This document discusses the history and chemistry of catalysis. It provides background on the definition and types of catalysis, including examples such as heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. It also summarizes the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, noting it was first achieved industrially in 1913 using hydrogen and nitrogen over an iron catalyst. This process was a major innovation that helped support the global population growth in the 20th century. The document examines the early catalysts used and how iron was later determined to be a less expensive catalyst still used today.
New catalyst materials for ammonia synthesis by aniketwavalaniket
1. Ammonia is primarily used for fertilizer production. The Haber-Bosch process uses iron catalysts to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressures. Ruthenium and cobalt catalysts have also been developed.
2. Iron, ruthenium, osmium, and cobalt have all been tested as catalyst materials for ammonia synthesis. Promoters like potassium and lithium can improve the activity of iron catalysts. Ruthenium catalysts supported on carbon exhibits high activity at low pressures.
3. Photocatalytic systems using materials like magnesium-doped titanium dioxide have potential for solar-driven ammonia production. Overall, the development of efficient and affordable
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
This document discusses the history and chemistry of catalysis. It provides background on the definition and types of catalysis, including examples such as heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. It also summarizes the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, noting it was first achieved industrially in 1913 using hydrogen and nitrogen over an iron catalyst. This process was a major innovation that helped support the global population growth in the 20th century. The document examines the early catalysts used and how iron was later determined to be a less expensive catalyst still used today.
New catalyst materials for ammonia synthesis by aniketwavalaniket
1. Ammonia is primarily used for fertilizer production. The Haber-Bosch process uses iron catalysts to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressures. Ruthenium and cobalt catalysts have also been developed.
2. Iron, ruthenium, osmium, and cobalt have all been tested as catalyst materials for ammonia synthesis. Promoters like potassium and lithium can improve the activity of iron catalysts. Ruthenium catalysts supported on carbon exhibits high activity at low pressures.
3. Photocatalytic systems using materials like magnesium-doped titanium dioxide have potential for solar-driven ammonia production. Overall, the development of efficient and affordable
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
Manufacturing of ammonia using haber's processrita martin
Ammonia is produced through the Haber process, which involves combining nitrogen gas from air with hydrogen gas over an iron catalyst under high pressure and temperature. This exothermic reaction produces ammonia gas. Only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen convert on each pass, but overall conversion reaches 98% by recycling the unreacted gases through the reactor multiple times. The catalyst is iron with added potassium hydroxide as a promoter to increase efficiency.
Development of
- Improved catalysts to be employed within existing production units for existing reactors
- Improved catalysts for existing reactors using new procedures calling for new equipment
- Integration of catalyst and reactor
Heat transfer and mass transport
- Integration of catalytic reaction and separation of reactants or reaction products
Catalytic distillation as an example : performing a catalytic reaction within a distillation column ......
The document discusses how intangible assets now dominate corporate value rather than tangible assets. It introduces an Intangible Capital Value Drivers Report tool that measures ten intangible value driver categories through structured crowd-sourcing of internal and external stakeholder ratings. These ratings provide a roadmap to improve performance, innovation, and increase valuation by diagnosing core operations. The report can help business owners improve their company, access financing, and plan successful ownership exits.
The challenge for every business is how to put your intellectual capital to work. In this presentation, you will learn a way to model knowledge value creation by Mary Adams at the Knowledge Management Society of Warsaw in April, 2009.
The document provides seven legal tips for starting a business from attorney P. Haans Mulder. The tips are: 1) develop awareness of potential legal issues, 2) incorporate to limit liability, 3) obtain necessary permits, 4) research financing options, 5) protect intellectual property, 6) document business relationships, and 7) document important decisions and actions in writing. P. Haans Mulder and Cunningham Dalman, P.C. have been serving the Holland, Michigan area in business and estate planning since 1900.
Estate recovery allows states to recoup Medicaid costs from a recipient's estate after death. It applies to those over 55 who received long-term care through Medicaid. The presentation discusses how estate recovery works, which assets it applies to like bank accounts and homes, and ways for patients and families to protect assets like using a ladybird deed for the home and trusts for other property. It also notes estate recovery could impact businesses by incentivizing longer home care or selling homes for liquid assets.
Improving RDF Search Performance with Lucene and SIRENMike Hugo
This document discusses improving the performance of semantic web applications by indexing RDF datasets with Lucene, SIREn, and RDF. It begins with an overview of SPARQL and its limitations for querying large datasets. It then introduces Lucene as a way to index and search text fields from RDF triples for improved query performance. Finally, it discusses how SIREn can be used to extend Lucene indexing to support semi-structured data from RDF triples beyond just text fields.
