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1. ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬
‫م‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻠﻢ‬/‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺟﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬:
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻼءم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫وﺳﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬.
‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬‫وﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫أﺳﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻠﻚ‬ ،‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻮة‬
‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺎت‬.
‫اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﮭﺮﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮءة‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرئ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﯾﺰى‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻦ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﻮق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ،
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻖ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺬﯾﺎع‬
‫وھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺗﻰ‬
٤١‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺎع‬ ‫أوم‬‫وﻓﻰ‬ ،
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺮادار‬ ‫ھﻮاﺋﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮو‬Feed
Horn‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻊ‬ ‫أو‬.‫اﻟﻀﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮھﺎت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫أو‬)‫ﻏﺎزات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬(‫اﻟﺘﺮوس‬ ‫وﻋﻠﺒﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬)‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻓﺘﯿﺲ‬(‫ﻷداء‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮر‬ ‫ﻛﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫واﺣﺪ‬/‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫إﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬.
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت؟‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذن‬
‫ﻟﺘ‬ ‫وﺳﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫أدق‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬.‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﮭ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻏﺎز‬‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬.
‫وﺣﺪات‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫دراﺳﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬
‫اﻷوﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرات‬)‫اﻟﻔﺎزات‬(‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﮭﺬا‬.
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬‫اﻟﻌﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫إذن‬=‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاھﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮوج‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮوج‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸﺘﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮوج‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺘﺮض‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎدة‬‫أﻗﻞ‬‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬.
‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮدﻧﺎ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬"‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬"‫أو‬:‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬"‫ﯾﻜﻔﻰ‬ ‫أو‬"‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬"
‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬‫ﻃﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫أﺳﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ،‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬.
‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬=‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬÷‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬.
‫واﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬.‫ﻓﺄﺣﺪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫وﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮل‬ ‫إذن‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬‫اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺒﻠﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬.
‫وا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫ﯾﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﯿﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
‫ﯾﻤ‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫وأن‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫أو‬)‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬(
‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮر‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮر‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫وآﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬
‫آه‬-‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬-‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫أﻟﯿﺲ‬

2. ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮح‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬)‫اﻷزرق‬(‫ﺣﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫و‬
‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬)‫اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻰ‬(‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺘﻠﻘﻰ‬)‫اﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬.(‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫واﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮف‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﺺ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬
‫ﺧﻮاﺻﮫ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬.
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺾ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺮﺻﺎﺻﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﯿﺐ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ،‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫و‬.
‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻷداء‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎرھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬
‫ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ،‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬه‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬
‫ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬.
‫ﻓﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬‫ﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬!
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬
‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﺎزل‬ ‫ورق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮرﻧﯿﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ؟‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬‫ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬.
‫ﺗﺰداد‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ،‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ھﺬه‬β‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺮﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬β‫اﻟﻤﻄ‬‫ﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬.
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ھﻜﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬.
‫ﻟﻔﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻗﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺔ‬‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫أوم‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬=‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬×‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎوﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎوﻗﺔ‬٢×‫ط‬×‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬×‫اﻟﺤﺚ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬
V=4.44*F*N*β*A*10-4
٤.٤٤×10-4
‫اﻟﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ذﻛﺮھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺾ‬
F‫ذ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬/‫ث‬
N‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
β‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
A‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬.

3. ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬‫ﻗﺪ‬‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﺑﺴﻂ‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺣﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻈﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮى‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻌﻮض‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮى‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻮر‬
‫ا‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬.
‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬
‫ﯾﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻔﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪى‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺪﯾﺪى‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻮاء‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬!!
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮى‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
‫و‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫وإن‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺒﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬‫ﯾﺸﺒﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺮ‬.‫ّاﻣﯿﮫ‬‫و‬‫د‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ھﺬه‬
‫إ‬ ‫أو‬‫ﻋﺼﺎرﯾﺔ‬Eddy Currents‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎرھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺆدى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻌﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬.
‫أﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬‫أﺷﮭﺮھﺎ‬EI‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮف‬E‫اﻟﺤﺮف‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻷﺧﺮى‬I‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬‫ھﻜﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ا‬.‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻷوﺳﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺼﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺘﻮزع‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬.
‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬L‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬.
‫ﺷﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬Window‫وھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺸﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﱞﻞ‬‫ﻜ‬‫اﻟﻤﺸ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬
‫إدﺧﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮه‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺒﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺰق‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬‫ﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺮق‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺼﮭﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻒ‬.

4. ‫ﺣﺚ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻮﺗﻮرات‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫،وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬٢‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھﻨﺮى‬٣٠‫ﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ،‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ھﻨﺮى‬‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻘﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺮﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ،‫أداؤھﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻘﻠﻞ‬EI‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫و‬E‫اﻟﻌﺎزل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬
‫ھ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬‫اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬.
‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﮭﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ووﺟﻮد‬
‫اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬.
‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺘﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮرﻧﯿﺶ‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺿﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﻏﻂ‬ ‫أى‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻮرﻧﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻧﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺻﻮت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮدد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬
‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻰ‬ ‫اﻻھﺘﺰاز‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫زﻧﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬.

5. ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬:
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺼﻤﻢ‬‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻌﻮض‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬=٥٠‫ذ‬/‫ﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬
‫أوﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺪأ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬=‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬×‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬=‫ﻛﺬا‬‫وات‬.
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬=‫اﻟﺠﺬر‬‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻰ‬‫ﻟﻠﻘﺪرة‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺼﻤﻢ‬١٠٠‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻮل‬ ‫وات‬٢٢٠‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬١٢‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬.
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬١٠٠‫ﺟﺬرھﺎ‬ ‫وات‬١٠‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬١٠‫ﺳﻢ‬٢
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬٠.٩‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺘﻜﻮن‬١٠÷٠.٩=١١.١١‫ﺳﻢ‬٢
‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎس‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎس‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺘﺎر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫أو‬.
‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬‫ھﻰ‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬٣‫ﺳﻢ‬×٤‫ﺳﻢ‬=١٢‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬‫أﻓﻀ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬‫ﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺪد‬‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬‫واﺣﺪ‬‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬=٥٠÷‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ن‬=٥٠÷4.16667 = 12‫ﻟﻔ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬٤.٢‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬٢٢٠‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج‬٢٢٠×٤.٢=٩٢٤‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬١٢‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬١٢×٤.٢=٥٠.٢‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬٥٠‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬٥١‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻵن‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫أﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‬١٠٠‫وات‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬١٢‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬=١٠٠÷١٢=٨.٣٣٣‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷوم‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارى‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬=٠.٨‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﺬر‬‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬=٠.٦‫ﺟﺬر‬‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬‫اﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إن‬.
=٠.٨×٨.٣٣٣=٠.٨×٢.٨٨٧=٢.٣٢٣
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرج‬‫ﺗﮭﻮﯾﺘﮫ‬‫أو‬‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪه‬‫ﺗﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬٠.٨‫إﻟﻰ‬٠.٦‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫أو‬
٠.٥
‫اﻵن‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮوج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬٨٠%
‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫إذن‬١٠٠÷٠.٨=١٢٥‫وات‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬٢٢٠‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬١٢٥÷٢٢٠=٠.٥٧‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬=٠.٨‫ﺟﺬر‬٠.٥٧=٠.٨×0.75= 0.6‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬٦‫دﯾﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬=٥٠‫ذ‬/‫ث‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬=‫ﺳﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬-‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬
‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬‫اﻷﻟﻤﻮﻧﯿﻮم‬‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼن‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫أو‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أزواج‬
‫ﻗﻠﻮب‬)٣‫ﻓﺎز‬(
‫ﺻﺤﺤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ﻷى‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ‬‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻔﻌﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬

6. ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺮ‬٤٠٠‫ھﯿﺮﺗﺰ‬:
‫ﺟﻮا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬)‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬ ‫أى‬(‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬٤٠٠‫ذ‬/‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ووزن‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ث‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺪى‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬ ، ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﯾﺖ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬"‫ﺷﻮﺑﺮ‬"Chopper‫ا‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺄﺗﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮددات‬.
‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
V=4.44*F*N*β*A*10-4
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬V‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬F‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬N‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬A‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬β‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺾ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬=٥٠‫و‬β‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
N÷V=١٠٠٠٠÷)٤.٤٤×٥٠×β×A(≈٥٠/‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮدد‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض‬٤٠٠‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ھﯿﺮﺗﺰ‬‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﯿﺮان‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﺟﻮا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬ ‫وزن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬=‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺟﺬر‬=‫ﺟﺬر‬١٠٠=١٠
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻵن‬٥٠‫إﻟﻰ‬٤٠٠‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﯾﺰداد‬
‫وھﻰ‬=٤٠٠÷٥٠=٨
‫ﯾﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذن‬٨٠٠‫وات‬‫ﻓﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫أو‬١٠÷٨=١.٢٥‫ﻟﯿﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬١٠٠‫وات‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬.
‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬١.٢٥،‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬/‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫وھﻰ‬٥٠÷)٨×١.٢٥=(٥٠÷١٠=٥‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎت‬‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫أﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض‬١٠‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫واﻟﺬى‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬١٠٠‫اﻵن‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وات‬٨٠٠‫وات‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬٨‫أى‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬=٤.٢÷٨=٠.٥٢٥‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺮى‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬‫وزن‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫أﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬.
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻄﺮ‬ ،‫زادت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬:
‫اﻟﻘﺪ‬‫رة‬=‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬×‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬
‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺮى‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ﻷى‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺮ‬٢٠٠٠‫ذ‬/‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ث‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬٢٠٠٠٠‫ذ‬/‫ث‬‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺿﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض‬.
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮددات‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬٥٠‫ذ‬/‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻜﺎ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ،‫ث‬.

7. ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬Auto Transformer:
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻓﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫راﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫إن‬
‫واﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ، ‫ﺧﺎﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫إن‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
K = N1:N2=V1:V2
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬a‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
، ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬A، ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫ھﻰ‬x‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‘P‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻮز‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬–‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
P1=V1*I1= V2*I2=P2
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬a‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺰأﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬a -x‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬
‫واﻟﺠﺰء‬A-a‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬
I2-I1
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮا‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫و‬
PA-a = (V1–V2)I1=V1*I1-V2*I1
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫و‬
P a-x=V2(I2-I1)=V2*I2-V2*I1
‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬
P1=V1*I1= V2*I2=P2
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺘﺎن‬ ‫إذن‬
PA-a = P a-x
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ، ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺰﻋﺞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬،‫واﻟﺨﺮوج‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫وﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻠﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫وﻟﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أى‬ ‫أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫وﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬K
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬K‫اﻷﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬)‫ﺧﺮوج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫أﯾﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮف‬(
‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺮى‬ ‫ذاﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻵن‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض‬١٠٠‫وات‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺟﺬر‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬=١٠‫ﺳﻢ‬٢

8. ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ذاﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬٢٠٠‫إﻟﻰ‬٢٢٠‫اﻟﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬=٢٢٠-٢٠٠‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ‬٢٢٠
‫أى‬=٢٠÷٢٢٠=٠.٠٩‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ ‫أو‬٠.١
‫ﻗﺪرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫أى‬١٠٠×٠.١=١٠‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫وات‬
‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬=‫ﺟﺬر‬١٠=٣.٢‫ﺳﻢ‬٢
‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬=١٠٠÷٢٢٠=٠.٤٥‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬=٠.٨‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﺬر‬=٠.٨×٠.٦٧=٠.٥٤‫أو‬٥.٥‫دﯾﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬٢٠‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠–٢٠٠
‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬=١٠٠÷٢٠٠=٠.٥‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬=٠.٥-٠.٤٥=٠.٠٥‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬‫ﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬=٠.٨‫ﺟﺬر‬٠.٠٥=٠.٨×٠.٢٢=٠.١٨‫أو‬١.٨‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﺮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﯾﺰﯾﻢ‬٢‫دﯾﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬٢٠٠‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻤﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﻟﻮزن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫وواﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬٥.٥‫وﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮوج‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬١١٠‫إﻟﻰ‬٢٢٠‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫أو‬٢٢٠±‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪى‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﮫ‬٢٢٠:١٢‫ﻟﺴﺒﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫أوﻻ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻮﻓ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﺮ‬=٢٢٠-١٢=٢٠٨‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬٢٢٠‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
٢٠٨÷٢٢٠=٠.٩٥‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أى‬١٠٠‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫وات‬
٩٥‫ﺑﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪأت‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫وات‬
٩٥‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻘﺮﺑﮫ‬ ‫وات‬١٠٠‫ﺗﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻟﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫أﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬.
‫أن‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺧﻄﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬٢٢٠‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬"‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬"‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻓﺎك‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎك‬
‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫دوﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬٢٢٠:٢٢٠
‫ﻟﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﺮ‬
‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺰة‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺎﺷﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮا‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺟﮭﻮد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻷرﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺰوﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﺟﮭﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬.
‫داﺋﺮى‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻒ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ھﺬا‬‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬
Toroidal‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤ‬ ‫أو‬‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺪوﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻮل‬
‫أو‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎز‬ ‫ذو‬٣‫ﻓﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪل‬ ‫ھﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ؟؟‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬

9. ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫أﺳﻼك‬ ‫أم‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬‫ﻷن‬:‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫اﺷﺘﻘﻘﻨﺎه‬ ‫أﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪل‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎوى‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪﻣﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻈﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫أﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أرﺟﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬٠.٦‫إﻟﻰ‬٠.٥‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬٠.٨
‫أن‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﺻﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬٦‫إﻟﻰ‬٨
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎھﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮ‬ ،‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬٢×٣‫وھﻜﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮل‬٢×٣=٦‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻠﻰ‬
٦‫ﻣﻠﻠﻰ‬×٨‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬=٤٨‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬٤٨‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮازى‬ ‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬٤١‫أى‬ ‫دﯾﺰﯾﻢ‬٤.١‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺮﯾ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺰة‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺄوﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺮﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪد‬‫ﻂ‬٢×٣=٦×١‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮاﻓﺮ‬‫اﻟﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﺗﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫وﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻄﻒ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮك‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﯾﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻼك‬
‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت‬.
‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬ ،‫داﺋﺮى‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬
١‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻠﻼن‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬٢‫ﻣﺜﻼ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ‬١)‫اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮن‬(
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎس‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬٢‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬.‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫أﻧﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ‬.
‫اﻟﺤﻞ؟؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذن‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫و‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬=‫ق‬ ‫ط‬٢
/٤=٠.٢٥×٣.١٤×‫ق‬×‫ق‬
‫إذن‬
‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬=‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬١+‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬٢+‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬٣‫اﻟﺦ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬٠.٢٥‫و‬٣.١٤‫ﯾﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺬف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬=‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬+‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬+‫اﻟﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻰ‬ ‫ق‬×‫ﻛﻠﻰ‬ ‫ق‬=‫ق‬١×‫ق‬١+‫ق‬٢×‫ق‬٢+‫ق‬٣×‫ق‬٣
‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺳﺄﺣﺴﺐ؟‬
‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﯿﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫رﺑﻊ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﯿﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫رﺑﻊ‬
٣-‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬ ‫اﻃﺮح‬
٤-‫إﺿﺎﻓﺘﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺬر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎح؟‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫و‬!
‫ﺳﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫إذن‬.

10. ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬transformerToroidal
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻼ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻰ‬ ‫اﻻھﺘﺰاز‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬.
‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﯾﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮة‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻹﻟﻐﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﯾﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻜﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﺌﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮك‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻒ‬.‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫أوﻻ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺬﻛﺮه‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺤﻈﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻐﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬
‫ﻓﺠﻮات‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻌﺒﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰن‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺷﻰ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬.
‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻒ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫أن‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ‬.‫ﯾﻤ‬‫ﯾﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮة‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﻦ‬
‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺪوﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻄﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬
‫ﻓﺎرﯾﺎك‬
‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮدد‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮدد‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺮك‬.
‫أوﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬.
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫ﻷھﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰة‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫أﻋﻄﻰ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻰ‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫واﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬.
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﺪا‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎدى‬.‫ﺷﺮﺣ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺄﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫وﻏﯿﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫ﮫ‬.
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﻰ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدى‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ،‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﻦ‬.
‫اﻟﺘﺮددات‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬.
‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻨﮫ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷداء‬.

11. ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺪس‬ ‫ﻛﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻵن‬
‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻰء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﻛﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮك‬٢٢٠‫أو‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٣‫ﻓﺎز‬٣٨٠‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻵن‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻛﺎوﯾﺎت‬:
‫ﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وھﻰ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﻮف‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻃﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮة‬
‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬٥‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬١-١.٥‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺮﯾﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺒﯿﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺰول‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﮭﺮ‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬)٣٨٠–
٤٠٠‫ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬(‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫أو‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫ﻻ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎوﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬R‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮ‬N‫إﻟﻰ‬١‫ﻓﺴﻨﺠﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬=‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬÷N
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬=‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬×N
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬=‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬÷‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬=
)‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬÷N(‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ‬×N
‫أى‬=‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫إن‬١٠٠‫إﻟﻰ‬١‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺮب‬١٠٠٠٠
‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬:
‫ﻛﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫أرﯾﺪ‬١١٠‫وات‬
‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫إذن‬=‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬÷‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬=١١٠÷٢٢٠=٠.٥‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪﺧ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬‫ﻮل‬=‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬÷‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬=٢٢٠÷٠.٥=٤٤٠Ω
‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪم‬١٠‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬٢‫ﻣﻢ‬٢
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮن‬=‫ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬×‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬÷‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض‬٠.٠١Ω
‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬٤٤٠÷٠.٠١=٤٤٠٠٠
‫اﻟﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬=‫ﺟﺬر‬٤٤٠٠٠=٢١٠‫ﻟﻠﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬=٠.٨‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﺬر‬=٠.٨‫ﺟﺬر‬٠.٥=٠.٥٧

12. ‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮن‬:
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻀﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮن‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺒﻨﻰ‬‫ﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻜﺎوﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮا‬‫ﻟﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮا‬
‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻼﻣﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﺪاﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﮭﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺎص‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺼﮭﺎر‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮ‬ ‫أردت‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎز‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﮭﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺨﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫أﻛﻔﺄ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬.
‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮ‬ ‫أردت‬ ‫إن‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻠﮫ‬‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮق‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮص‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮك‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮات‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫وات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺒﻨﺎھﺎ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻈﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ذاﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬
‫ﺿﺒﻄﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬‫آﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪود‬.
‫ﻣﻠﻔﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺳﮭﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺚ‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻮ‬ ‫وﻟﮭﺬا‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬Power Factor‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺘﺮب‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬

13. ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬.‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺪأ‬ ،‫ﺻﮭﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﯿﺒﮫ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﮫ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬.
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮددات‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺄ‬ ،‫اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻼج‬٥٠‫ذ‬/‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫ث‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫ﺗ‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺸﺮة‬ ‫ﺤﺘﺎج‬‫ذات‬
‫ﻓﻮ‬‫ﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﺋﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫أﻓﺮان‬:
‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬٢٠٠٠‫ذ‬/‫اﻟﻔﺮن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ث‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮا‬.
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﺳﮭﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪر‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬا‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺮاﯾﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮاﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺎج‬ ‫إن‬.
‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ھﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻵن‬‫ﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ،‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ﻟﺬا‬ ،‫ﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻀﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،
‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺼﻨﻊ‬.
‫اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺚ‬‫أن‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﻠﻖ‬‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬
‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬Skin Effect‫اﻟﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫و‬
‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ‬ ‫رﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬.
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻼ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺣﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺳﺒﻖ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮازى‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬"‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬"‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫رؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬‫اﻵﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺘﮫ‬ ‫و‬.
،‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫أﺿﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮازى‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﯾﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺴﺨﯿﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻲء‬ ‫أى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬.‫ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻻ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ‬‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ،‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻜﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬"‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬"‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﮭﺘﺰ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬.
‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫رﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﺘﺰ‬‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﮭﺪ‬.
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎدﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺌﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﻮد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻮﺟﮫ‬.
‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﺮﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻮال‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻐﯿ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﺘﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ﯿﺮ‬.
‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺮاض‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮ‬)‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﺔ‬(‫دون‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫أو‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺴﻊ‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ‬‫ﻟﯿﻤﺮر‬
‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ،‫ﯾﺒﺮد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬.

14. ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬
http://www.ceia-power.com/applications.aspx
‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫وﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬.
‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎء‬ ‫إن‬Inverter‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺢ‬.
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬Inverter
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻷﺣﻮال‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬Filter‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻟﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻌﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‬‫اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫أﺛﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬.
‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬Filter‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫آﺛﺎر‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬.
‫دوام‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﺑﺬب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﮭﺘﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
٥٠%Duty Ratio‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﮭﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط‬٥٠%‫ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬٢‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬه‬
CD4047‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﺬﺑﺬب‬ ‫وھﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺮج‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬÷٢
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬Q,Q‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬١
‫ﻣﯿﺠﺎ‬.
‫ﺳﻮى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬
‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬٤،٧،١٢
‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷرﺿﻰ‬١٤‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﺬى‬١٢‫أو‬

15. ١٥‫ﻗﺮاﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬١‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﮫ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺠﺎ‬‫ﺋﻠﺔ‬CMOS
‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬٩‫ﺑﻮﻇﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬RESET‫اﻹﯾﻘﺎف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ﻃﺮﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰدوج‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬
١٠،١١‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫و‬٢،٣‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫و‬١،٢.‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎح‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪود‬ ‫ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺪام‬١‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ك‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة‬١٠‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬
F=1/4.4RC
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫إﺣﺪى‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﻋﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﻘﯿﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬IR2112‫أھﺪاف‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻰ‬
١-‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻹﻣﺪاد‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬MOSFET
٢-‫ﺑﻘﺪر‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺮع‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬
‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎن‬.
٣-‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮج‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬١‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ،‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬١‫ﺳﯿﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﻟﮭﺬا‬ ، ‫ﻓﺠﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻼت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﻻ‬
‫أﺑﺴﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮا‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬
‫اﻟﻮﻇﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﺣﺬف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻤﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫آﺛﺎره‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘ‬‫ﺑﻮاﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺨﺪام‬XOR Gates
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زوﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫زوج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻵن‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻰ‬
‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮازى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺣﺪات‬.
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫رﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬IGBT‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻈﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬IGBT‫ﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬UPS‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬.
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬MOSFET‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﯿﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫أﺳﮭﻞ‬
‫اﺑﺘﻜﺮت‬ ‫وﻟﮭﺬا‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ‬IGBT‫اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬MOSFET‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدى‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﯾﺴﺘﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮرات‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻵن‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬MOSFET‫ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
‫ﻛﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﻢ‬٦٠‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬٤٠٠‫ﯾﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫أﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٦٠‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬٤٠٠‫اﻗﺮأ‬ ،‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﯾﺴﺘﻮر‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻵﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪود‬ ‫أﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻋﺮف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬.
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮوح‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬"‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬"‫وھ‬‫اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺪرة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬٥٠٠‫وات‬
500 Watt Induction Heater
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻄﻮة‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮة‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫وﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺮح‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬
8-1-Induction Heating

16. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل؟‬ ‫زﯾﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﯿﻠﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫رﻏﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ،
‫ﻗﺪرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬ ،‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬١٠٠‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬٩٩%‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬١%‫وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
١‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺎن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻓﺄة‬ ‫ﯾﻮازى‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫وات‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬.‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬
‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ‬‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫زﻋﺎﻧﻒ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫رﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﺳﯿﻂ‬)‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎس‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬(
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻊ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ‬.
‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬–‫ﺛﺒﻮﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻂ‬‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وزﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﯾﺖ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺎرات‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬‫واﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻷﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎء‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أى‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﮫ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻂ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﮭﺎب‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‬
‫ﻋﺎزل‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫وﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬
‫زﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻓﯿﻠﺒﺲ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت‬
http://www.phillips66lubricants.com/NR/rdonlyr
-89DD-4F27-55CA-es/76E8776D
6B6FA657F93F/0/TransformerOil.pdf