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圖利與便民的認
知與應有的作為
報告人 許永欽 博士
臺灣高等法院檢察署檢察官
圖利罪存在的爭議
圖利罪存在的爭議
圖利罪存在的爭議
•監察院102/12/11調查報告
•李委員復甸調查「檢調單位偵辦公務機關辦理公
共工程採購人員涉嫌貪瀆圖利案件,經起訴後之
定罪率甚低,最終雖還其清白,然動輒起訴,嚴
重打擊公務員勇於任事之意願,使政府施政趨於
保守,影響政府效能及我國國際競爭力甚鉅。究
圖利罪相關構成要件之規定是否周延?檢調單位
是否為求績效濫行調查起訴?是否影響政府效能
及打擊公務員士氣?容有深入瞭解之必要乙案」
報告。
圖利罪存在的爭議
•圖利罪定罪率低,造成公務員訟兇?
•圖利罪起訴浮濫與重罰,造成寒蟬效應,
行政效率低落?
•圖利與便民一線之隔,法律欠缺明確性與
剝奪行政裁量空間?
圖利罪存在的爭議
•實證觀察,圖利罪案件的現象
 公務員與廠商關係複雜。
 利用專業,規避法律。
 國庫損失慘重;廠商獲利甚豐。
 看不到,抓不到;看得到,也沒證據辦得
到,定罪真的很難。
圖利罪存在的必要性
•你要借錢,我來貸;你要土地,我來賣。
•你要標案,我來綁;你要明牌,我來洩。
•你要走私,我放水;你家的路,我來開。
•你包娼、包賭,我包庇。
這些行為要不要規範?
除罪化後,該怎麼辦?

貪污
 背信凟職
圖利
圖利罪的構成要件
8
圖利罪的構成要件
•貪污治罪條例614
•對於主管或監督之事務,明知違背法律、
法律授權之法規命令、職權命令、自治條
例、自治規則、委辦規則或其他對多數不
特定人民就一般事項所作對外發生法律效
果之規定,直接或間接圖自己或其他私人
不法利益,因而獲得利益者。
圖利罪的構成要件
•貪污治罪條例615
•對於非主管或監督之事務,明知違背法律、
法律授權之法規命令、職權命令、自治條
例、自治規則、委辦規則或其他對多數不
特定人民就一般事項所作對外發生法律效
果之規定,利用職權機會或身分圖自己或
其他私人不法利益,因而獲得利益者。
圖利罪的構成要件
利益
違背法令
圖利行為
公務員
職務
反賄賂
Anti-Bribery
公務員
刑法第10條第2
項公務員之定義
係指依法令服務於國家或
地方自治團體所屬機關而
具有法定職務權限之人。
係指受國家或地方自
治團體所屬機關依法
委託,從事與委託機
關權限有關公共事務
之人員。
係指依法令授權而從
事於公共事務且具有
法定職務權限之人。
身分公務
員
委託公務
員
授權公
務員
違背法令
•違背法律、法律授權之法規命令、職權命
令、自治條例、自治規則、委辦規則、其
他對多數不特定多數人民就一般事項所作
對外發生法律效果之規定。
•法令的種類:身分法?組織法?作用法?
處罰法?尚無定論。
 法令一定須有對世效力,單純內部行政規
則不算。
 主觀要素須直接故意,非間接故意。
圖利與行政裁量
• 然而基於憲法分權原理,各權平等,必須互相尊重;實則民
主自由、工商繁榮之社會,價值多元,人際關係糾結,行政
機關基於各式各樣之行政目的要求,於不同時間、地點、對
象,視個案具體情形,作出不同決定、處分,原屬其行政裁
量權之範疇,是行政機關之首長、執事或承辦人員本於職權
所為之裁量,倘無明顯違法濫權或失當,法院不宜逕
為相異之認定;且法院判斷行為是否違法、可責,不能脫離
行為之時、空因素,觀諸刑法第一條至第八條規定即明…水
源區內之鄉(鎮、市)公所,原則上應按年度擬訂「協助地
方建設計畫」,提報協建小組審議通過後辦理。可見協建小
組就此回饋金之運用,是否符合相關規定,有其行政裁
量權,原則上,法院當予尊重(最高法院101年度台上
字第446號判決要旨參照)。
圖利與行政裁量
•按貪污治罪條例所謂之「主管事務」,係
指依法令於職務上對於該事務,有無主持
或參與執行之權責而言。次按行政裁量權,
固為法律授權行政機關得於一定範圍內自
由裁量之權力,惟仍非漫無標準,苟係處
分之作成,違反合目的性、及合義務性之
判斷、或有逾越及濫用裁量之情事,仍屬
違法,此乃行政行為之基本原則(參臺灣高
等法院臺南分院86年度上更一字第364號判
決要旨)。
不法利益
•最高法院106年度台上字第264號刑事判決
•所謂「不法利益」係指公務員違背法令之行為,
使圖利對象(本人或第三人)之財產,增加經
濟價值之現實財物及其他一切財產利益,不論
有形或無形、消極或積極者均屬之。又公務員
之圖利行為如已使自己或其他私人因而獲得不
法利益,即成立犯罪,至於自己或其他私人獲
得不法利益後,嗣因其他原因,而未能保有其
利得,對已成立之犯罪並不生影響。
圖利與便民的差異
圖利 便民
圖利與便民的差異
•同:圖利與便民均係給予人民利益,但圖利是圖特
定人之利益;便民所給予者則為人民已合法取得
之利益且為多數之全民。
•異:二者之區別,除主觀上有無為自己或他人圖取
不法利益之故意外,圖利人民應指公務員藉由違
背法令之行為,使人民因而獲得所產生之不法利
益;便民則指公務員本於職務在法令許可之範圍
內所為,於手續或程序上給予人民方便,以取得
應得之合法利益。最高法院100台上592號刑事判
決。
► 差異
省思與檢討
昔:前人建設,「高瞻」遠矚,創造了臺灣經
濟奇蹟。
今:現代建設,「瞻情」顧意,創造了路不平
,豆腐渣工程的奇特現象。
未:「前瞻」搞軌,政商「錢霑」?令人憂心!
省思與檢討
PUBLIC PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIPS
公開、公平、公正
公私協力的基本原則
省思與檢討
•行政機關自我檢討
 做不到,也無法做到的事,不要強行立規
要求公務員依令行事。
 用不到,也不能用的不合時宜之法令,應
隨時檢討修正或廢止。
 行政機關不宜制定連自己都搞不清楚的法
規綁死自己的公務員,讓公務員無法解套。
省思與檢討
依法
行政
違法
亂紀
政府設置百官,各司其職,各有規章,若心存
正念,身在公門好修行。
不要盲目聽從上級命令,不要踩法律紅線。
職務作為
公
務
員
做
事
心
態
省思與檢討
•廠商自我檢討
 以「競爭」非以利益「交換」創造商機。
 搞「建設」非搞「破壞」。

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圖利與便民的認知與應有的作為