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天文史 楊富喬
天文學史是一趟時間回溯之旅,觀看與今日現代思想迥異的文化,
並且嘗試透過這些文化的看法和想法來觀看這個世界。為天文學史
帶來獨特魅力的,事實上是他的研究對象────史前時代、古代與中
世紀的諸文化試圖理解的,也是現代天文學家所要探索的────天空。
《劍橋插圖天文史》
什麼是天文史?
目次
史前天文學01
古代天文學02
天文史的啟示03
史前天文學
歐洲
英國:
巨石陣(Stonehenge)
愛爾蘭:
紐格萊奇(Newgrange)
美洲
印加帝國:
Ceques系統
馬雅:
烏斯馬爾王宮
古代天文學
巴比倫
巴比倫
六十進位→角度、角分、角秒
算術
《Enuma預言集》
泥板文書
埃及
埃及
12個月x 3星期x 10天+ 5天= 365天
曆法
幾何尺寸精準,三大金字塔──獵戶座腰帶、
胡夫金字塔──天龍座右樞
金字塔
古希臘
亞里斯多德
透過觀察地球投影在月球上的陰影
地圓說
四元素說
天球模型
地球是靜止的→弓箭手之喻
穩固的大地
同心球層
行星運動模型
Aristotle(384-322BC)
阿里斯塔克
歷史上第一位!
日心說
Aristarchus(310-230BC)
疑問:恆星視運動
→解釋:距離太遠,難以察覺
泛希臘化
希臘幾何+巴比倫算術
阿波羅尼奧斯
偏心圓
本輪均輪
(可解釋逆行)
問題:不能完全吻合觀測到的五大行星運動
Apollonius(262-190BC)
→現實:軌道為接近正圓的橢圓
埃拉托色尼
簡易的方法,挺準的!
測量地球周長
Eratosthenes(276-195BC)
喜帕恰斯
1~6等
視星等
100年移動一度→實際:70年
發現歲差
有800多顆!
→亡佚,唯一記載在托勒密的《至大論》中
恆星表
Hipparchus(190-120BC)
托勒密
→問題:月球視直徑
地心說體系
包含了偏心點、地心說、星表,可計算太
陽、月亮、五大行星未來任何時刻的運動
不朽的《天文學大成》(至大論Almagest)
Ptolemy(90-198AD)
伊斯蘭
伊斯蘭天文
巴格達翻譯《至大論》
翻譯天文著作
占星學與宗教對立、受贊助者影響
烏魯柏格建撒馬爾罕天文台──
成就:1000多顆恆星的星表
建造天文台
文藝復興
重要事件
校正手抄本的錯誤,還原著作的原意,通行到歐洲各地活字版印刷術
描述托勒密的行星模型,促使哥白尼進行研究波伊巴赫《行星新理論》
與雷格蒙塔努斯合作節錄《至大論》,
使其廣泛流傳
貝薩里翁《至大論綱要》
哥倫布利用此書預測的月蝕,
嚇退雅買加土著
雷格蒙塔努斯《天文年曆》
哥白尼
突破藩籬!
日心說
死前出版、誤導的前言、革命性宇宙觀
《天體運行論》
Copernicus(1473-1543)
「太陽,位在萬物的中心。
因為在這最壯麗的神殿,誰能將這盞明燈放到比這裡更合適的其他地方,而讓它可以一瞬間照亮整個宇宙?
事實上,再也沒有比稱它為宇宙的明燈更加貼切的了;再者,它也是宇宙的心,而且,也是宇宙的統治者。
太陽就像坐在王座之上,統治著圍繞它旋轉的行星家族。」 哥白尼
轉變
幾何→物理、狀態→原理
第谷
不斷修正儀器和精準度
對觀測精度的要求
天堡&星堡,累積了大量且精確的觀測資料
汶島上的天文台
打破亞里斯多德的球殼模型
1572年新星 1577年大彗星
日心說+地心說
第谷體系
Tycho(1546-1601)
克卜勒
第谷的觀測精度迫使他放棄正圓軌道,開創新局
圓形→橢圓
行星的軌道為橢圓,太陽位於其中一個焦點上
行星第一運動定律
在相同時間內,行星與太陽的連線掃過面積會相等
原版:(v正比1/r)
行星第二運動定律
行星的週期平方與軌道半徑立方有固定比值
行星第三運動定律
Kepler(1571-1630)
天空的立法者
伽利略
發現木星四大衛星、觀察月球表面、太陽黑子、銀河
改良望遠鏡
與教會槓上!
倡導哥白尼學說
托勒密v.s.哥白尼
《關於兩大世界體系的對話》
1616年違背教令遭懲處
遭軟禁,度過餘生
Galileo(1564-1642)
笛卡爾
宇宙不可能有無物質的空間
太陽只是一顆普通的恆星,每個渦流中都
有一個恆星,如此連綿下去
《哲學原理》同質空間、無限宇宙
恆星穿入另一渦流形成行星,或形成彗星
穿過一個個渦流,因此彗星只會經過一次
渦流、彗星理論Descartes(1596-1650)
→準備被哈雷彗星打臉XD
新時代
虎克
《試證地球之運動》裏頭提出了三個假設:
所有的天體,都有一種稱之為重力的力量指向其自身中心,而這引力中
心不僅吸引住天體本身的各個部分,並防止他們飛離,就像我們從地球
所看到的那樣,而且也會吸引其活動區域內的其他天體。
假設一
所有不管哪種正在進行簡單直線運動的物體,都將會繼續沿著直線向前
運動,直到受到其他影響力的作用,才會偏移或彎曲成圓周運動、橢圓
運動或是其他更複雜的曲線運動。
假設二
當物體離它的引力中心越近,其所受的引力就越大。
假設三
→“其活動區域”表示他沒有想到引力是遍及全面
→這是對於行星軌道的運動動力學第一個正確的主張!
→引力究竟是與距離成反比還是距離平方成反比?
Hooke(1635-1703)
牛頓
家鄉的蘋果樹
萬有引力
將克卜勒的假說提升成定律
力學系統
以精確的數學推導,為定量性預測開出一條路
《自然哲學的數學原理》
證明牛頓打敗笛卡爾
1758年哈雷彗星的回歸
Newton(1643-1727)
「自然及其規律隱於暗夜之中,
上帝說,讓牛頓去吧!
於是一切充滿光明。」
詩人 波普
後續
1801年,皮亞齊發現榖神星
1846年,加勒發現海王星
天文學家開始往恆星、星雲等方面做研究
1781年,威廉赫歇爾發現天王星
天文史的啟示
宇宙學的歷史,並非拒絕荒謬觀念、接受看來(或稍須經思考)顯然
無誤的真理這樣簡單,
而是艱辛戰勝「抗拒真理、接受荒謬之行為」的英雄傳奇。正因
如此而賦予宇宙學的歷史迷人的魅力。
《劍橋插圖天文史》
那你認為呢?
Thank You

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天文史