Wÿka uÕska bj;a lrk jdIam" c,h njg m;alr" jdIam
cklhg fmdaIl c,h f,i ,nd .kS'
we;=,a lrk c,h ridhksl m%;sldr uÕska iq¥iq ;;a;ajhg m;alr .;
hq;= h'

39. 77
yqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh by; rEmfhka ms
fuys by< iy my< c, gexls folla tu gexls fol iïnka
k, moaO;s folla we;
b;du msrsis¥ ;;a;ajfha c,h jdIam ckkh i|yd we;=,a l< hq;= h
oyk l=áh jfÜg we;s k, moaO;sh Tiafia by< we;s is,skavrhg
c,h we;=,a lrkq ,efí' oyk l=áfha we;s ;dmh fya;=fjka fuu c,h
fndfyda¥rg r;a ù we; by< is,skavrh;a my< we;s is,skavrh;a ;j;a
k, moaO;shla uÕska iïnkaO lr we; fuu.ska
.,dhdu is¥fõ'
c, k< fndhsf,arej
WATER TUBE BOILER
yqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh by; rEmfhka ms<sUsnq fõ
fuys by< iy my< c, gexls folla tu gexls fol iïnkaO lrñka
h jdIam ckkh i|yd we;=,a l< hq;= h
moaO;sh Tiafia by< we;s is,skavrhg
c,h we;=,a lrkq ,efí' oyk l=áfha we;s ;dmh fya;=fjka fuu c,h
we; by< is,skavrh;a my< we;s is,skavrh;a ;j;a
lr we; fuu.ska c,h by< my<
c, k< fndhsf,arej
WATER TUBE BOILER
78
Wÿk ;=< we;s wOsl ;dm Ylalsh fya;=fjka k< ;=< wvx.= c,h jdIam
njg m;afõ tys >k;ajh c,fha >k;ajhg jvd wvq neúka tu jdIam
by< is,skavrfha c,h fkdue;s wr®Oh fj; .uka lrhs' fuu jdIam
ix;Dma;
yqud,h f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu ia:dkfha jdIam wêl f,i tl;=ùu
fya;=fjka tys wê mSvkhla o yg .kS' is,skavrfha by<g iïnkaolr
we;s úfYaI k< udr®.h Tiafia ^iqmr® ysgr® fldhs,a& fuu jdIam kej;;a
oyk l=áh yryd .uka lrhs' túg fuu yqud,h fikaáf.%aÜ wxYl
360 muK r;a fõ' fuu yqud,h W÷fkka msg; we;s fjk;a gexlshlg
tl;= fõ tu gexlsfha isg wêl WIaK;ajhg r;a jq yqud,h
N%uKhka;% ^gr®nhska& fj; .uka lrhs' tuÕska wjYH Yla;sh ksmojd
.kS'
oyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKhoyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKhoyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKhoyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKh
W÷fkys wêl fõ.fhka N%uKh jk iq<x ksmojk hka;% folla iúlr
we;'
oyk l=áhg jdhqj imhk hka;%h fuh f*daiaÜ v%d*aÜ *Eka f,i
y¥kajkq ,efí'
bkaOk oykhg Tlaiscka jdhqj wjYH fõ fuu hka;%h udr®.fhka
oykhg wjYH jd;h jdhqf.da,fhka weo oyk l=áhg ,ndfohs ta
iuÕ u oykh jQ jdhqj ;,a,q lsrSu o fuu.ska is¥fú'
oykh jQ jdhqj bj;g oeóug we;s hka;%h fuh bkaähqia v%d*aÜ *Eka
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
fuuÕska oykh jQ jdhqj t<shg weo oeóu isÿlrhs
Odrs;djfhka jeä iy Wla frdvq bkaOk f,i Ndú; lrk neúka fuu
hka;%%h w;HjYH fõ '
yqud, ckl hka;%fha ldhH_CIu;dj jeälr .ekSu i|yd l< yels
Wml%u
1 Wÿkg we;=,a lrk c,h b;du msrSis¥ c,h ùu

40. 79
fï i|yd Wla hqI meKs njg m;aùfï oS bj;ajk c,h >kSNhkhg
m;aúug yer tajd kej; m%fhdackhg .ekSu
2 by; c,h Wÿkg we;=,a lsrSug fmr wmf;a hk ;dmh Wmfhda.S
lr.ksñka r;alr .ekSu
fï i|yd W÷fkka msgjk oeú wjika jdhqj m%fhdackhg .; yel
3 oyk l=áhg we;=,a lrk Wlafrdvq ke;fyd;a ne.Eia mQr®j r;a
lsrSulg Ndckh lsrSfuka ta i|yd jeh jk Yla;sh b;srs lr .;
yel'
fuh b;d myiqfjka l< yels ia:dkhla we;' tkï weUreï
uOHia:dkfha wjidk weUreï hka;%hg we;=,a lrk Wlaj,g tl;=
lrk c,h fjkqjg >kSNjkh jQ jdIam ke;fyd;a WKq c,h fhdod
.ekSu fuúg msgjk ne.Eia b;du by< WIaK;ajhl mj;S'
4 oyk l=áhg we;=,a lrk ne.Eia b;d l=vd fldgia neúka tajd jdhq
oyrdj iu. bj;a úh yel' fuh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wNHka;r j
ndOl we;s l< hq;= h'
5 yqud, cklfha ì;a;s ;dmh rojd .ekSug yels øjHhlska ksr®udKh
l< hq;=hs tfuka u wNHka;rfhys ;dmh .nvd l< yels hlv ;ekam;a
l<hq;= hs
6 úlsrKh ksid yqud,h fnodyrsk moaO;s uÕska úYd, jYfhka ;dmh
ydksùug ,lafõ
fuh uÕ yrjd .ekSu i|yd tu moaO;s ;dm mrSjdrl øjHh uÕska
wdjrKh l< hq;=hs tu wdjrKh c,fhka wdrCId ùu i|yd ;=kS
we,qñkshï ;yvqjlska wdjrKh l< hq;=hs
7 oykl=áfha we;s c, k, moaO;sfha oe,s ;ekam;a ùu ksid ;dm
yqjudrejg ndOd meñfKa
fuh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wê mSvkfhka hq;a yqud,h fyda jd;h
heùfuka oe,s iy ishqï ¥ú,s wxY= bj;a l< yel
80
8 oyk l=áhg we;=,a lrk jd;h m
ydksh u.ska ldhCIu;dj wvq úh yel'
9 yqud,fha c, ìx¥ yd jd;h ;sn
wys;lr h'
yqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkh
h m%udKhg jvd jeä jqjfyd;a ;dm
CIu;dj wvq úh yel'
;snqK fyd;a ;dm yqjudrejg b;d
yqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkh

41. 81
fuu wjia:dj u.ska ksrEmKh fjkqfha c,h jdIam njg m;a ù
wk;=rej jdIam k, moaO;shg we;=,ajk wjia:dj fú
yqud, cklhyqud, cklhyqud, cklhyqud, cklhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrh
yqud,h ckkh lsrSSu i|yd c,h muKla Ndú; lsrSug úfYaI fya;=jla
we;' tkï c,h yqud,h njg m;aùfï oS úYd, ;dm Yla;s m%udKhla
wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSfï yelshdjla we;' tuÕska úYd, m%udKfha ;dm
Yla;shla tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg myiqfjka f.k hd yel'
fndfyduhla yqud, cklhka i|yd iajdNdúl c, uQ,dY% Wmldrfhka
c,h ,nd.kq ,efí' tfy;a isks lr®udka;fhaoS fuu c,h ,nd.kqfha"
ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS isÿ lrkq ,nk jdIamSlrK wjia:djka jk
jdIamSlrK Wÿka iy rsla;l Wÿka u.ska bj;a lr .kakd ,o jIam
kej;;a >ksNjkh lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd ,o wdiD; c,fhks'
fuu c,fhys wmøjHh f,i" jeä m%udKhla úúO jdhq jr®. oshú ;síh
yel' WodyrK f,i Tlaiscka(O2) ldnkavfhdlaihsâ(Co2) iy
khsÜ%cka(N2) o wxY= ud;% m%udKj,ska úúO ,jK jr®. o WodyrK
f,i le,aishï(Ca2++
) ue.aksishï(Mg2++
) ldnfkaÜ(Co3
22++
)
laf,darhsâ(Cl-
) o óg wu;r j f;,a jr®. fïoh .%Sia jr®. iy ;j;a
oE fuys ;sìh yel'
by; ls wmøjHhj,ska yqud, cklhg isÿúh yels ydks j<lajd
.eksu i|yd msrsisÿ c,h mdúÉÑ lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
fï wmøjH fya;=fjka is¥úh yels ydks f,i"
1 c,fha we;s lák;ajh yqud, cklfha k, u; ;ekam;a ú fldrfmd;=
(scale) idohs' tfuka u cklh;=<g hefjk c,h jdIam ùfuka wk;=re
j b;srsjk uKaäj, idkaøKh jeäùfuka tu m%foaYfha we;sjk wêl
82
;dmh fya;=fjka tys we;s áhqí iy fjk;a fldgia j,g ydks is¥úh
yelsh'
2 cklh ;=< u<lEu (Corrsion) we;s lrhs' b;d ixlSr®K
l%shdj,shlajk fuh lsysm wdldrhlg is¥ úh yels h' tajd kï idudkH
.egqï" wˆ;a iúlsrSï" nr ±rSï ksid we;sjk bß;e,Sï fõ' kuq;a
u<lEu is¥jk m%Odk idOlh kï c,fha oshú we;s jdhQka h' m%Odk
jYfhka Tlaiscka iy fjkiajk PH w.hka yuqfõ iy wêl
WIaK;ajfha oS fuh b;du;a fõ.fhka is¥ fõ' fuu l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,h
f,i fndhs, áhqí ¥r®j,jk w;ru u<lEfï l%shdfõ§ iEfok u<
;ekam;a ú fndhs,r ;ekam;= iEoSug mqˆjk' fuh ;dm yqjudrefõ oS
ndOd we;slr hs'
tu ksid by; i|yka lrekq j,g wkqj yqud,h ksIamdokh lsrSu
i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk c,h msrsiss¥ ;;a;ajfhka ;sìu yd ;nd .ekSu
yqud, cklfha os.= ld,Sk meje;aug yd fydo ;;a;ajfha yqud,h
ksIamdokh lsrSug w;HjYH fõ'
fï i|yd wkq.ukh l<hq;= m%Odk l%shdjka folla ;sfí'
1 Pre- treatment or Make-up water Treatment
2 Boiler feed water Treatment
1 Pre-Tretment
fuu l%shdj,sh my; i|yka mshjr j,ska ieoS we;'
1 Lime Scale Softening
lák;ajh iy oshj we;s >k øjhh m%udKh wvqlr .; yel'
2 Filtration
c,h ;=< mdfjk øjHhka bj;a lsrÍu fuu.ska is¥lr .; yel'
3 Zeolite Softening
fuu l%shdj,sfha oS c,fha lák;ajhg n,mdk le,aishï iy ue.akSishï
whk fidaähï whk uÕska yqjudre jkq ,efí'
4 Deminaralisation4 Deminaralisation4 Deminaralisation4 Deminaralisation

42. 83
fuu l%shdj,sfha oS c,fha we;s úúO leg whk iy wek whk yhsâ%cka
iy yhsfv%dlaihsâ u.ska yqjudre flfr®'
5 Dealkaliation
fuys§ c,fha we;s NdIañl;djh fidaähï fyda laf,darhsâ whk u.ska
yqjudrej flfr®'
6 Degasification
fuysoS ksoyia Tlaiscka c,fhka bj;a flfr®'
2 Boiler feed water Treatment
mQr®j m%;sldrl lsÍfuka c,fha we;s wmøjHh iEfyk m%udKhlg
wvqlr.; yels kuq;a iïmQr®Kfhka bj;a l, fkd yel' c,fha b;sß j
we;s b;du iqˆ wmøjh m%udKhla jqj o yqud,h ksIamdokfha oS
fndhs,rh ;=< tajdfha idkaøKh jeäjk fyhska yd fndhs,rh ;=< we;s
wêl WIaK;ajh ksid tajdhska fndhs,rfha os.= ld,Sk meje;aug yd
ksIamdokh jk yqud,fha ;;a;ajhg úYd, n,mEï we;súh yel' tu
ksid tu wys;lr n,mEï fndhs,rh ;=< md,kh lsrSu i|yd ridhksl
øjH c,h iu. ñY% lsÍu lrkq ,nhs' fuh Boiler Feed water
Treatment hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efís'
c,fha ;sfnk wmøjH ksid we;s úh yels m%Odk n,mEï kï(
1 Scale formation
lák;ajh ;ekam;aúu ^c,fha oßhù we;s øjH fndhs,rh ;=< oS
wêix;Dma; ùfuka ;ekam;a ùu&
Scale ksid we;sjk n,mEï(
;dmh .,dhEu wvq lrhs' tuÕska fndhs,rfha ldr®hCIu;dj wvq lrhs'
fndhs,rfhka Wrd.kakd ;dm Yla;sh wvq jk fyhska WIaK;ajh jeä fõ
bkaOk mdúÑh by< hhs'
;dmh ksis mßos .,d fkd hdu ksid k, u; tl;= jk wêl ;dmh ksid
fndhs,r® k, mqmqrd hdu'
84
Scale iEoSu md,kh lsrSu)(
Make-up c,h ieliSfï l%shdj,sh kshu wdldrhg l%shd;aul lsrSfuka
iy iq¥iq ridhk øjH Ndú; lsrSfuka
2 Corrsion '
u<lEu b;d ixlSr®K ridhksl m%;sl%shdjls' th wêl WIaK;ajfha o
b;d fõ.fhka is¥ fõ' yqud, cklhla ;=< fndfydaúg u<lEu
we;sjkafka c,fha osh ú we;s Tlaiscka" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqka ksid
fjks' óg wu;rj PH w.hkaf.a fjkia ùfuka o u< leu we;s lrhs'
u<lEu md,kh lsrSu
fndhs,rh ;=< u<lEu md,kh lsrSug c,fha we;s Tlaiscka fndhs,rh
;=<g hdug m%:u bj;a l<hq;= h' fuys oS deaeator uÕska iEfyk
m%udKhla bj;a jk w;r b;srsh Oxygen scavenger uÕska bj;a
flfr®'
fndhs,rh ;=< PH w.h kshñ; mrdihla ;=< mj;ajd f.k PH w.fha
fjkiska jk ydksh j<lajd .; yel'
3 Carry Over
fuh fndhs,rfha c,h yqud,h iu. ñY% úfuka" fndhs,rh ;=< fmk
iEoSfïka" iuyr >k øjhh yqud,fha osh úfuka is¥úh yels h'
fmk iEoSfuka jk ydksh Anti-foam fhoSfuka yd fndhs,rh ;=< TDS
md,kh lsrSfuka l< yels w;r wfkla wjia:d fol fjk;a l%u uÕska
md,kh lr.; hq;= h'
Tlaiscka" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ iy fjk;a jdhq jr®. o fïjd w;r we;'
fuu c,h jdIam ckkh i|yd fhdod .; fyd;a tu W÷k úLdokh
ùug;a ;dm yqj udrejg ndOdjla ùug;a bv we;' fuh j<lajd,Su
i|yd mQr®j m%;sldrl l%uhla wkq.ukh lrkq we;' ã-tarsfhagrh kñka

43. 85
y¥kajkq ,nk moaO;sh yryd wêl ;dmfhka hq;a c,h .uka lrùfuka
tys oshù we;s jdhq jr®. bj;alr .; yel' c,fha oshù we;s Tlaiscka
bj;alr .ekSu i|yd tu c,hg yhsâv%iSka ødjKhla tlalrkq ,efí
túg c,fha osh ú we;s Tlaiscka c,h njg;a khsÜg%cka jdhqjla
f,ig;a bj;a fõ'
N2H4 + O2 = N2 + 2H2O
yqud, cklh ;=< is¥lrk ridhksl m%;sldrl l%u
oshù we;s jdhqka bj;a lr .kakd ,o c,h wêl mSvkhlska hq;a
fmdïmhl Wmldrfhka jdIam cklhg we;=,alr .kq ,efí' c,h iuÕ
jdIam cklfha hlv tlg .efgk úg tu hlv u< neoSu is¥fõ th
j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ms<shï f,i c,sh udOHhfha NdIañl;dj jeälr
.kq ,efí' ta i|yd fldaiaála fidavd ødjKhla PH w.h 11 muK
jkf;la tl;=lr .kq ,efí'
c,h iuÕ úúO whk jr®. meñKsh yel fïjd w;r le,aishï"
ue.aksishï" nhsldnfkaÜ" ldnfkaÜ" i,afmaÜ" yd fmdiafmaÜ hk wekdhk
jr®.;a legdhk jr®.;a ;sìh yel' fuu whkj,g fjk;a ridhksl
øjH tl;= lrñka wjfCIam idod bj;alr .kq,efí'
CaSo4 + Na2Co3 = CaCo3 + N2So4 (SLUDGE)
Na2Co3 + 2H2O HEAT = NaOH + 2H2O+CO2
MgSo4 + 2NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + N2So4 (SLUDGE)
CaSO4 + 2NaOH = Ca(OH)2 + N2So4 (SLUDGE)
fufia m%;sldrl l%u uÕska wmøjHh bj;alr .kakd,o msrsis¥ c,h
yqud, cklfha fmdaIl c,h f,i m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí'
86
yqud,h wè;dmS ;;ajhg m;alrk k, moAO;sh iy jdhqj mQ
r;alsrSug fhduqjk ia:dkh
1 wr®Ohlska c,h msrS by< we;s is,skavrh
2 my< is,skavrhg c,h f.k hk k, moaO;sh
3 yqud,h ckkh lrk k< moaO;sh
4 oeú wjika jdhqj .uka .kakd k, moaO;sh
^we;=,a lrk fmdaIl jdhqj mQr®j r;alsrSu is¥lsrSu &
5 wê mSvkhg Tfrd;a;=fok iúu;a ì;a;s
6 oeú jdhqj msgjk .uka uÕ
7 oeú jdhqj bj;a lrk mxldj
8 Ññksh
9 fmdaIl jdhqj we;=,ajk udr®.h
10 fmdaIl jdhqj we;=,a lrk mxldj
11 fkdoeù bj;a jk ldnka bj;ajk fodrgqj
12 c,fhka msrs is,skavrh
13 ix;Dma; c,jdIam
14 c,h
15 jdIam iy c,h fjkalrk ;yvqj
16 wê ;dm k, moaO;sh
17 wê ;dm yqud,h tl;=jk is,skavrh
18 fmdaIl c, k, moaO;sh
19 lmdG
20 ne.Eia we;=,a lrk fodrgqj
21 oyk l=àrh
22 or we;=,a lrk fodrgqj
23 oeú f;,a we;=,a lrk ia:dkh
24 c,fha oshù we;s jdhQka bj;a lrk gexlsh
;dmS ;;ajhg m;alrk k, moAO;sh iy jdhqj mQ¾j
2 my< is,skavrhg c,h f.k hk k, moaO;sh
wjika jdhqj .uka .kakd k, moaO;sh
^we;=,a lrk fmdaIl jdhqj mQr®j r;alsrSu is¥lsrSu &
bj;a jk ldnka bj;ajk fodrgqj
24 c,fha oshù we;s jdhQka bj;a lrk gexlsh

44. 87
yqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh my; rEmfhkayqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh my; rEmfhkayqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh my; rEmfhkayqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh my; rEmfhka
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88