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主題:日與月
主講:鄭傑文
天文社第五次社課
太陽
THE SUN
日與月 2
太陽的
物質狀態
太陽是一顆由電漿體(plasma)組成的球體。
日與月 3
★ 電漿體又稱為等離子體,為氣態
持續加熱所形成,氣體分子中
環繞原子的電子部分或全部變
成
自由電子,稱之為電離作用。
日與月 4
太陽分層結構圖
• 內部結構➠
✡核心
~太陽半徑的10%
✡輻射層
~核心向外到75%
✡對流層
~厚度15萬km
• 大氣結構➠
✡光球層
~溫度5800K
✡色球層
~溫度4200~數萬K
✡日冕層
~溫度約100萬K
太陽 SUN
日與月 5
Stratified Structure
內部結構 INTERNAL STRUCTURE
日與月 6
• 包含太陽在內的每一顆恆星都是沒有明顯分層
的氣態(電漿態)球體,因此天文學家將會發出強
烈白光且光線無法穿透的球面作為太陽的表面,
而該球面即為光球層(photosphere)。以光球層為
分界把太陽分為內部和大氣結構。
• 內部結構由內而外依序是核心(core)→輻射層
(radiation zone)→對流層(convection zone)。
核心層 CORE
日與月 7
• 核心最主要的功能就是發生核融合反應,為太
陽絕大多數的能量供應來源。為何核心能發生
核融合反應呢?
• 溫度、密度、封閉(維持)時間是發生核融合反應
的三要素,此外還需借助核力,而太陽是利用
其巨大重力將發生反應的電漿封閉在核心處。
• 由於氫原子核及氦原子分別為核融合的反應物
和產物,因而太陽約有74%是H原子、25%是He
原子。
核心層 CORE
日與月 8
• 太陽核心約占太陽總質量的50%,太陽半徑的10%,
也因此此處為極高壓狀態(約為2500億atm)。
• 此處的溫度介於700萬~1500萬K。
• 以每秒消耗數億噸的氫,生成數億噸的氦。
(產能功率:3.826 ∗ 1026
瓦)
(核融合可以下式簡介之:
4個氫→1個氦+能量+ 2個微中子)
輻射層 RADIATION ZONE
日與月 9
• 此處已無足夠條件進行核融合,因此核心產生
的能量在此逐漸以輻射的方式向外傳遞。
• 而來自核心的γ射線與X射線光子,不斷與輻射
層的粒子碰撞,被物質粒子吸收後再輻射,最
後以可見光的形式傳至表面。
(能量欲從底層傳至表面約需30~50萬年)
• 此層半徑約是太陽半徑的25~75%。
• 輻射層溫度約為200萬~700萬K。
對流層 CONVECTION ZONE
日與月 10
• 占太陽半徑為75%以外,溫度5800K~200萬K。
• 因此層高低層溫差及密度差皆大,產生熱對流,
有別於輻射層緩慢的傳遞,此層只需數天時間。
• 此處太陽赤道自轉轉速較高緯度地區快,因而
與均勻自轉的輻射層間形成差旋層,被認為是
太陽磁場的發生處。
• 對流在太陽表面(光球層)呈現米粒與超米粒組織。
外部結構 OUTERNAL STRUCTURE
日與月 11
• 由光球層(Photosphere)、色球層(Chromosphere)、
日冕層(Corona)以及太陽圈組成太陽外部的大氣。
光球層 PHOTOSPHERE
日與月 12
• 此處的厚度約為100公里,溫度約為5800K。
• 為實際可見的太陽表面,由於所看到的邊緣處
是溫度與密度均較低的表層,因此比中間來的
暗,特稱為臨邊昏暗。
• 在此面可見大小約1500公里的米粒組織,以及
溫度略低的太陽黑子(4000K)。
太陽黑子與米粒組織
SUNSPOTS & GRANULATION
日與月 13
✡由於對流層中電漿的運動產生複雜的磁場,因
而在太陽四周製造了許多磁力線,並且在磁力線
突出處產生成群的太陽黑子。
✡太陽黑子所在處為溫度較低的地方,約為4000K,
雖說太陽黑子因溫度較周遭表面低而呈現黑色,
但實際上其照度相似於滿月,黑子大小不一。
✡太陽黑子的位置與數量呈週期性變化(11年),由
中緯度漸移至低緯度,黑子壽命約為數周。
日與月 14
太陽黑子與米粒組織
SUNSPOTS & GRANULATION
日與月 15
✡米粒組織肇因於對流層翻滾沸騰的對流泡,上
升的熱氣流在光球層釋放熱能並降溫下沉,而米
粒組織留存的時間平均約為10分鐘。
✡而尺度及存續時間較大的稱之為超米粒組織。
[IMAGE] 太陽黑子&米粒組織
日與月 16
米粒組織
太陽黑子
本影Umbra
半影Penumbra
中央溫度比四周
溫度略高300K
色球層 CHROMOSPHERE
日與月 17
• 此層厚度約數千公里,發光強度低於光球層許
多,因此只有在日全食時有機會看見其略呈紅
色(玫瑰色)。
• 色球層的溫度隨高度增加而上升,大致可分三
個部分:前兩個階段緩慢升溫,在最後約400公
里厚的高層急遽升至數萬度,且在不到5000公
里過渡到日冕的百萬度以上之高溫。
• 自光球層噴射至色球層,形似針草狀,稱為針
狀體。
日冕 CORONA
日與月 18
• 日冕層厚達數百萬公里,可達太陽的數十倍直
徑,此區域溫度可達100萬K以上。
• 與色球層相同,只能在日食時看見(白色)。
• 此層可見許多天文景象,如日珥(Solar
Prominence)、閃焰(Solar Flare)。
• 在磁力線呈拱狀處,電漿順勢運動,並在邊緣
形成日珥,若在表面看見則稱為暗條。
• 磁力線斷裂→日冕物質拋射→太陽風與大氣碰
撞,進入地球南北極成極光。
太陽圈 & 日鞘
日與月 19
• 太陽圈的範圍一路向外延伸至冥王星與鬩神星
的軌道之外,包含整個柯伊伯帶(古柏帶)的太陽
系。
• 太陽圈充斥著強烈而高速的太陽風,至外圍與
星際物質碰撞溫度遽升並減速形成終端震波。
• 日鞘為終端震波外圍的區域,呈盾狀或彗星狀。
• 太陽風最後與星際物質達平衡,形成太陽層頂,
而星際物質於太陽層頂外減速形成盾形震波。
[IMAGE] 太陽圈&日鞘
日與月 20
月球
THE MOON
日與月 21
日與月 22
• 月球跟地球的比例很大,月地直徑比例為27%,
而火衛一與火星為0.34%,僅次於冥衛凱倫與冥
王星的比例50%。
• 月球與太陽視直徑幾乎相等:日地距離為月地距
離的400倍且太陽大小也約為月球大小的400倍。
• 潮汐鎖定:因月球岩盤長年受地球引力作用而變
形並改變自轉速度,使月球將最難變形的面固
定朝向地球→呈西洋梨形狀。
• 因為月球自轉軸的晃動(天平動Libration),導致
我們自地表可見的月表並非50%,而是約59%。
• 月表漆黑處為平原,白色處為撞擊坑密集之山
地。
日與月 23
表面地形
日與月 24
• 月海
→多分布在正面、表面較暗處。
→由黑色玄武岩構成。
→大範圍稱為洋。
• 隕石坑
→月球主要地形。
→中央低平周圍隆起。
→正反面皆分布。
大碰撞說
↓
前酒海紀
↓
酒 海 紀
↓
雨 海 紀
↓
愛拉托遜紀
↓
哥白尼紀
月球背面
日與月 25
• 月球背面的地形是一大堆起伏不平的撞擊坑,
且月海分布較少。
• 月背南極地區的南極-艾特肯盆地為太陽系第二
大之隕石撞擊坑。
• 月球背面 月球暗面(除滿月時相等)。
內部結構 INTERNAL STRUCTURE
日與月 26
參考資料
日與月 27
• 《一看就懂!宇宙的奧秘》(2011)
• 《HOW IT WORKS知識大圖解》(2015/8)
• 《天文學趣談》 (1988)
• 天文學概論:我們的太陽
(http://www.phys.ncku.edu.tw/~astrolab/New_page/e_book/sun/sun.html#inte
rnal)
• 一中天文24屆社課講義
• 奇妙的物質第四態─電漿 (https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/zh-
tw/articles/C/0/1/10/1/110.htm)
• GOOGLE圖片、WIKIPEDIA
感 謝 聆 聽!
THANKS FOR YOUR
LISTENING!
日與月 28

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日與月