1) Masonry is the construction of buildings using bonded building units like stones, bricks or concrete blocks with mortar. 2) There are different types of stone masonry - random rubble, coursed rubble, ashlar masonry. Random rubble uses unevenly sized stones laid irregularly while coursed rubble is laid in courses but with uneven heights. 3) Ashlar masonry uses precisely cut stone blocks with fine joints laid in regular courses with an even height within each course. It can be fine tooled, rough tooled or rock faced.

1. UNIT –
IV

2. Masonr
y  Masonry may be defined as the construction of
building units bonded together with mortar.
 The building units may be stones, bricks, or
precast blocks of concrete.
building units we
have
 When stones are
used as the stone
masonry.
 Masonry isnormally used for the construction
of foundations, walls columns and
other similar components of the building.
 It performs variety of functions such as (i)
supporting loads (ii) subdividing space(iii)
providing thermal and acoustic
insulation. Etc.

3. Definition of
terms
1.Course: A course is a horizontal layer of masonry units. Thus, in stone
masonry , the thickness of course will be equal to the height of the stones plus
thickness of one mortar joint.
2.Header: A header is a full stone unit or brick which is laid that its length is
perpendicular to the face of the wall. Thus , the longest length of a header lies
at right angles to the face of the work.
3.Stretcher: A stretcher is a full stone unit or brick which is so laid that its length
is along or parallel to the face of the wall. Thus, the longest length of stretcher
lies parallel to the face of the work.
4.Natural Bed: Stones are obtained from rocks which have distinct planes of
divisions along which the stones can easily be split. This plane is known as
natural bed.
5.Through stone: A through stone is a stone header. Through stones
are place at regular interval. If the thickness of the wall is small, through stone
may be of length equal to the full width of the wall.
6. Sill: The bottom surface of a door or window opening is known as Sill.
7.Lintel: It is a horizontal member of stone, brick , wood, steel or reinforced
concrete, used to support the masonry and the super-imposed load above
an opening.

5. 8.Plinth: Plinth is the horizontal projecting
course ofstone or brick, provided at the
base of the wall above the ground
level.
9.Plinth Course:It is the uppermost course of
the plinth masonry.
10.Column : It is a vertical load bearingmember
of masonry, whichis constructed in an
isolation from the wall andwhose width
does not exceed four times its
thickness.
11.Pier: Pier is an isolated vertical mass of
stone or brickmasonry tosupport

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4LZ2TFAl
Hw

7. https://civilseek.com/stone-
masonry/

8. Classification of stone
masonry Stonemasonry
Rubblemasonry
1. Randam rubblemasonry
- Coursed -uncoursed
2. Squarerubblemasonry
- Coursed -uncoursed
3. Polygonal rubblemasonry
4. Flint rubblemasonry
5. Dry rubblemasonry
Ashlarmasonry
1.Ashlar finemasonry
2.Ashlarroughtooled
3. Rock (or) quarryfaced
4. Ashlarchamfered
5. Ashlar blockincourse

9. RR Uncoursed
masonry

10. Random Rubble Masonry:
Uncoursed
 This is the roughest and cheapest form
of stone walling. In this type of
masonry , the stones used are of
widely different sizes.
 Since the stones are not of uniform size
and shapes, greater care and ingenuity
have to be exercised in arranging them
in such a way that they
adequately distribute the
pressure over the maximum area and
at the same time long

12. uncoursed

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In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely
different sizes. This is the roughest and cheapest form
of stone masonry.
In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the coarses are
not maintained regularly. The larger stones are laid
firstand the spaces between them are then filled up by
means of spalls orsneeks.

14. Random Rubble: Built to
courses
 The methodof construction is the same
as above except that the work
is roughly leveled
upto form coursesvarying from
32
-45 cm thick
 All the courses are not of same
height.
 This form of masonry is better
than Uncoursed Random
Rubble Masonry.
 For the construction of this typeof

16. Coursed rubble stone
masonry
Coursed rubble stone masonry is made with
broken stones of widely different sizes and
qualities that are laid in level courses. One of
the most common forms of masonry
construction, coursed rubble stones are
typically hammer dressed to be shaped into
more controlled and equal sizes.

19. Square Rubble:
Uncoursed
 SquareRubble Masonry uses stones having
straight bed and sides. Stones are usually
squared and brought to hammer dressed.
 This also known as square sneckedrubble.
 The stones with straight edges
and sides are available in different
sizes.
 They are arranged onface in severalirregular pattern.
 Good appearance can beachieved by using risers( a
large stone, generally through stone) , leveller (thinner
stones) and sneck or check (small stone) in a
pattern , having their depths in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1

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In this typeof masonrystones having straightbed and
sides are used. The stones are usually squared and
broughtto hammerdressed orstraightcut finish.
In the uncoursed squarerubble masonry, the different
sizes of stones having straight edges and sides are
arranged on face in several irregularpatterns.

21. uncoursed

22. Coursed Rubble
masonry

24. Square Rubble: Built to
Course
 This Type Of Masonry Also Uses The Same
Stones As Used For Uncoursed Square
Rubble. But The Work Is Levelled Up To
CoursesOf Varying Depths. The Courses Are Of
DifferentHeights.
 EachCourse MayConsists Of
Quoins, Jamb Stones, Bonders And
Throughs OfSame Height ,With Smaller
Stones Built In Between Them Upto The Height
Of The Larger Stones To Complete The Course.
 It doesn’t mean that stones are square in the section

25. Square rubble
masonry
Coursed

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In this typeof masonrystones having straightbed and
sides are used. The stones are usually squared and
broughtto hammerdressed orstraightcut finish.
In thecoursed square rubble masonry, thework is
carried out in coursesof varying depth.

28. Square Rubble: Regular
coursed
In this type of masonry , the wall consists of various
courses of varying heights, but the height
of stones in oneparticular course is same.
Polygonal walling
In this type the stones are hammer
finished on face to an irregular
polygonal shape.
 Thesestones are bedded in position to show
face joints running irregularly in all
directions.
 2 types of polygonal walling may be
there. In the first type the stones areonly
roughly shaped, resulting in only rough

29. Polygonal rubble
masonry

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In this typeof rubble masonry, the stonesare hammer
dressed. The stones used for face work are dressed in
an irregular polygonal shape. Thus the face joints are
seen running in an irregularfashion inall directions.

31. Flint
Walling
 Stones used in this masonry are flints
or cobbles which vary in width and
thickness from 7.5 -15 cm. and in
length from 15 -30 cms.
 The stones are extremely
hard but they are brittle and
therefore may break easily.
 The face arrangements of the
flints may be either
coursed oruncoursed or built to
courses.

32. Flint rubble
masonry

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In this type of masonry, stone used are flints or
cobbles. These are irregularly shaped nodulesof silica.
The stonesareextremely hard. Buttheyare brittleand
therefore they breakeasily.

35. Dry Rubble
Masonry
 Dry Rubble Masonry is that
rubble masonry, made to
courses in which mortar is not
used in the joints.
 This type construction is cheapest
and requires more skill in
construction.
 This may be used for non load
bearing walls such as

36. Dry rubble
masonry

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In this type of masonry, mortar is not used in the
joints. This type of construction is the cheapest and
requires moreskill in construction. This may be used
for non-load bearing walls such as compound walls,
etc…

38. Ashlar
Masonry
 Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed
stone with extremely fine bed and end joints.
 The blocks may be either square and rectangular
shape the height of stone varies from 25-30cm.
 The height of blocks in each course is kept equal but it
is not necessary to keep all the courses of the same
height.
 Ashlar masonry may be subdivided into the following
categories.
 1) Ashlar fine tooled
 2) Ashlar rough tooled
 3) Ashlar rock,rustic or quarry faced
 4) Ashlar chamfered
 5) Ashlar block in course

40. ASHLAR FINE
TOOLED
 This is the finest type of stone masonry work.
Each stone is cut to regular and required size
and shape so as to have all sides rectangular.
 The beds, joints and faces are
chisel dressed such that all waviness
and uneveness is completely removedand a
fairlysmooth surface is obtained.
 Headersand stretchers are laid
alternatively in each
course.
 Thickness of the mortar joint
shouldnot be more than 5mm.

41. ASHLAR
MASONRY

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In this type ashlar masonry, each stone is cut to
uniform sizeand shapewith all sides rectangular, so
that the stonegivesperfectly horizontal and vertical
joints with adjoining stone. This type of ashlar
masonry is verycostly.

43. Ashlar rough
tooled
 In this type ofmasonrythe beds andsides
of each stone blockare finely chisel
dressed just in the same manner as
for Ashlar fine tool.
 Thickness of the mortar joint
should not be more than 6 mm

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In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides are
finely chisel-dressed. But the face is made rough by
meansof tools. A strip,about 25mmwideand made by
means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of
the rough dressed face of eachstone.

46. Ashlar rock
faced
 In this type ofmasonry the exposed face of
a stone is not dressed but is
kept as such so as to give rock
facing.
 Each stone block is maintained true to
it’s size, with perfectly straight side faces
and beds and truly
rectangular in shape.
 Thickness of mortar joints may

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…
In this type of ashlar masonry, a strip about 25mm
wide and made by means of chisel is provided around
the perimeter of every stone as in case of rough-tooled
ashlor masondry. But the remaining portionof the face
is left in the same formasreceived fromquarry.

49. Ashlar
Chamfered
 This is special form of rockfaced Ashlar
masonry in which the strip provided
around the perimeter of the exposed face is
chamfered at an angle of 45 degrees by
means of a chisel to a depth
of 25mm due to this a groove is
formed in between adjacent blocks of
stones.
 Around this bevelled strip another strip of
15 cm is dressed with the help of

50. Ashlar chamfered
masonry

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In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is provided as
below. But it is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45
degrees by meansof chisel foradepth of about 25mm.

52. Ashlar
Facing
 Ashlar facing masonry is provided along with
brick or concrete block masonry, to give
better appearance.
 The sides and beds of each block are
properly dressed so as to make them
true to shape.
 The backing of the wall may be made in
brick masonry or rubble masonry.

54. Ashlar Block in
course
 This type of masonry is intermediate between
rubble masonry and ashlar
masonry.
 The faces ofeach stone are hammer dressed
and the height of blocks is kept the same in
any course. depthof courses may vary from
15-30 cm

55. Ashlar back in course
masonry

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This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar
masonry. In this type of masondry, the face work is
provided with rough tooled or hammerdressesstones
and backing of the wall may be made in rubble
masonry.

57. Ashlar Facing With Backing of Brickwork
(COMPOSITE MASONRY).