Limiti del modello Black-Scholes-Merton e vantaggi del metodo Monte Carlo: an...Matteo Evangelisti
Nel lavoro svolto viene studiato sia a livello teorico sia a livello pratico, grazie all'osservazione di opzioni sull'indice S&P 500 (13 strikes call per la durata di un anno), il modello BSM. Nel far questo si sono evidenziati soprattutto i limiti e le approssimazioni caratterizzanti la valutazione dello strumento derivato in questione.
Nella seconda parte invece, si introduce un metodo numerico (Metodo Monte Carlo) usato come supporto all'approccio analitico prima introdotto. Si mostra come grazie a particolari metodologie per la generazione di numeri "casuali", tecniche di riduzione della varianza e numeri a bassa discrepanza (Metodo quasi-Monte Carlo), si raggiunge un'elevata precisione nel pricing dell'opzione riducendo di fatto le difficoltà presenti nella valutazione degli strumenti presenti nei mercati OTC.
Limiti del modello Black-Scholes-Merton e vantaggi del metodo Monte Carlo: an...Matteo Evangelisti
Nel lavoro svolto viene studiato sia a livello teorico sia a livello pratico, grazie all'osservazione di opzioni sull'indice S&P 500 (13 strikes call per la durata di un anno), il modello BSM. Nel far questo si sono evidenziati soprattutto i limiti e le approssimazioni caratterizzanti la valutazione dello strumento derivato in questione.
Nella seconda parte invece, si introduce un metodo numerico (Metodo Monte Carlo) usato come supporto all'approccio analitico prima introdotto. Si mostra come grazie a particolari metodologie per la generazione di numeri "casuali", tecniche di riduzione della varianza e numeri a bassa discrepanza (Metodo quasi-Monte Carlo), si raggiunge un'elevata precisione nel pricing dell'opzione riducendo di fatto le difficoltà presenti nella valutazione degli strumenti presenti nei mercati OTC.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Statistica
1. STATISTICA INFORMATICA
MATEMATICA INFORMATICA ITALIANO
ELETTRONICA STORIA
Roberta Tardo 5° BI
2.
3. Per campione si intende un sottoinsieme della
popolazione individuato in essa in modo da
consentire la generalizzazione dei risultati di
analisi all’intera popolazione. Le conclusioni a cui
si arriva possono essere attribuite a tutta la
popolazione.
4. I vantaggi del campionamento sono:
1. Costi ridotti;
2. Maggiore rapidità di acquisizione dati;
3. Maggiore accuratezza.
5. Una prima grande distinzione che occorre tener
presente è quella relativa a:
campioni campioni non
probabilistici probabilistici.
•Casuale semplice;
•Casuale stratificato;
•Casuale a grappoli;
•Sistematico;
•Casuale a più stadi.
6. CAMPIONAMENTI PROBABILISTICI
1. Campionamento casuale semplice (con o senza
ripetizione);
Gli elementi al suo interno vengono estratti in
modo casuale: tutte le unità che formano il
campione hanno la stessa probabilità di essere
estratte.
7.
8. Vantaggi:
1. E’ il tipo di campionamento più semplice;
2. E’ conveniente quando la popolazione non è
molto grande;
Svantaggi:
1. Comporta costi di rilevazione più elevati ;
2. Nella pratica non viene molto impiegato, specie
nelle indagini di grandi dimensioni;
3. Non vengono utilizzate tutte le informazioni che
si posseggono sulla popolazione.
9. 2. Campionamento casuale stratificato
Prima di effettuare l'estrazione del campione la
popolazione viene suddivisa in strati basati sul
fattore che influenza il carattere da studiare.
Differisce dal precedente perché a parità di
precisione esso riduce il numero delle unità
incluse nel campione.
10.
11. Vantaggi:
1. La stratificazione è molto conveniente quando
la distribuzione statistica della variabile da
rilevare è asimmetrica.
Svantaggi:
1. Se non si hanno sufficienti informazioni a
priori, la costruzione degli strati può risultare
alquanto costosa.
12. 3. Campionamento casuale a grappoli
La popolazione viene qui suddivisa in grappoli o
cluster. Il campionamento viene effettuato
direttamente sui grappoli.
13.
14. Vantaggi:
1. Minor costi;
Svantaggi:
1. La riduzione dei costi non comporta un’alta
precisione , in quanto si rischia di non ottenere
un campione rappresentativo di tutta la
popolazione, ma solo di una parte, quella
relativa ai grappoli selezionati.
15. 4. Campionamento sistematico
Si prende una progressione aritmetica di ragione
k a partire da qualunque i di essa scelta a caso fra
le prime k. E’ conveniente usarlo quando la
popolazione è riportata sottoforma di elenco in
modo tale da poter estrarre solo le unità che ci
interessano campionare.
16.
17. Vantaggi:
1. E’ più facile l’estrazione delle unità che
compongono il campione;
2. Le stime sono più precise rispetto a quelle di un
campione scelto casualmente;
Svantaggi:
1. Occorre porre attenzione che l'intervallo di
campionamento prescelto non sia influenzato
da qualche variabile esterna che ha la stessa
ciclicità del campionamento.
18. 5. Campionamento casuale a più stadi
Viene utilizzato quando la popolazione è molto
grande e gli elementi al suo interno possono essere
raggruppati in diversi sottoinsiemi.
Il campionamento viene effettuato seguendo i
seguenti passi:
1. Suddividere la popolazione in stadi,
2. Estrarre un campione dal primo stadio e nell’ambito
delle unità ottenute si procede con l’estrazione del
campione del secondo stadio ecc…
Quindi possiamo dire che il nostro campione è
formato dalle unità estratte dall’ultimo stadio.
19. CAMPIONI NON PROBABILISTICI
Il campionamento di convenienza non offre a
tutte le unità della popolazione la stessa
possibilità di entrare a far parte del campione. In
pratica, alcuni gruppi o individui hanno maggiore
probabilità di essere scelti rispetto agli altri. Il
campionamento non probabilistico è considerato
un cattivo metodo di campionamento.
20.
21.
22. Consiste nell’impiegare un segnale detto
PORTANTE per trasferire il contenuto informativo
di un altro segnale detto MODULANTE al fine di
adattare il segnale al mezzo trasmissivo.
25. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
La modulazione di ampiezza consiste nel far
variare l’ampiezza del segnale portante in modo
proporzionale al segnale modulante.
26.
27. Frequency Modulation (FM)
La modulazione in frequenza consiste nel far
variare la frequenza del segnale portante in modo
proporzionale al segnale modulante. L’ampiezza
del segnale FM è costante e coincide con quella
della portante.
28. PHASE MODULATION (PM)
La modulazione in fase consiste nel far variare la
fase del segnale portante in modo proporzionale
all’ampiezza del segnale modulante.
29. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)
La modulazione di ampiezza consiste nel far
variare l’ampiezza degli impulsi della portante in
modo proporzionale al segnale modulante.
30. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)
La modulazione a larghezza di impulsi viene
realizzata modificando gli impulsi della portante
in modo proporzionale all’ampiezza del segnale
modulante.
31. PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
La modulazione di impulsi a codice è molto usata in
campo telefonico . Per ottenere un segnale numerico
PCM, partendo da un segnale fonico, è necessario
rendere il segnale analogico discreto sia nel tempo che
nelle ampiezze. Per ottenere la discretizzazione nelle
ampiezze o quantizzazione è necessario associare ad
ogni campione PAM un numero binario la cui codifica
rappresenta l’ampiezza del campione PAM. In questo
modo sui mezzi trasmissivi viaggiano segnali
numerici costituiti da impulsi a due livelli 0 e 1.
32.
33. PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)
La modulazione a posizione di impulsi consiste
nel modificare la posizione degli impulsi della
portante in modo proporzionale all’ampiezza del
segnale modulante.
34. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)
La modulazione a spostamento di ampiezza
consiste nell’associare ai simboli 0 e 1 due
ampiezze diverse della portante.
35. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING(FSK)
La modulazione a spostamento di frequenza
consiste nell’assegnare al livello logico 0 e 1
dell’informazione da trasmettere due valori
distinti di frequenze simmetrici rispetto alla
frequenza della portante.
36. PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)
La modulazione a spostamento di fase consiste
nel modificare la fase della portante in
corrispondenza dello stato logico 0 e 1 del segnale
modulante.
37.
38. La combinazione fra collegamenti fisici e logici,
implementati in una rete di comunicazione, definisce
la topologia della rete.