актерские "книги"

1. efdrm`pndm`“ oed`cnch)eqj`“ `j`delh“
pnqqhiqj`“ `j`delh“ Še`Šp`k|m{u hqjrqqŠb (chŠhq)
hmqŠhŠrŠ oqhunknchh `j`delhh m`rj
n. b. mnbhjnb
`pŠ$Špemhmc
òðåíèðîâêà àðòèñòè÷íîñòè
— óìåíèÿ èãðàòü ðîëü
r)eamn-leŠndh)eqjne onqnahe
p *% … %"=…% rln
,…,“2 !“2"= *3 23!/
p%““,L“*%L t != ,,
&j% ,2% $ 0 …2![
l%“*"=
2003

2. 89
qndepf`mhe
bbedemhe .............................................................................. 3
onqŠ`mnbj` opnakel{ .................................................... 5
anp|a` q g`fhlnl ........................................................... 6
&g=›, [ .................................................................................... 6
qC%“%K/ K%! K/ “ &ƒ=›, % [ ..................................................... 6
n bmhl`mhh ........................................................................ 7
) 2/! “C%“%K= K%! K/ “ ƒ=›, % .............................................13
b{p`ghŠek|m{e qpedqŠb` ..............................................13
qC,“%* "/!=ƒ,2 …/. “! “2" ..................................................14
rop`bkemhe b{p`ghŠek|m{lh qpedqŠb`lh............15
&o!%“2/ [ C=!= 2!/ (C=!= 2!/ # &. …2/[) ......................15
qC,“%* . …2=!…/. C=!= 2!%" "/!=ƒ,2 …/. “! “2" ...........17
qnqŠ`bm{e o`p`leŠp{ ....................................................17
m=23!= …%“2 , Š =2!= …%“2 ..................................................20
j%…2!=“2…%“2 , ,=C=ƒ%… ..........................................................21
onm“Šhe &qnnayemh“[ ...................................................23
Šho{ qnnayemhi ..............................................................23
qohqnj Šhonb qnnayemhi ...........................................24
o`p`leŠp{ qnnayemh“ ...................................................24
qonqna{ qnnayemh“ ......................................................25
qŠepenŠho{ h }kelemŠ{ onbedemh“ .........................26
qC,“%* “2 ! %2,C%" , . …2%" C%" …, ................................31

3. 90
Šp`mq`j0hh ........................................................................32
Šeloep`lemŠ{ h u`p`jŠep{ .........................................35
o=!= 2!/ , …%“2, ..................................................................35
Îðãàíè÷íîñòü ............................................................................ 36
Îáàÿíèå .................................................................................... 36
Šho{ h Šho`fh
( 2! …,!%"%*, …=K …,L, =“2…/. *% * ,L) ...................38
nayhe ophm0ho{ .............................................................39
q%“2% …, , !/ ..................................................................39
Àëåðòíîñòü ............................................................................... 39
Êàê âûçâàòü ñîñòîÿíèå àëåðòíîñòè? ......................................... 41
rop`fmemh“ .......................................................................42
p=ƒ","= ?, , !/ ....................................................................42
p=ƒ",2, , C!%",ƒ= ,, # “"%K% = , -=…2=ƒ, ...........................45
«Ðûáà» — ñëîâåñíàÿ èìïðîâèçàöèÿ ............................................ 45
leŠnd{ anp|a{ qn qŠp`unl .........................................48
qC,“%* 2% %" K%! K/ “% “2!=.% ............................................55
nC2, = …/ “2 ! %2,C/ ...........................................................56
rop`fmemh“ (C!% % › …, ) ................................................62
&t!=ƒ=[....................................................................................62
qohqnj tp`g, hmŠnm`0hh h l`qjh .............................63
Š,C/ , 2,C=›, ..........................................................................63
l=“*, .......................................................................................64
rC!=›… …, ..............................................................................64
qeph“ &drp`jh[ .................................................................65
l, , “*= “ !, .....................................................................65
Š,C=›…= “ !, .........................................................................65
Òèïàæè ..................................................................................... 65

4. 91
rop`fmemh“ on nŠp`anŠje
bk`demh“ o`p`leŠp`lh hcp{ (C!% % › …, ) ................66
n2!=K%2*= q2 ! %2,C%" .............................................................66
n2!=K%2*= . …2%" &C“,.% % , “*,L K=! ![ , &C=3ƒ=[ ..........67
rC!=›… …, C% 2 &Š C != …2/ , .=!=*2 !/[ ......................67
«Àíåêäîò» ................................................................................. 67
«Ñòèøîê» .................................................................................. 67
d= … L C!% ",› …, ...........................................................68
t!=ƒ/ ......................................................................................71
p=ƒ",2, C =“2,*, , , ,*, ......................................................75
p=ƒ",2, -,ƒ, “*%L “"%K% / , *%%! ,…= ,, .............................76
Š! …,!%"*= %! =…, …%“2, ...........................................................77
&h…2%…= ,%……/L =…= ,ƒ , “,…2 ƒ[ ..............................................77
Óïðàæíåíèÿ .............................................................................. 77
o%“2=…%"*= % %“= , ! , ..........................................................79
Ãîëîñ ......................................................................................... 79
Äèêöèÿ ...................................................................................... 79
d%C% …,2 …/ “%" 2/ , 3C!=›… …, .......................................80
Âíèìàíèå .................................................................................. 80
Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå óïðàæíåíèÿ íà âíèìàíèå ................................ 80
rC!=›… …, !=ƒ",2, !=“*%"=……%“2,....................................81
«Áîëüøàÿ Ñîáàêà è Ìàëåíüêàÿ» ................................................. 81
onqkeqknbhe .....................................................................82
m=3*= , ,“*3““2"% .....................................................................82
Ïîäëèííîå ïåðåæèâàíèå è èçîáðàæåíèå (ïðåäñòàâëåíèå) .......... 83
ophknfemhe I ....................................................................85
t, %“%-, &o !-%! …“[ ........................................................85
ophknfemhe II ...................................................................86
o!,2 = % =“2 ! =L…%L ! %…,,* ..........................................86
ophknfemhe III ..................................................................88
o!,2 = % a %L nK ƒ … ..........................................................88

5. 3
1
Š=*, %K!=ƒ% , …= = ƒ= = = # C!,"… “ …, íàóêè # “,“2 / * =““,-,*= ,, ,
2% = -%! = …/. %C,“=…,L " %K =“2 èñêóññòâà, 2. . 23 =, C!,… 2% !3-
=2 “ “ %"% &!= ,%[.
bbedemhe
l/ …= “ , 2% .2= *…, = K3 2 ,“C% ƒ%"=…= “= %“2% -
2 …% % C!=*2, “*% % !=ƒ",2, =!2,“2,ƒ = # &3 …, , !=2
!% [, ƒ “ -=*2, “*, “% !›=2“ “" …, , *%2%!/ " 2 …,
…% ,. (%*% % “ 2,) 2 ="2%! *% * ,%…,!%"= , “%%K?= …=
!3CC=. , “ ,…=!=. C% =!2$2! …,… 3. Š=* 2%, .2% ? , C%“%K,
2 ., *2% " 2 !3CC/ , , “ ,…=!/. m %"%! 3› % 2% , 2%
ƒ “ “% !›,2“ “,“2 = *=2 %!,L # ƒ/*, !=ƒ!=K%2=……/L, 2%K/
,ƒK=",2 =*2 != # %2 C!%,ƒ"% = , 2,!=…,, ! ›,““ !=, = ! ›,““ !=
# %2 … C%… 2 ,"%“2, =*2 !=.1
b C! = = %L b= 3 "…, =…, *…, , / …= ! …/ “ %-
"=2 …%"/ , … .=!=*2 !…/ 2=*% % !% = ƒ=… 2,L, C!,… ,C= .
l/ .%2, C% %L2, * ,“*3““2"3 # *=* * …=3* .
)2% › %› 2 3“ / =2 %K/ …% %" *, ƒ=.%2 " ,L " “ K
"/!=K%2=2 =!2,“2, …%“2 , , 2% .2% 3 %" *3 “*=› /?
nK/ …%, “ , % % %L %" * C!,.% ,2 C%“23C=2 " 2 =2!= -
…/L "3ƒ, , , !=ƒ %"=!,"= 2 “ & , ,“*3““2"=[, %… %› 2 3“ /-
=2 …%› “2"% 2! “*3 ,. -!=ƒ % 2% , 2% : &àðòèñò — ýòî òà-
ëàíò», &òàëàíò — ýòî îò Áîãà», , &åñëè Áîã íå äàë — òî íå
äàë».
l/ “%" ! ……% … “%K,!= “ “C%!,2 “ 2 , 2% &=!2,“2 #
.2% 2= =…2[, …% C!, .2% / “ ,2= C!=", …/ "%ƒ!=ƒ,2 K ƒ…=-
›…% 3 C ““, ,ƒ 3.
l/ “%K,!= “ C% %L2, * C!%K , * ƒ= = "/!=K%2*, =!2,-
“2, …%“2, " %" * # 2 .…% % , “*,. Ìåòîäè÷åñêè. )2% 2=-
*% &2 .…% % , “*,[? }2% %ƒ…= = 2 2=*% %C,“=…, &C!=", , !/[,

6. 4
C!% ““= 2! …,!%"*,, *%2%!% K/ !=K%2= % "… ƒ= = % …%–… %-
“23C…% % & =…% %2 a% =[ , , &… =…%[.
`, *“2=2,, & =…% %2 a% =[ # L“2",2 …% K/"= 2, ……%“2
2=*% % 2= =…2= / … 3 = . m% … ƒ › %2!, =2 "%ƒ %›-
…%“2 -,ƒ, “*, # “ =K% % %" *= …=2! …,!%"=2 “, …/
/ / , " ,*% C…3 ! =* , 2% *% …= 2% %“…%"=…,,, 2%
íåêòî %“2, .2% % K ƒ ", , /. 3“, ,L.
h2=*, ! C%L 2 , ……% %K 3“, , . # ,K% …= "%C!%“ ƒ=*-
= 2“ " 2% , *=*, 3“, , , * 3, " *=*% …=C!=" …,, …= %
C!, %›,2 , 2%K/ …=3 ,2 “ K/2 =!2,“2, …/ .
m% C! › …= % C%… 2 , 2% 2=*% # =!2,“2,ƒ . j%… …%, %2 =-
“2, / “ K .2% 3› C! “2=" , …%, %› 2 K/2 , C!, !…% 2=* › ,
*=* %" * “! … % %“2=2*= C! “2=" 2 “ K , 2% 2=*% &K/2
K% =2/ [, *% = “ %2!,2 …= 3›%L &j= , =*[. q%ƒ ! =…, 3›%-
% &j= , =*=[, K/ “*=ƒ= , … “ , *% =“2% C!,"% ,2 * ! -
…, , …/. … ›…/. C!%K , , %“"% …, 2 .…% % ,, K,ƒ… “= #
ƒ !="/L “ /“ C% “*=ƒ/"= 2, 2% ƒ “ 2! K3 2“ ,…%L C% .% ,
2! K3 ?,L C%…, =…, , % / .%2, , , 2% .2% % “ = .
)2% C!%,“.% ,2, *% = %" * , != 2 !% # K3 2% 2= =…-
2 ,"/L 2= = =, , , %" =“, %2C3“*= ?,L *% C , …2, , , =*2 ! …=
“ … , *%2%!/L , != 2 !% ,ƒ C “/?
n… 3C!=" 2 , , “*, , / = ,, 2% %, 2%K/ C!,…,-
=2 2% , , ,…% "/!=› …, , =, %… ", = 2 !3*= ,, 2%K/ “%%2-
" 2“2" ……% › “2,*3 ,!%"=2 , %… 3C!=" 2 *%!C3“% , %… %"%!,2
# *%!% %"%! , %… “%" ! = 2 -,ƒ, “*, L“2", . (` ,C%2 -
2, “*3 &"… $-,ƒ, “*3 [ “2%!%…3 / C%*= 2% C!%, …%!,!3 ,
, K3 “ ,2=2 , 2% !=ƒ , …/ &.… ! 2, “*, [ C!% ““/, *%2%-
!/ %K/ …% C!%,“.% 2 C!, , ! , " ›,ƒ…, *=* K/ &="2% =2, “-
*,[, K3 32, “*%! "“ %, !=K%2=2 C!=", …% , C!, , ! , “ , -,ƒ,-
“*, # …= 3!%"… 3C!=" …, “"%, 2 % =*2 ! "“ “ = 2
òî÷íî.)
m% 2% › .2% ƒ= -,ƒ, “*, L“2", 2=*, %“%K ……/ , "
… *=› % › "ƒ =.,"=…, !3*%L C!%,ƒ"% ,2 "C =2 …, ,ƒ ?…%-
% › “2=, , … *=› % ,ƒ … …, ,…2%…= ,, ƒ=“2=" 2, ƒ=2=," /-
.=…, , › =2 , &= 2% = [? o!=", …%, … *=› % . }2% %“%K/
-,ƒ, “*, L“2", , 2% …/ -,ƒ, “*, L“2", , !=““ ,2=……/

7. 5
( –-=*2%) 2=*, %K!=ƒ% , 2% ƒ=“2=" 2 %2* ,*=2 “ 3 3 ƒ!,-
2 , , "…, =2 , › =2 , *% = › , …=*%… , c= 2 C!%*% 2 !=C,-
!%L C%!2 !3, , , *%… ,2“ 2%“2 , , =… * %2.
nK/ …% &!=“ 2[ C!%,ƒ"% ,2“ &C% …=,2, [, &,…23,2,"…%[,
&,…“2,…*2,"…%[, &C% %?3? …, [.
)2% 2=*% &C% %?3? …, [, " =……% “ 3 = ? # }2% *% =
%" * 3"“2"3 2, &"%2 òà ,…2%…= , K3 2 ƒ “ .%!% =, òîò › “2
# .%!% [, , “%" ! = 2 òîò › “2, , %"%!,2 “ òîé ,…2%…= , L.
b/ 3"“2"3 2 , ,2=2 , ƒ= = = 3“ %›… 2“ , … %K.% , % …
2% *% & ", =2 !3*= , , …% = ,[, …% , C!, .2% 3"“2"%"=2 , *=*
, ……% , 2% =2 " *=*% “ 3 = , , =2 .2%, * 2% 3 › .
l% 3 C! %›,2 32 …, " .2%L "… ƒ=C…% 3“ %›…," L“
“,23= ,,. d % " 2% , 2% ,…23, , , 23*=, "% …% % , ƒ= = % …= ,
2 … … , &C!, %2“32“2",, C% .[ %“2=2% …% =“2% !=K%2= 2
2=* › , *=* , &.… ! 2,*=[ # 2% “2 C!=", …% , 2% …%. )2%
2=*% & %“2=2% …% =“2%[? }2% %ƒ…= = 2, 2% &“*%! !=K%2= 2,
… 2[. )2% 2=*% &C!, %2“32“2",, C% .[? j=* !=ƒ * .2% 3 / ,
C ! .% , .
onqŠ`mnbj` opnakel{
p …, K%L ƒ= = , C% !=ƒ 2“ …= " =“2,. )2%K/
ƒ, %L C%L =2 !/K*3 # “…= = = …= % C!%“" ! ,2 /!% *3 "%
3. )2%K/, %C3“2, , # 3*!=“2 , ,%… # /!% *3 " K=…* .
)2%K/ “ =2 % # …3›…% “…= = = 3“2!=…,2 * … 3 C! -
C 2“2", 2
. h2=*, / , ƒ= = 3 …= " =“2, # &… =2,"…3 [ #
3“2!=… …, C! C 2“2",L, , C%ƒ,2,"…3 # 2 .…,*=, 2 .…% % , , ,
C!% .
d …= = = # &!=“ ,“2, “2…%“2 %2 C! C 2“2",L[. Š,C, -
…%L C% .%L C!% " …, =!2,“2, …%“2, " 2“ “*%"=……%“2 #
&ƒ=›, [.
2
h 2“ " ", 3, 2% b/ C! C% ,2= 2 !=K%2=2 &K ƒ C% .[.

8. 6
anp|a` q g`fhlnl
&g=›, [
&g=›, [ %› 2 C!% " 2 “ C%$!=ƒ…% 3 # *=* -,ƒ, “*=
… %"*%“2 , 3"“2"% … 3 %K“2"=, *=* &3 “2" ……/L C=!= , [ #
*% = &… ƒ…= , 2% “*=ƒ=2 [. a/"= 2, 2% C!, .2% &“2%,2 "=2-
…/L *% %*[ " %! , , , &“%“ 2 C% %› *%L[. }2% 3"“2"% “!% -
…, “2!=.3. ) %" * 3"“2"3 2 “ K &… " “"% L 2=! * [.
&g=›, [ ,…% = %C! 2 *=* &"…32! ……,L K=! ![ # .2%
*=* K/ K=! !, *%2%!/L &… C3“*= 2[ %" *= “%" ! ,2 2% , ,
,…% L“2", , , =“2% &ƒ=›, [ L“2",2 …% " 2“ “ ! ƒ…/
C! C 2“2", * … *%2%!/ ›,ƒ… ……/ %“2,› …, .
qC%“%K/ K%! K/ “ &ƒ=›, % [
b 2% , *=* "%ƒ…,*= 2 , C!% " 2“ &ƒ=›, [ “2 %C! …-
…/ ƒ=*%…% !…%“2,, C!=", =. g…=…, .2,. C!=", %› 2 %*=ƒ=2 “
C% ƒ…/ .
Š,C, …= “,23= , "%ƒ…,*…%" …, &ƒ=›, =[ # *% = %" *3
…= % "/C% …,2 … *% L“2", , *%2%!% %… "/C% …,2 K%,2“ . o!,-
! # C !"/L C% 3L, "/“23C …, …= C=!2“%K!=…,,, C%C/2*= “*=-
ƒ=2 !%ƒ…% 3 -3, 2% %… … C!=", “ = = .*ƒ= …=, !=ƒ %"%! " 3 ,-
2 “*%L, C!, …= !=K%23, , 2% 3 C% %K…% # 2% “2 “,23= ,,, C!,
*%2%!/. “2 %“…%"=…, %C=“=2 “ C%“ “2",L “"%,. C%“23C*%".
b=›…% …=K …, # =“2% C!, .2% &ƒ=›, [ %?3?= 2“ "
C% …%L ! … “!=ƒ3 " % …2 C!,… 2, ! …, "/C% …,2 “3KA *-
2,"…% &%C=“…% [ L“2", , = ! ƒ … *%2%!/L … K% %L "! ……%L
C!% ›32%*. b .2%2 "! ……%L C!% ›32%* %" * *=* K/ C! -
C 2“2"3 2 “= % 3 “ K # &… C%ƒ"% 2[ “ K %“%ƒ…=2 " C% …%L
! … %K.% , %“2 L“2", , “%" ! =2 *%2%!% 3 C% 2 , ,
,…/ C!, ,…= “2!= …%.
h…/ , “ %"= , # “2 % …2, *% = %" * 3› %“%ƒ…=
› =…, “%" ! ,2 … *,L “3KA *2,"…%$!,“*%"=……/L C%“23C%*, …%
? … "%ƒ…,* “2!=. # &ƒ=›, [ C% .2% 3 C%"% 3. g=2 %" *
,2, 3"“2"% ,“*% -%!2= …=!=“2= 2, , “,23= , 3“3 3K 2“ .
o!, ! /“ L 2=*% % !% =: &m C%L2, , … * “2% =2% % 3?
l%› 2 K/2 , … C%L2,?[

9. 7
m= .2,. %K“2% 2 “2" %“…%"=… % ,… ,ƒ “C%“%K%" K%! K/ “
ƒ=›, % :
1. «Ñ ìåñòà â êàðüåð» — ýòîò ìåòîä ïîäðàçóìåâàåò, ÷òî
Âû «ëîâèòå» òîò ìîìåíò, êîãäà Âû óæå ïîíÿëè, ÷òî —
ñèþ ìèíóòó — ñòîèò ñêàçàòü (ñäåëàòü), íî åùå íå óñïåëè
èñïóãàòüñÿ ýòîãî, è âîò â ýòó ïàóçó ìåæäó ïîíèìàíèåì è
ñòðàõîì Âû «âêëèíèâàåòå» ïîñòóïîê.
q 3 ?, 2% / K%! K/ “ ƒ=›, % “" ƒ=…/ “ 3 …, 3C!="-
2 “"%, "…, =…, . &q, = "…, =…, [, &3 …, “%“! %2% ,2 “ [
# =“2% …3›…/ " *!,2, “*%L “,23= ,, # .2% b/, %› 2 K/2 ,
ƒ…= 2 C% “%K“2" ……% 3 %C/23, , .2% ,ƒ" “2…% ,ƒ !=““*=ƒ%" L,
C%K/"=" ,. " *!,2, “*,. “,23= , ..
b=›…% , ,…2 ! “…%, 2% / ,…% = ,…23,2,"…%$,…“2,…*2,"…%
% …,"= %“23C…/L %" *3 3!%" … "…, =…, , , “%%2" 2“2" …-
…% 3“2=…=" ,"= “2 C … “ ! ƒ…%“2, “"% % * … 3 %2…% …, #
.2% "=›…% C!, C%“2!% …,, , , ›=.3
b…, =…, , *=* " …, , *=* “C%“%K…%“2 %" *=, 2 = " “ =
“ ! ƒ…= , / C%“" 2, L %2 …3 … K% 3 ="3 C ! 2 ,
*=* C!% % ›,2 = … L !=““ %2! …, “C%“%K%" # &*=* 3K-
!=2 ƒ=›, [.
n bmhl`mhh
b “= % , "…, =…, # != “C%“%K…%“2 L %" *=. j%… -
…%, … ,“* ,2 …= # *!% … % %› 2 2! K%"=2 “ %C! -
……/L “C ,= …/L …="/*, …%, 2 … … , .2% % … "=›…/L
C%*=ƒ=2 . m K3 2 K% %L % ,K*%L “*=ƒ=2 , 2%, C!, C!% ,.
!="…/. 3“ %", ., &%K/ …% C%K › = 2[ 2%2, *2% K% "…, =2 …%
%2…%“,2“ * “"% L ƒ= = . g “ / , " ", 3 , ……% "…, =…,
# = … &%K%!%2…3 “2%!%…3[ % # &ƒ= ,* ……%“2 [.4
p=ƒ…, =, “
…= L 2% *, ƒ! …, # " “2 C …, %“%ƒ…=……%“2, "…, =…, . b 2% ,
…=“*% *% “%ƒ…=2 …% %" * 3C!=" 2 “"%, "…, =…, .
3
u%!% = , “2!= , .2% % # C!,2 = % l=“2 ! )=L…%L 0 ! %…,, ,ƒ *…, ,
&dƒ … , - .2%"=…, [ ("% …/L C ! “*=ƒ), C% ? ……= " *= “2" C!, %› …,
" *%… *…, ,.
4
h 2“ "", 3 .=!=*2 !…/ %K“ ““,"…/ " …, .

10. 8
j% = %" * &ƒ= ,* …[, %… %› 2 … "%“C!,… 2 … 2% *%
C%“2%!%……, " ?,, …% , "=›… L , “%K/2, , , ?, … C%“! -
“2" ……% %2…% …, * %KA *23 % ,…2 ! “=.
Š=*, %K!=ƒ% , 3 …=“ C% 3 = 2“ , 2% &.%!% [ "…, =…, , "
%2 , , %2 &C %.%L[ ƒ= ,* ……%“2, # .2% K= =…“ , 2% …/L .*%-
…% …/L "/K%! %KA *2%" "%“C!, 2, . q%ƒ…=2 …/L.
b % …% “K%!…,* ! "… ,… ,L“*,. “*=ƒ%* “2 !=““*=ƒ % 2% ,
*=* % ,… =! "/K,!= “ K C! !– ,…,“2!= # *=… , =2/ % -
›…/ K/ , C!%L2, "%*!3 C% %!% “*%L “2 … , !›= " !3*=. = 3
“ % %*% # , … !=“C “*=2 … *=C ,. o% %ƒ! "= , 2% &C!%, -
!=" ,.[ # *=ƒ…, ,, " 2“*,. “*=ƒ*=. ,…% = "“2! = 2“ › “2%-
*%“2,. b%ƒ %›…%, "C!% , C% , % != =2,ƒ =, 2=*= C !“C *2,"=
C% % = = “ =2 %2K%! K% 2?=2 …% , 2% …%. b .2% “2
… *= “ ! ›…= C!=" = # ,K% b/ ƒ=…, = 2 “ % , ,K% #
"“ %“2= …/ 5
, … “ %2! …= *% , “2"% .2% % &%“2= …% %[ ,
*= “2"% # = 3 ! "… ,… ,L“*% % C! !$ ,…,“2!=, *= “2"%, …= %
3 =2 , K/ % …=, 3 , .
h2=*, 2% 2=*% ƒ “ &C!%L2, C% “2 … , … !=“C “*=" …, *=C-
,[? j%… …%, .2% ƒ…= ,2 # “ ,2 ƒ= = L, C% …%L % %*=. )2%
%ƒ…= = 2 ƒ “ &ƒ= ,* ,2 “ [? b/C3“2,2 ,ƒ ", 3, 2% “2 …= … -
!%"…= # “C%2*…32 “ , C!% ,2 % %*%.
n …=› / " *…, … "“2! 2, ,“ “ 3 ?, “ %"= # &b/
" = 2 2 , 2% %› 2 3…, 2%›,2 [. g"3 ,2 != …%"=2%, …% “%-
!›,2 %C! ……/L “ /“ , *=* , C! / 3?= C!,2 =, C!, !…%
2=*%L “ /“ # “ , b/ … %› 2 “ =2 “ C! 2% 2% 3 % …%,
"* = 3…, 2%› …, , .2%2 C! 2 %›…% , %2 =“2,, " 3
“ 3 = , …=ƒ"=2 b= , . hK% # b/ …= …, íå âïîëíå " =“2…/. Š=*
, "…, =…, # … K3 3 , " “%“2% …,, ,ƒA 2 ,ƒ “- !/ “"% %
"…, =…, … 3 % …/L b= C! 2, *=* %›…% …= 2 “ …= C% …3
“%“! %2% ……%“2 …= !3 % C! 2 ? o%“2% ……% K3 2 !, =“-
…, =2 &K = %K ƒ …=[ (“ %2!, " *%… *…, , &o!,2 3 % a %L
nK ƒ … [).
5
m% , ,ƒ .2% % C!=", = “2 ,“* …, # …=C!, !, %›…% ƒ=… 2 “ !3 ,
% , C%›,2 , …=C!, !... m "“ # C!=",2 .

11. 9
q 3 ?= 2 = # "…, =…, , “2!=.. e“2 2=*= " ? , *=*
&%KA "…, =…, [. j% = b/ ƒ=…, = 2 “ % &C!%“2/ [, …=C!,-
!, *3!,2 , b/ %› 2 “ K C%ƒ"% ,2 … %K!=?=2 2=*% % 3›
K% % % "…, =…, …= .2%2 C!% ““ # 3 b=“ "“ !="…% C% 3 = 2-
“ . m% "%2 *% = b/ C !"/L !=ƒ (… K3 3 , ,…› … !% ) ,…,2
", % = …,2%-%…, " “ = " !% 2…%, 2% C!, … %“2=2* "…, =…, 3
b=“ %“2=…32“ & , …, 2= ,[ # , C!, 2“ C =2,2 K% ,
… , “C ,= ,“23. Š=*, %K!=ƒ% , &“ %›… [ %, 2 K%
" ,* … %K.% , /L %KA "…, =…, .
q2!=. &%2A = 2[ =“2 "…, =…, 3 %" *=. q2!=. "%ƒ…,*=-
2 2% =, *% = =*23= …% “%K/2, (&2%, *%2%!% “ L =“[) =““% ,,-
!3 2“ “ C!% / , … C!, 2…%“2 , # *=* K% , %C=“…%“2 .6
}2%
ƒ…= ,2, 2% %" * "“C% ,…= 2 &23 “,23= , [, … "“ = %“%ƒ…=…-
…% (…% C!, … *%2%!% …="/* .2% 3 = 2“ %2“ ,2 ). h K% -
&“ L =“[ C%.%› …= &2% =[ # 2 “2!= … , 2 K% &“, /
"…, =…, [ 3.% ,2 …= “2!=. , “" ƒ=……% “ …, # …= C“,.% % , “-
*3 , -,ƒ,% % , “*3 C% %2%"*3 * "%ƒ %›…%L !=* /K “2"37
,
…= "%“C% ,…=…, % C!% % “2!=. , …= C%C/2*3 , ,*!,, (&“ -
=2 ", , 2% … 232 … 2[), …= ! C!% 3* , &%C2, = …% % “2 -
! %2,C=[ (“ . ="3 &nC2, = …/ “2 ! %2,C/[) , 2.C., , 2.C.
h *% = &%KA = "…, =…, [ … ."=2= 2, % &C!%"= ,"= 2“ [
# ="= =2 !,= K3 3?,. “2!=.%".
b%ƒ %›…%, b/ ƒ= 2, ,, 2% *% = b/ C3 = 2 “ , –2% …= *!=
“%ƒ…=…, *= 2 … 2% &“2!= …% [ ,ƒ C!% % % # , 2% b/
= 2 = , , 2% “ b= , C!%,“.% ,2 C%2% . o%C!%K3L2 C!%-
" !,2 , %2“ ,2 .2% # " *= “2" 3C!=›… …, …= ,…2!%“C * , .
6
Š% “2 "“ 2%2 › “2!=.. q%K“2" ……%, "“ = “2!=. =““% ,,!3 2“ “ K% , ,K%
… C%“! “2" ……%, ,K% ! ƒ … “*% *% ƒ" … ", " …= = C, *%2%!/. # ! -
= …= K% . m=C!, !: “%K/2, " 2“ “2!= …/ , 2=* *=* =““% ,,!%"=…% “
!3 , “2!= …/ “%K/2, , = 2% 3› , " “"% % ! “" ƒ=…% “ K% # , ,
“2!=.% “ !2,. j“2=2,, K% # “, …= %C=“…%“2, ›,ƒ…, # ,K% … C%“-
! “2" ……%L, ,K% *%“" ……%L. b .2,. 2 ! ,…=. 3" “2 %C=“…%“2 ›,ƒ-
…, # 2=* *=* 3 … = 2 “C%“%K…%“2 %" *= "/›,2 . Š=*, %K!=ƒ% #
K%L “2!=. “2 “2!=. “ !2,...
}2% % …= ,ƒ !=K%2%“C%“%K…/. 2 %!,L, 2=* *=* C%ƒ"% 2 … 2% *% %KA “… 2
…% , C! “*=ƒ/"=2 … *%2%!/ “%K/2, . j 2 &“2!=. , K% [ / " !… “ "
=“2, «Ìåòîäû áîðüáû ñî ñòðàõîì».
7
q . # `. q=" …*%, &n2*!/2, “ K [, a,K ,%2 *= q%"! ……%L t=…2=“2,*,,
2. 22, l.,1971.

12. 10
o ! -!=ƒ,!3 t! …“,“= a.*%…=, / %› “*=ƒ=2 : &"…, =…,
# “, =[, / C% ƒ3 “ .2%L “, %L ,…% =, ,…“2,…*2,"…%. m% %-
› "%“C% ƒ%"=2 “ , “%ƒ…=2 …%:
2. «Óéòè â òåìó». Êîãäà Âû «óõîäèòå â òåìó» — Âû
îòêëþ÷àåòåñü îò ïîìåõ — õëîïàíüÿ äâåðüìè, êàøëÿ â
çàëå è íåäîñòàòêîâ ñâîåãî êîñòþìà — è âñå âíèìàíèå
óäåëÿåòå òîìó, ÷òî èìåííî Âû õîòèòå ñêàçàòü èëè
ñîâåðøèòü. Âû íå ïîçâîëÿåòå ñåáå îòâëå÷üñÿ.
k K= C% .=, K% %?3? …, , C! › b= C% =2 ,
C!%.% 2 ! ƒ b= "%“C!, 2, , b= "…, =…, . h “2!=., *=*
2=*%"%L # %?3? …, . h “ , &C! % “ L =“[, " …=“2% ?,L % …2
# *% = C!%,“.% ,2 L“2", , b/ … %K!=?= 2 “"% "…, =…, #
"%“C!, 2, # …= %?3? …, “2!=.=, 2% 3 b=“ … 2 %?3? …, “2!=-
.=... (b %… "… b= % "%“C!, 2, !)
q %"=2 …%, … 2 , "%“C!, 2, %K“2% 2 “2", *=* “2!= …/.
# … 2 , C% .,.
3. Óéòè â ïóáëèêó (âíèìàíèå íà ïàðòíåðà). Ýòîò
ñïîñîá ïðèìåíèì â ñèòóàöèè, êîãäà ó Âàñ ñòîèò çàäà÷à
— äîíåñòè äî îäíîãî ÷åëîâåêà, èëè ãðóïïû ëþäåé íåêóþ
ìûñëü — è Âû íå î÷åíü óâåðåííî ñåáÿ ÷óâñòâóåòå.
h "%2, " “2% 2% %, 2%K/ 3 =2 % 2% , &*=*= “ %›…= C3K ,-
*=[, , , % 2% , *=* %…, b=“ … "…, =2 …% “ 3 = 2 # &… 3"=›=-
2, …=" !…% ...[ # C%C!%K3L2 C%… 2 , ……% .23 C3K ,*3 *=*
%›…% 2 # *=*= %…=, 2% .2% ƒ= ,? h …=L2, (C% 3"“2"%-
"=2 ,/, , “ C% %? % ,*,) C%… 2…/ , ……% .2, (.2% 3
%" *3) “ %"=, %K!=ƒ/, ,…2%…= ,,.
m3›…/L › “2 , C% .% ?= ,…2%…= , % 32 &! ,2 %[.
j=* "/K!=2 ,…2%…= , ? nC,!= “ …= ,…23, , , % ,*3, , , %C/2
# “"%L , , 3›%L.
b =“2…%“2,, “C%“%K # «óéòè â ïóáëèêó» # " 2“ “C%-
“%K% C!,L2, " “%“2% …, , “C%“%K“2"3 ? &,…23,2,"…%L …=“2!%L-
* [ …= “,23= , , , ,…23,2,"…% 3 › ! …, ƒ= = , "/K%!= L-
“2",L # "* = ,…2%…= , .

13. 11
q3? “2"3 2 , & %2%"/ %2" 2/[, ! *% … = ,, # *=* “ K
" “2, " 2%L , , ,…%L *!,2, “*%L “,23= ,,. m%, 2%K/ "%“C% ƒ%-
"=2 “ 3›%L ! *% … = , L, …3›…% K/2 " “%“2% …,, L“2"%"=2
" “%%2" 2“2",, “ .2%L ! *% … = , L.
h C% 3 = 2“ 2=* # " % …,. “ 3 = . 3›, ! C2/ K “-
C% ƒ…/ " “, 3 2% %, 2% %" * ? &… %ƒ! [ % 2% %,
2%K/ ,. C!, …,2 , " !3 ,. “ 3 = . %… 3› %“2=2% …% *% -
C 2 …2 … 2% %, 2%K/ 3›%L ! C2 &% ,… * % …% 3[ %*=-
ƒ= “ 3 … 3 %K …. h “2 &C!%“ %L*=[ # 2 , *% 3 “%" 2
C% .% ,2. }2,$2% , , C% 3 = 2 =*“, = …3 C% ƒ3 %2
j=!… , , !3 ,. ="2%!%", C%!%L .2, , "/ 2 … “*% -
*% ,“*3““2" ……/ , # …% ! … % 2% .
b% "“ . 2! . "=!,=…2=. &* "%L % …2[ # .2= “= =
& , …= ƒ! %“2 [, , …= *% C 2 …2…%“2 , C%ƒ"% ?= , " =-
“2…%“2,, …=.% ,2 , ! = ,ƒ%"/"=2 “"%, ! …, , , , C% ƒ%-
"=2 “ 3›, ,.
h ……% …= !=ƒ",2, , …%L *% C 2 …2…%“2, / , C! = =
b= …=C!=",2 “"%, 3“, , # " =“2…%“2,, ,“C% ƒ3 …= *3!“.
m% " !… “ * 2 & %2%"/. %2" 2%"[. m=.%› …, C!=", -
…%L ,…2%…= ,, , , ,…% % ! …, # .2% "%C!%“ 2 .…% % ,, %K? -
…, , C“,.% % ,,, ,…23, ,, , ƒ !="% % “ /“ = # .2% C!="% !…/L
"%C!%“, " %2" 2 …= *%2%!/L =…% …% % &!=K%2= ?,.[, %2" 2%" # ,
" ", *%…*! 2…/. “2 ! %2,C%", , " ", 2% ,* “= %“2% 2 …%-
% ,. C%“2!% …, (“ . # *…, , d. j=!… ,, b. k ",, m. j%ƒ %"=, ,
!3 3 ,2 !=23!3).
m= K/ … .%2 %“ ,. C ! “*=ƒ/"=2 . r …=“ !3 = ƒ= = = #
…=3 ,2 “ L“2"%"=2 " “%%2" 2“2",, “ …=L ……/ ! …, . j=*
K/ .2% “*=ƒ=2 , 2% …% , 3K ,2 …%? o%C!%K3 2=*:
b .%!% ,. “%" 2=. “= % 2!3 …% # “ %"=2 , . j=* !=ƒ
.23 C!%K 3 / , “2=!= “ ! ,2 .
q3? “2"3 2 …% % C!=", …/. ! *% … = ,L # *=* " “2, “ K
“ ,. m=“ ,…2 ! “3 2, *=* " “2, “ K “ “%K%L. b =“2…%“2,,
%K?= “ “ !3 , ,.

14. 12
4. Ðàññëàáèòüñÿ è óéòè â ñåáÿ. Ýòîò ñïîñîá äîïîëíÿåò
ïðåäûäóùèå, åãî ìîæíî áûëî áû íàçâàòü — «Âçÿòü òàéì–
àóò, è ñîîáðàçèòü, ÷òî äåëàòü äàëüøå». («Ìèêðî–òàéì–
àóò» èëè «ìàêðî» — ïî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàì.)
g=* = 2“ %… " “ 3 ? : %2" *,2 “ %2 "“ L "… … L ,
"…32! …… L “3 2/ # “2!=.%", … %"*%“2 L , … 3 %K“2". r“C%*%L-
2 “ , ƒ= % ,2 "… … , "…32! …… , 3L " “ K . h, “%K!=" ,“
"…%" , C%L ,2 , ,“C% ƒ3 =*“, 3 “"%,. ,…23,2,"…%/,…2 *-
23= …/. ! “3!“%" # 2% , ……% b= …3›…% “*=ƒ=2 , , “ =2
= # , “ =L2 .2%.8
u%!% = , “2!= , .2% % # C!,2 = % l=“2 ! )=L…%L 0 -
! %…,, ,ƒ *…, , &dƒ … , - .2%"=…, [ ("% …/L C ! “*=ƒ), C% -
? ……= " *= “2" C!, %› …, " *%… *…, ,.
N.B.: g “ “2 % … "=›…/L % …2 # &3L2, " “ K ,
%?32,2 “ K [... q= %“%ƒ ! =…, . l/ "“2! 2, “ “
.2, C!, % , *% = K3 %"%!,2 % &l 2% =. K%! -
K/ “% “2!=.% [. (m=C% ,…= , 2% ƒ=›, / !=“-
“ =2!,"= , *=* =“2…/L “ 3 =L “2!=.=).
&o!% ",…32/L[ "=!,=…2 .2% % C!, = # âçÿòü «òàéì–àóò»,
… C! *!=?= %K? …, , , C% .% 3 = “%%K!=ƒ,2 , 2% =2 = .
r .2% % "=!,=…2= “2 … “*% *% %“%K ……%“2 L. n… ,…% =
… .-- *2," …, C! / 3?,L. n… %› 2 C%2! K%"=2 K% -
3“, ,L # " 2=* , , ,…= *=*= $2% =“2 b= ,. ! “3!“%"
!=“.% 3 2“ …= C% !›=…, %K? …, # = 232 ? , 3 =2 C%
.% 3 …3›…%. h, 2! 2 # b/ %› 2 % ,“C% ƒ%"=2 “%ƒ…=2 …%
, C% “%K“2" ……% 3 "/K%!3, 2=* *=* 3"“2"3 2 , 2% b=“ …= .2%
."=2,2 # …% “2 " !% 2…%“2 , 2% b/ K%,2 “ C! !"=2 C%2%*
“"%,. “ %" # , 2% = b= C!, 2“ % …%"! ……% ,“C/2/"=2
“2!=., C% !›,"=2 %K? …, , , “%%K!=›=2 , 2% K/ 2=*% C…32
= .
}2, C!, % .%!% % C% ƒ%"=2 “ , *% = 3" ! … " “ K .
8
u%!% = , “2!= , .2% % # C!,2 = % l=“2 ! )=L…%L 0 ! %…,, ,ƒ *…, ,
&dƒ … , - .2%"=…, [ ("% …/L C ! “*=ƒ), C% ? ……= " *= “2" C!, %› …,
" *%… *…, ,.

15. 13
) 2/! “C%“%K= K%! K/ “ ƒ=›, %
1. &q “2= " *=! ![;
2. rL2, " 2 3;
3. rL2, " C3K ,*3;
4. p=““ =K,2 “ , “… 2 ƒ=›, (3L2, " “ K ) # C%… 2 , 2%
=2 # “ =2 .2%.
e“ , 3 b=“ “!=ƒ3 … C% 3 = 2“ “…, =2 &ƒ=›, [ .2, , “C%“%-
K= , # , L2 " ", 3 # .2, 3 …, 2! …,!3 /, " “2 “ "…, =-
…, . j!% 2% %, C%,?,2 “"%L “%K“2" ……/L “C%“%K. j!% 2% %,
“ %2!, = &nC2, = …/ “2 ! %2,C/[ , &l 2% / K%! K/ “%
“2!=.% [.
b{p`ghŠek|m{e qpedqŠb`
`*2 !“*= , != " ›,ƒ…, , , …= “ … # “2 , "%%K? %"%! ,
C!% ““ %K? …, # C!, , *=* C!=", %, %K? …, &. % ,%…= …%
%*!= ……% %[.
b *=› % ,…, …% . …2 2=*% % %K? …, (2=* …=ƒ/"= -
= «òðàíñàêöèÿ») %›…% ", 2 "= =“C *2=:
1. 2%, 2% b/ "/!=›= 2 # 3"“2"%, %2…% …, , ! =* , , “%-
“2% …, # 2% “2 “% !›=…, “%%K? …, , "* = *=*
2 *“2, 2=* , C% 2 *“2 (% …,. ? C%L 2 ! ;
2. 2%, *=* b/ .2% "/!=›= 2 , “ C% %? *=*,. "/!=ƒ,2 -
…/. “! “2" , C!, %" ,. ,“C% ƒ%"=…, , …=K%!%" .2,.
C!, %", *=*, …=C!, !, C=3ƒ=.
b “= % , C=3ƒ= # .2% L“2",2 …% /L …=K%! L-
“2",L # “ , C!%“2% ƒ= % =2 …= … *%2%!% "! , .2% K3 2 …
2% › “= % , *=* “ , &"ƒ 2 C=3ƒ3[ " “ /“ , %C! ……% l%.-
% " &Š =2! [9
C=3ƒ= 2! K3 2 C! "=! ? L ,…2%…= ,,, , %-
› 2 2! K%"=2 %“%K%L ,…2%…= ,, “"% % !=ƒ! …, (%*%… =-
9
“ . # q. l%. , &Š =2![

16. 14
…, ). Š=*, &…=K%!/[, *=* C=3ƒ=, / K3 !=““ =2!,"=2 " =“2,
&“2 ! %2,C/ , . …2/ C%" …, [. ` C%*= 2% …=ƒ%" , %C! -
, , 2% , ……% / C%…, = C% &"/!=ƒ,2 …/ , “! “2"= ,[,
2% “2 “! “2"= ,, ,“C% ƒ3 / , C!, %K? …,,/, ! "/!=-
› …, …= ,. 3"“2", %2…% …,L , C!% %.
l/ ,“C% ƒ3 C ! = , ,…-%! = ,, C!, %K? …,, # , ! :
1. l, ,*3.
2. f “2/ , C =“2,*3.
o%… 2, &› “2[, *=* C!=", %, %2…%“,2“ * !3*= , = &C =“2,*=[
# .2% *=* K/ &› “2 *%!C3“% [, , =› ,…% = …% = ,. m “2%,2
… %% …,"=2 ƒ…= …, C =“2,*,. a = % =! L % 32 K/2 %“-
2, …32/ "=›…/ %22 …*, C!=" ,"%“2, , !/, &…=23!= …%“2,[ L-
“2",L. hƒ ,K% C%ƒ"%…% …,*= 3 %K…% C ! =2 , …=C!, ! &C% %-
K%“2!=“2, [, , … ƒ! “3? “2"3 2 C%… 2, &*%!% "“*= %“=…*=[10
.
3. c% %“. }2% " “ = K% =2% C% "%ƒ %›…%“2 “! “2"%.
l% 3 ,, C% 2 K!3, !% *%“2,, "/“%2 # " ,*% C-
…= C= ,2!=!
j% = / %"%!, % & % 3 , .[, ! , 2 %K =32 “C%“%K=.
3C!=" …, "/!=ƒ,2 …/ , “! “2"= ,, %K èçìåíåíèè ïàðàìåòðîâ.
qC,“%* "/!=ƒ,2 …/. “! “2"
1. l, ,*=.
2. o =“2,*= + › “2/.
3. c% %“.
10
h“* …, " 2“ , K/2 %› 2, p, =! Š! 2,L, …% " "=!,=…2 x *“C,!=
.2% ,“* …, , “*%! C% 2" !› = ? C!=", %.

17. 15
rop`bkemhe
b{p`ghŠek|m{lh qpedqŠb`lh
&o!%“2/ [ C=!= 2!/ (C=!= 2!/ # &. …2/[)
o!, %K? …,, b/ C% ƒ3 2 “ "/!=ƒ,2 …/ , “! “2"= , #
b/ 3C!=" 2 , ,, ,ƒ … .=!=*2 !,“2,*, L“2",L, *%2%!/ b/
“%" ! = 2 .
m=C!, !, b/ … 2 2 K! % %“=, ,…2%…= , , !% *%“2 , "/-
“%23 % %“= # b/ … 2 “"%L“2"= % %“=. h…/ , “ %"= ,, b/
,ƒ … 2 .=!=*2 !,“2,*, % %“=, C=!= 2!/.
l/ !=““ %2!, “ 3 ?, C=!= 2!/.
1. Àìïëèòóäà. Ýòîò ïàðàìåòð ìîæåò áûòü îòíåñåí ê
ðàçëè÷íûì âûðàçèòåëüíûì ñðåäñòâàì, êàê è áîëüøèíñòâî
ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ íàìè. Àìïëèòóäà â ôèçèêå — ýòî
«ðàçìàõ» êàêèõ–ëèáî êîëåáàòåëüíûõ äâèæåíèé. Íåñëîæíî
ñîîòíåñòè ýòîò ïàðàìåòð, íàïðèìåð, ñ æåñòèêóëÿöèåé
— îí ãîâîðèò î «ðàçìàõå», «øèðîòå» æåñòîâ. Ìîæíî
ýòîò ïàðàìåòð îòíåñòè è ê ïëàñòèêå, è ê ìèìèêå.
j % %“3 &= C ,23 =[ 2%› %› 2 %2…%“,2 “ . b/, %› 2 K/2 ,
ƒ= = ,, 2% *% = b/ %"%!,2 % $ ,K%, 2% b/ .%2,2 C% -
!*…32 , %C! ……/ “ %"= b/ C!%,ƒ…%“,2 !% , !3 , ,
*%2%!/ b/ C!%,ƒ…%“,2 “C ,= …% *%…2!=“2= 2, .11
g “
C% " 2“ *=* K/ &*% K=…, [ !% *%“2,, = * *% K=…, C!, -
…, % C%… 2, &= C ,23 =[ # " =……% “ 3 = !=ƒ…, = # *%…-
2!=“2 # › 3 K% !% *, , , K% 2,., , “ %"= ,.
` C ,23 = # *=* &!=ƒ =. ",› …,L[ # %› 2 %2…%“,2 “ ,
* !3 , C=!= 2!= !
b%ƒ %›…=, …=C!, !, = C ,23 = ,ƒ … …,L C% 2 K!3. Š% … ,
&= C ,23 = % 3 ,L C% 2 K!3[. }2%2 C=!= 2! K ,ƒ%* * C%… -
2, &K% =2“2"% ,…2%…= ,L[.12
11
q /“ %"% 3 =! …, %›…% %K%ƒ…= =2 , C%$ !3 % 3, … , …=C!, !, … !% -
*%“2 , = 2 K!, , , K ! " …3›…/. “2=. C=3ƒ3. b%ƒ %›…/, , ,“C% ƒ3 2“
!=ƒ…%%K!=ƒ…/ “% 2=…, # “ %2!, = “2 ! %2,C/ , . …2/ C%" …, .
12
q 2%L !=ƒ…, L, 2% &2 K![ , &,…2%…= , [ # … % …% , 2% › .

18. 16
h2=*: = C ,23 = # &!=ƒ =. ",› …,L[ # % %“= , , 2 =...
, , =› !3 % % C=!= 2!=.
2. Ïîäðîáíîñòü — ýòî íàñûùåííîñòü äåòàëÿìè,
îòòåíêàìè, íþàíñàìè. Â ãîëîñå ýòî «áîãàòñòâî
èíòîíàöèé», «òî÷íîñòü èíòîíàöèé», ïåðåäàþùèå îòòåíêè
òîãî, ÷òî Âû õîòèòå âûðàçèòü — îòíîøåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå.
Êðîìå òîãî, æåñòàìè, ïëàñòèêîé, ñ ïîìîùüþ äîñòàòî÷íîãî
íàáîðà äåòàëåé è íþàíñîâ ñâîåãî ïîâåäåíèÿ Âû ìîæåòå
ïåðåäàòü ìíîãî äîïîëíèòåëüíîé èíôîðìàöèè — î òîì,
êàêîé Âû óäà÷ëèâûé ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëü èëè èíòåëëèãåíòíûé
÷åëîâåê, êàê èìåííî Âû óâàæàåòå îêðóæàþùèõ, à òàê æå
Âàøå îòíîøåíèå ê òîìó, ÷òî Âû ãîâîðèòå è ïðî÷åå.
b/ %› 2 =› , ,“C% ƒ3 2= ,, “*=ƒ=2 , , … 2% C! %
C!%2,"%C% %›…% 2% 3, 2% %"%!,2 “ %"= ,.13
3. Ðåñòðèêòèâíîñòü îò àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà restricted
— «îãðàíè÷åííûé». Ýòèì ñëîâîì ìû îáîçíà÷àåì
îãðàíè÷åíèå âûðàçèòåëüíûì ñðåäñòâàì, óìåíüøåíèå
«ñòåïåíåé ñâîáîäû», ñóæåíèå äèàïàçîíà, «ãðàíèö
äîçâîëåííîãî». Åå ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðè ñîçäàíèè
õàðàêòåðîâ, òèïàæåé.14
4. Âíåøíèé òåìïî–ðèòì — ýòî ñêîðîñòü, òåìï, ñ
êîòîðûì ïðîèñõîäÿò âíåøíèå ôèçè÷åñêèå äåéñòâèÿ
÷åëîâåêà — äâèæåíèÿ ðóê, ëèöà, ðå÷ü... Âíîâü ìû
èñïîëüçóåì àíàëîãèþ ñ ôèçèêîé — åñëè «ðàçìàõ äâèæåíèé»
ó íàñ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ôèçè÷åñêîìó ïîíÿòèþ «àìïëèòóäà»,
òî «âíåøíåìó òåìïî–ðèòìó» ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïîíÿòèå
«÷àñòîòà».  äàííîì ñëó÷àå — ÷àñòîòà äâèæåíèé,
äåéñòâèé, «÷àñòîòà» (ñêîðîñòü) ïðîèçíåñåíèÿ ñëîâ, è,
âîçìîæíî, èçìåíåíèÿ èíòîíàöèé.
13
q . # C! % , *%“" ……% “%%K? …, , 2 *“2 , C% 2 *“2.
14
o!, “= -=*2 "/!=› ……% % …= , , " , ! .2% % C=!= 2!= %› 2 !=““ =2-
!,"=2 “ *=* C!, .=!=*2 !…%L , !/. q3? “2"3 2 2=* › C=!= 2! &.=!=*-
2 !…%“2 [ # “ %2!, = , …% ! “2!,*2,"…%“2 / "/ , %“%K%, 2=* *=*
.=!=*2 !…%“2 [ # *=2 %!, K% %K?= .

19. 17
l/ C% % , * !=…, C !"%L !3CC/ !=““ =2!,"= /. C=!=-
2!%" "/!=ƒ,2 …/. “! “2". }2% K/ , C=!= 2!/ . …2=!-
…/ , 2=* *=* ,ƒ ,. “% 2=…, "/“2!=,"= 2“ “%“2="…/ C=!= 2!/,
% …,. !=ƒ %"%! = . hƒ … 2=*%L “%“2="…%L C=!= 2!, C!,-
2“ ,ƒ … 2 /L …=K%! C=!= 2!%"$. …2%".
m=C!, ! &…=23!= …%“2 [ L“2",L, ,…/ , “ %"= , # &"ƒ=C-
!=" = …%“2 [ # %“2, = 2“ … *, …=K%!% C!%“2/. C=!= 2!%"
# & “2 “2" ……= [ " =……%L “,23= ,, “*%!%“2 L“2",L, !% *%“2
! ,, , “ , / ƒ=.%2, ,ƒ …,2 &…=23!= …%“2 [ L“2",L " “2%-
!%…3 &2 =2!= …%“2,[, 2% “%“2=" ?, %K? "C =2 …, .=!=*-
2 !,“2,*, , !/ (C=!= 2!/) C!, 32 !3 % ƒ…= …, # *=* C!=-
", % &C! 3" , ……% [, C% “!="… …, “ &…=23!= …/ [ "=!,=…2% .
qC,“%* . …2=!…/. C=!= 2!%"
"/!=ƒ,2 …/. “! “2"
1. ` C ,23 = (&!=ƒ =. ",› …,L[);
2. o% !%K…%“2 (*% , “2"% … =…“%", 2= L);
3. p “2!,*2,"…%“2 (&%K =“2 %C3“2, % %[);
4. b… …,L 2 C%$!,2 (&“*%!%“2 ",› …,L[).
qnqŠ`bm{e o`p`leŠp{
N.B.: q%“2="…/ C=!= 2!/ # .2% .=!=*2 !,“2,*, , , ›=.
l/ 3› %"%!, , % “%“2="…/. C=!= 2!=.. m=C% …, , 2% 2=-
*%L C=!= 2! “" ƒ=… “ / …=K%!% , &C3 *% [ C=!= 2!%"$. -
…2%", , “ , …= … %K.% , % % ,ƒ …,2 , 2% .2% %› 2 C%2! K%-
"=2 ,ƒ … …, "“ . “%“2=" ?,..
q%“2="…/ C=!= 2!/ “%%2" 2“2"3 2 =“C *2= "C =2 …, %2
, !/ =*2 !=. o ! .% , * ,. %C,“=…, .
Âíóòðåííèé òåìïî–ðèòì — ýòî êàê áû Âàø «âíóòðåí-
íèé ìåòðîíîì», Âàøà «òàêòîâàÿ ÷àñòîòà»... Êàê «íàñòîÿùèé»
ìåòðîíîì ìîæåò «òèêàòü» ÷àùå èëè ðåæå, è ïðè ýòîì òèøå
èëè ãðîì÷å òàê è âíóòðåííèé òåìïî–ðèòì ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ äâóìÿ
ñâîèìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè: ñêîðîñòü, èíà÷å — ÷àñòîòà, è ñèëà.

20. 18
×àñòîòà — ýòî «ñ êàêîé ñêîðîñòüþ», «êàê ÷àñòî» ìåíÿ-
þòñÿ ìûñëè, íàäåæäû, ñîñòîÿíèÿ — èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, îáðàçû —
âûðàæàåìûå èãðîé.
Ñèëà — ýòî êàê áû Âàøà âíóòðåííÿÿ ñîáðàííîñòü, èëè
ñòåïåíü ãîòîâíîñòè, àëåðòíîñòè, êîíöåíòðàöèè. Ïðè ýòîì âíå-
øíÿÿ ðàññåÿííîñòü — ýòî åùå íå âíóòðåííÿÿ ðàññëàáëåííîñòü
èëè ðàñõëÿáàííîñòü.
p=ƒ , …/ “% 2=…, "…32! …… % , "… … % 2 C%$!,2 %" %-
32 “%%2" 2“2"%"=2 *%…*! 2…/ !% , .=!=*2 != , “,23= , # “ %2!,
!,“3…%* 1. n ,… ,ƒ *"= !=2%" ƒ=C% … … "%C!%“,2 …/ ƒ…=*% #
C%“2=!= “ C!, 3 =2 “,23= , , “%%2" 2“2"3 ?3 .2% 3 *"= !=23.
p,“3…%* 1. o!%“2!=…“2"% 2 C%-!,2 %".

21. 19
h2=*, %K!=ƒ %" *=, “%%2" 2“2"3 ? % .2%L ƒ%… , C% 3 = 2“
C!, !…% “ 3 ?,L:
...Âíåøíèå äâèæåíèÿ åãî áûñòðû, íî âíóòðåííå îí
àáñîëþòíî ñïîêîåí è ñîáðàí — êàê áû ãîòîâÿñü ê òîìó,
÷òî ïðîèçîéäåò òîëüêî ÷åðåç ìåñÿö. Îí åùå îòäûõàåò,
íî óæå ñîáðàí è æäåò. À âîêðóã ñóåòà, ñìåõ, êòî–òî
ðîíÿåò áîêàë, à îí ìãíîâåííî ëîâèò åãî íà ëåòó, äàæå
íå îñîçíàâ ýòîãî, è ïîòîì ðàâíîäóøíî–âåæëèâî óëûáà-
åòñÿ íà îêðóæàþùèå âîñòîðãè...
Âûðàçèòåëüíîñòü # C% !*…32%“2 =* …2%", ,…2%…= ,L,
› “2%", C% !*…32%“2 2= L. q= % ,. …= , , , *% , “2"% #
&C% !%K…%“2 [, 2=*, %K!=ƒ% , "/!=ƒ,2 …%“2 %›…% %K%ƒ…= ,2 ,
*=* “% 2=…, = C ,23 / 2= L , ,. *% , “2"= (C% !%K…%“2 ,
2= …%“2 ). Š% “2 # K% 2= L " , ! , , .2,
2= , & ! [ (“ . …,› ) # 2 "/!=ƒ,2 … L , !=. g “ "=›…%
3"“2"% !/, C!, C%C/2* &C% !*…32 "“ [ # " “ &2 *“2[
%› 2 %*=ƒ=2 “ &,“ !*=……/ [ , … .-- *2,"…/ .
ßðêîñòü. }2%2 .-- *2 %“2, = 2“ & !% *%“2 [ (… 2% -
*% % %“%"%L, …% , C =“2, “*%L, , , “*%L) C!, C% !*…32%“2,
,…2%…= ,L, =* …2%" !=ƒ…/ , "/!=ƒ,2 …/ , “! “2"= , # & !% -
*%“2 [ C “ &"/!=ƒ,2 …%“2 [. p ›,““ ! ,…% = %› 2 ƒ=*=ƒ=2
… K% 3 , = … 3 !*%“2 (…=C!, !, “ , b/ , != 2 “ !3 ,
*=… !“*3 , C% 3 %. 3 , , =› … *!/“3, = / ).
“!*%“2 # C!%,ƒ"% …% *% , “2"= , = C ,23 / 2= L. &o!%-
“2%[ 3" , 2 *% , “2"% 2= L # C% 3 ,2 C% !%K…%“2 , 2% -
*% = C ,23 = # .2% = C ,23 = , “2 . “!*%“2 *=* C=!= 2! #
“% 2=…, = C ,23 / , C% !%K…%“2,. o%…, =2 .2% "=›…% ! -
›,““ !=, 2%K/ *%!! *2…% ƒ= ="=2 =*2 !3 .=!=*2 !,“2,*, , !/ #
, =*2 !=, 2%K/ C%…, =2 , % .% 2 ! ›,““ !.
p=ƒ3 2“ , ,ƒ … …, % …% % ,ƒ C=!= 2!%" (*% , “2"= , ,
= C ,23 / 2= L) C!," 2, " 2% ,“ , * ,ƒ … …, 2=*› ,
!*%“2,.
“!*%“2 , "/!=ƒ,2 …%“2 &" …= ,. 2 ! ,…=.[ # … % …% ,
2% › . p=ƒ…, = " 2% , 2% "/!=ƒ,2 …% %›…% , !=2 , …= “!="…,-

22. 20
2 …% # …,ƒ*%L = C ,23 2= L, 2% = *=* !*%“2 C% !=ƒ3 -
"= 2 C! 3 “" ƒ “ = C ,23 %L, .%2 L , … ,“ !C/"= 2“ .
Š=*, %K!=ƒ% , , !=2 %›…% K% , , … !*% C!, 2%L ›
"/!=ƒ,2 …%“2,, %›…% “/ !=2 K% !*% C!, … L "/!=ƒ,-
2 …%“2,, , %›…% “/ !=2 K% "/!=ƒ,2 …% C!, … L !-
*%“2,.15
m=23!= …%“2 , Š =2!= …%“2
Íàòóðàëüíîñòü # & “2 “2" ……%“2 [, &me$2 =2!= …%“2 [.
&e“2 “2" ……%, …=23!= …%[ # .2% *% = …=“2% *% &*=* " ›,ƒ…,[,
2% C%" !,2 %›…%, “ , … ƒ…= , 2% .2% , !=, , =› ,…% =
ƒ…= ... e“ , .% 2“ C%" !,2 .16
Òåàòðàëüíîñòü # .2% &*=* " 2 =2! [ # =› “ , L-
“2", C!%,“.% ,2 " ›,ƒ…,, , , 2“ &“2%C!% …2…= [ “3KA *2,"-
…= C!=" = C ! ›,"=…,L. }2% # *=!2,……% ƒ= = /"=…, !3*, ,ƒ-
, … C=2 2,*=, … …=23!= …/L, C! 3" , ……/L “ ., &!=““ ,2=……/L
…= C3K ,*3[. }2% … *%2%!= &,“*3““2" ……%“2 [ , &.% 3 …%“2 [,
… "“ = 2 %“2…= , = ?= , = ,…% = , 3 “2…= , " “ = ,
*=* " .%!% L * %3…= " ,!* . ` C!, … %“2=2* … =…“%" , !/,
“"%K% / C%" …, , 2 =2!= …%“2 K3 2 -= . m=C!%2,", &2 -
=2!= …%“2 [ # .2% ,ƒK/2%* " › “2=., ,…2%…= , ., ,…% = =› "
C% !*…32%L !=“*%"=……%“2,.
l › 3 =*“, 3 % &2 =2!= …%“2,[ , & “2 “2" ……%“2,[ "%ƒ-
%›…/ !=ƒ , …/ C!% ›32% …/ “2= ,,, , ,…% = … *%2%!= 2 -
=2!= …%“2 # % … * “23, = ,…% = …3› … =*“, 3 “2 “2" …-
…%“2,... j!% 2% %, 2 =2!= …%“2 %› 2 K/2 ,“C% ƒ%"=…= "
C=!% ,,, !%2 “* , , C!%“2% *=* *!=“*= ! C ,*,, , , =“2,
" K “ . a=…= …/L C!, ! # %›…%, “*=ƒ=2 : &m3, *%… …%![ 2=*,
2% K%L 3!=* C%L 2 # & !2= “ "=![.
15
q!. # 3 j. q. q2=…,“ ="“*% % C%… 2, # &!=“C!%…=23!= …%“2 [.
16
j“2=2,, *!% 32%* # .2% % …= ,ƒ !=… L =*2 !“*% % =“2 !“2"= , ,, “ ,
3 % …%, ,“*3““2"= %K =…= # “ =2 2=*, 2%K/ ƒ=.%2 , C%" !,2 . g “ %
" %2,"= ,,... q . &ƒ=!=ƒ,2 …%“2 [.

23. 21
Èëëþçèÿ «ñîáñòâåííîãî ïðèñóòñòâèÿ», , …%L
ƒ=,…2 ! “%"=……%“2, # “ , … 2 # b/, !=““*=ƒ/"= %K 3›=“=.
› ƒ…% %!%›…%L *=2=“2!%-/, C!%,“ L “ b= ,, K3 2 2 …
… “ =.,"=2 …= “2%!%…… % …=K =2 . h …=%K%!%2, !=““*=-
ƒ/"= % !% =. ƒ…=*% %L *% *, “ =*“, = …/ ,“C% ƒ%"=…,
.2% % C!, =, b/ %› 2 “%ƒ =2 " “ 3 =2 . “2!=……% %?3? …, ,
2% *%2 2 !%›= , b/. h ƒ, &“%K“2" ……% % C!,“32“2", [
%ƒ…= = 2 … “2% *% 2%, 2% b/ C!,“32“2"%"= ,, “*% *% 2%, 2% &b/
C!,“32“2"3 2 " .2,. “%K/2, . " …=“2% ?,L % …2[, &b=“ .2%
C%!=›= 2, ƒ=."=2/"= 2[ (“ …3›…%L b= “2 C … ) # .2% "C =2 -
…, “%ƒ = 2“ b= , 3 b= % ƒ!,2 .
Õàðàêòåðíîñòü. }2%2 C!, %ƒ…= = 2, 2% b/ "/!=› -
…, %$ ,K% ,“C% ƒ3 2 2,C=›, %2 , …/L %2 *=…"/ b= % C%-
" …, . m=C!, !, %"%!," % 2% % C!=", …/ !3““*, ƒ/*% ,
" !3 … 2 =* …2 ,, 2%K/ C%*=ƒ=2 "“ … C%“2 C! %› -
…, , %"%!,2 “ …= ,%…= …%L ,…2%…= , L: &u%ƒ ,…, …= .2% …= %?..[.
d%C3“2, , b/ .%2,2 C%*=ƒ=2 C! ƒ! …, 3 !%ƒ ,, “ …," %-
%“%* …= 2%…*,L, = =C*= , “ =" &“%K= *3$K% %…*3[, *% = %…=
&“ 3›,2[, %"%!,2 “ -= ,"/ “2!=.% : &nL, “2!= …%![.
u=!=*2 !…%“2 # .2% ,*!%$!% , "“2="*=, *3“% * 3›%L !% ,.
j% = b/ , != 2 ,*% &.=!=*2 !…3 [ !% # .2% 2%› .=!=*-
2 !…%“2 , …% õàðàêòåðíîñòü, êàê ïðèåì óïðàâëåíèÿ âûðàçèòåëü-
íûìè ñðåäñòâàìè %ƒ…= = 2, 2% b/ " …3›…/L % …2 &"! ƒ= 2 [ "
2*=… , !/ % …%L !% , *3“% * !3 %L !% ,.
j%…2!=“2…%“2 , ,=C=ƒ%…
g=*=… ,"= %C,“=…, !3CC/ “%“2="…/. C=!= 2!%" "/!=ƒ,2 -
…/. “! “2", …=ƒ%" ? "= C=!= 2!=, *%…2!=“2…%“2 , ,=C=ƒ%….
o! “2=" 2 “ K "= -%2%“…, *=: …= % …% ,ƒ%K!=› …, C -
! =…% " ,=C=ƒ%… %2 K …%$“ !% % % 2 …%$“ !% %, …= !3 %
# %2 ,“2%$K % % % 3 % …%$ !…% %. d,=C=ƒ%… ,ƒ … …, " -
2%" C !"% % “…, *= 3› , "2%!% %.
...b C!% ““ , !/ … 2“ = C ,23 =, !% *%“2 , 2 C%$!,2 ,
, 2% 3 C% %K…% .

24. 22
Š=* "%2, ,=C=ƒ%… ,ƒ … …, .2,. C=!= 2!%" # 2=* , …=ƒ%"
# äèàïàçîí.17
h "…%" -%2% !=-, “*= =…= % , . m= .2%2 !=ƒ C!, % ,…=*%-
"% ,=C=ƒ%… -%2% !=-, “*%L C %2…%“2,, %C3“2, # =*“,-
= …% , %2 !*%$K % % % “%"“ $ !…% %, …= % …% ,ƒ -%2%%2-
C =2*%" ,ƒ%K!=› …, C ! =…% , "3 " 2= , # !…/ ,
K / , = …= !3 % # C!,“32“2"3 2 "“ = = “ !/. C% 32%…%".
}2, .=!=*2 !,“2,*, ,ƒ … …,L C=!= 2!%" (, !/ =*2 != , ,
" 2= …= -%2% !=-,,) / …=ƒ%" *%…2!=“2…%“2 .
j%…2!=“2…%“2 , ,=C=ƒ%… # C=!= 2!/ &"2%!% % 3!%"… [, .2%
&C=!= 2!/ ,ƒ … …, C=!= 2!%"[...
qC,“%* “%“2="…/. C=!= 2!%" "/!=ƒ,2 …/. “! “2", *%-
2%!/ b/ %› 2 C!, … 2 (2. . ,ƒ … 2 ) *%!! * ,, “"% L
, !/ , “%ƒ =…, "C =2 …, 3 ƒ!,2 , , ,, C!, … %K.% , %“2,,
C=!2… != C% %K? …, :
1. b…32! ……,L 2 C%$!,2 ;
2. b/!=ƒ,2 …%“2 ;
3. “!*%“2 ;
4. m=23!= …%“2 ;
5. h ƒ, “%K“2" ……% % C!,“32“2", , , …%L ƒ=,…2 ! “%-
"=……%“2,;
6. u=!=*2 !…%“2 ;
7. j%…2!=“2…%“2 ;
8. d,=C=ƒ%….
17
o!, .2% %›…% %"%!,2 % ,=C=ƒ%… C% %2…% …, * C=!= 2!3 # % ,=C=-
ƒ%… 2% % , , ,…% % C=!= 2!=, = %›…% %"%!,2 % ,=C=ƒ%… " 2 …, 3 =“-
2*= "! …, L“2", !% , # .2% 32% … …, %› 2 %*=ƒ=2 “ "=›…/ 2 .,
*% 3 C!, 2“ ,“*=2 !3 “ !3 % %K?,L ƒ/* " C!% ““ ! ›,““3!/ , ,
C%“2=…%"*,.

25. 23
onm“Šhe &qnnayemh“[
b/ = ! % “C%“%K=. , “! “2"=. , !=2 , “%ƒ ="=2 ƒ=-
=……% "C =2 …, , "/!=›=2 “"% L , !%L … 2%, 3C!=" "/!=ƒ,-
2 …/ , “! “2"= ,. ` “ L =“ ƒ=L “ 2 , 2% , ……% / "/!=-
›= “ C% %? .2,. …= ,. "%ƒ %›…%“2 L.
q …, “*= , !=, *=* , =*2/ %K? …, " ›,ƒ…,, “" ƒ=…/ “
C%… 2, ,…-%! = ,,, “%%K?= 2 , b/ % 2% , 2% C% *3C, ,,
, , %C,“/"= 2 “"% K%" , , … …=",“2 . p=““*=ƒ/"= % K",,
b/ “%%K?= 2 , *=* b/ K,2 C! 2 %…%L, , *=* , ……%.18
«Âëîæåíèå», «íà÷èíêó», “%K“2" ……% C ! ="= 3 ,…-%! =-
, , …=ƒ%" «ñîîáùåíèåì». p=““ %2!, … *%2%!/ "%ƒ %›…/
2,C/ “%%K? …,L.
Šho{ qnnayemhi
1. Ñîñòîÿíèå — â ýòîì ñëó÷àå Âû âûðàæàåòå ñâîåé èãðîé
(ïåðåäàåòå) èíôîðìàöèþ î ñîñòîÿíèè òîãî ÷åëîâåêà, ðîëü
êîòîðîãî Âû èãðàåòå. Ýòèì ÷åëîâåêîì, íàïðèìåð, ìîæåòå
îêàçàòüñÿ è «Âû — íàñòîÿùèé», èëè äðóãîé ÷åëîâåê,
èëè, âîçìîæíî, «îòðåäàêòèðîâàííûé» Âàìè âàðèàíò Âàñ.
h2=*, “%“2% …, # .2% “%%K? …, % “3KA *2 .
b/!=›= “%“2% …, , b/ “%ƒ = 2 2= , " “"% C%" …,,,
“%%2" 2“2"3 ?, C%“2=" ……% 3 “%“2% …, .
...bƒ &“" 2 /L , %2*!/2/L[ , , & 32…/L “ K% 3…=[, C =“2,-
*= *= , “"%K% …= , , *=› /L › “2 = 2“ *=* K/ “ …=C! › …,-
... b/!=› …, , =... l/ %"%!, %K .2% “…%"= 2% *% 2% %,
2%K/ , …,L !=ƒ C% !*…32 # C!, C ! = “%%K? …, &"“
“! “2"= .%!% ,[, , % 32 K/2 ,“C% ƒ%"=…/. j%… …%, … C!%2,"%-
! =?, , (2% “2 # “ “%%2" 2“2"3 ?, , C=!= 2!= ,).
18
}2% %2" 2 …= ,C%2 2, “*,L "%C!%“ % 2% & , C%ƒ"% 2 , ,…-%! = , " “%%K-
? …,, % K",[

26. 24
2. «Îöåíêà» — ñîîáùåíèå îïèñàòåëüíîãî õàðàêòåðà,
ãîâîðèò î òîì, êàêîâ, ïî ìíåíèþ ðàññêàç÷èêà, îáúåêò
åãî ðå÷è, íàïðèìåð, â ïëàíå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ êðèòåðèÿì
«õîðîøî–ïëîõî», òàê èëè èíà÷å îöåíêà — ýòî ñîîáùåíèå
îá îáúåêòå.
3. «Îòíîøåíèå» — ýòî ñîîáùåíèå î òîì, ÷òî ñóáúåêò
÷óâñòâóåò ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê îáúåêòó, ýòî ñîîáùåíèå î
ñóáúåêòå. Òàêîâî, íàïðèìåð, ïðèçíàíèå â ëþáâè: «ß
ëþáëþ òåáÿ!». Ýòî ñîîáùåíèå î ñóáúåêòå, î åãî
îòíîøåíèè.
qohqnj Šhonb qnnayemhi
1. q%“2% …, # “%%K? …, % “%“2% …,, “3KA *2=.
2. n …*= # “%%K? …, %K %KA *2 .
3. n2…% …, # “%%K? …, %K %2…% …,, “3KA *2= * %KA *23.
o`p`leŠp{ qnnayemh“
q3? “2"3 2 "“ "%ƒ %›…/ “%“2% …, , % …*, , %2…% …, .
q%%K? …, %› 2 “% !›=2 ,. “ “ " !=ƒ…/. C!%C%! , ..
j!% 2% %, “%%K? …, %› 2 %K = =2 C=!= 2!= ,:
1. q, = " %› …, . q, = " %› …, # .2% *=* K/ 2= "% ,
&.… ! , [, *%2%!3 b/ "* = /"= 2 , &C%“/ = 2 [ " “2 “
“%%K? …, .
e“ , %2 = 2“ C!,*=ƒ, 2% “, = % “" ƒ=…= “ &“, %L " %› …, [. m%
… 2% C% %K…% .2%L " =“2…%“2, "%ƒ %›…% , C% , % C!,*=ƒ%"... rK -
,2 …%“2 . d,! *2,"…%“2 . m=" !…% , .2% 3 2 C!%!%*, , "%› ,...
2. j!3C…%“2 “%K/2, . hƒ … , b/ … 2 “3KA *2,"…/L
=“ 2=K , "=›…%“2 2% %, % “%%K? …, , ƒ…= ,2 …%“2
.2% %, “2 C … *=2=“2!%-, …%“2, # C!, .2% , %› 2 K/2 , …
"“ = “%.!=… 2“ “%%2" 2“2", ƒ !="% 3 “ /“ 3.
3. ) 2*%“2 = ! “=. j% = %" * 3"“2"3 2 “ K … …% %
… %"*%, C!%,ƒ…%“ 2%$ ,K%, %… ,…% = “ %2!,2 " “2%!%…3,

27. 25
, , %"%!,2 32 2, , ,ƒK = "ƒ = " =ƒ=, *=* K/ 2
“= / “ = %“2!%23 -!=ƒ/ , , “,23= ,,, =
“ K … 2!3 …%L # .2% … & 2*,L = ! “[.
j% = b/ %"%!,2 , *%…*! 2…% , "…% %K!=?= “ * %C! …-
…% 3 %" *3 , , !3CC , , , .2= *%…*! 2…%“2 = ! “= b=“,
.2,. , , C%“2%!%…… % …=K =2 … “% … ……= ,, =› , C%
! … %K.% , %“2,, C% !*…32= # .2% K% & 2*,L = ! “[.19
qonqna{ qnnayemh“
1. o%*=ƒ. b/ C! %“2=" 2 ƒ!,2 , , C=!2… !3 C% %K? -
…, K/2 “", 2 b= ,. L“2",L , “C%*%L…% "%“C!,-
…, =2 2%, % b/ %"%!,2 3 , , !3 % 3 , 3.
2. o!%"%*= , . g “ b/ “2=!= 2 “ “C ,= …% &C% C,2 [
"…, =…, C=!2… != …= “ K , “ =2 % “%3 =“2…,*% , …=" -
ƒ=2 3 “%C ! ›,"=…, , ,…% = ƒ=“2=",2 % "…32! ……
&*,"=2 [ …= b= , “ %"=.
h 2 , !3 , “C%“%K% %›…% %K,"=2 “ *% , “*% % , 2!=-
, “*% % .-- *2=, 3“C …% K!=2 "…, =…, …= “ K , "/ƒ/"=2 "%“-
.,? …, , , , "/ƒ"=2 “*3*3 , … C!, 2, . `… * %2, !=““*=ƒ=……/L C !-
"/ “C%“%K% , %› 2 2! K%"=2 K% % , K% 2%…*% % 3"“2"=
%!=, = =… * %2/ "% "2%!%L =… ! , %› 2 K/2 , K% %“23C…/, b/
*=* K/ C% “*=ƒ/"= 2 , 232 %!, …% 2%2 “ 3 =2 , *%2%!/L % -
…,2 C !"/L "=!,=…2, %› 2 … C!,… 2 "2%!%L. b2%!%L “C%“%K *=*
=… != %K? …, %› 2 !=ƒ !=›=2 , C !"/L %› 2 K/2 “*3 …...
l=… != C!%"%*= ,, *=* =“C *2 2,C=›…%“2,, %› 2 “%ƒ ="=2
" “ = “, …/L , 2%…*,L .-- *2.20
19
&` ! “[ “= C% “ K # .2% …=C!=" …, , &*3 = (*% 3) b/ %"%!,2 [ # .2%
…=C!=" …, … "“ = % ", …%. h…% = %" * %"%!,2 *=* K/ “ K , %K!=?=-
“ &…= “= % [ # * !3 % 3 # “ ., " =“2…%“2,, ,!%…, .
20
o !"% 2% C!, % " % %"3 "% "! ! =*2,!%"=…, # h…*",ƒ,2%!, *%2%-
!/L, ƒ= ="= C%“ *=› % % “"% % 32" !› …, %K!/L !,2%!, “*,L "%C!%“
& # C%…, = 2 ?..[, &b/ " … C%…, = 2 ?[, & =?[ # C% "% ,2 › !2"3 *
“% =“, …= “%›› …, . ...b%%K? , “2 2=*, K,2 , # &C% %"%!,2 C%
3 = [... o = % ,, C!%C%" …,*,, , &C!%“2%[ … % … “ =“2 ,"/ ,, *%-
2%!/ C!%"% ,!3 2 %*!3›= ?,. …= “%C ! ›,"=…, , “% 3"“2", , .
q . 3 }. a !…=, " &h !=....[, , !3 &o% 3 .2% “ 3 = 2“ “% …%L[.

28. 26
qŠepenŠho{ h }kelemŠ{ onbedemh“
p% “ = = 2“ ,ƒ L“2",L C !“%…=›=, L“2", % 32 "* -
=2 " “ K %C! ……/ “2 ! %2,C/ # 2,C, …/ "=!,=…2/ C%" -
…, , “"%L“2" ……/ , %K/ …/ !% L.
m *%2%!/ ,ƒ …,. C!,"% 2“ …,› .
&o“,.% % , “*,L K=! ![. }2% *% = b/ &"…32! …… *=*
K/ 32 *% K 2 “ C ! 2 , *=* ,ƒ ,2 3 3[, % , &C! % % -
"= 2 … ! ,2 …%“2 [ # 3 = 2 ... h “ , b/ "“ $2=*, ! = -
2 &,ƒ ,"=2 [, C%“ K=! != "%ƒ…,*= 2 … *,L . …2 C!,ƒ…=…,
# &}., "“ $2=*, “*=›3![. n“%K ……% .2%2 . …2 &, != 2[ " “2 -
! %2,C &%2*!/2% C!,ƒ…=…, [ # “ . …,› .
&n2*!/2% C!,ƒ…=…, [. b & =*“, = …% [ "=!,=…2 .2% %ƒ-
…= = 2, 2% b/ C!,ƒ…= 2 “ " $2% &“" !.$"=›…% [, 2% &K!%“= -
2 “ [ " .2% C!,ƒ…=…, &% !2 % %"3[, &… 3 = % C%“ “2", .[,
"/* = /"= 2 &"“ C!=" 3$ =2*3[, , & 3 =L2 %K% … , 2% .%2,-
2 [. b/ *=* K/ %"%!,2 : &d=, .2% # 2=*![.
p=ƒ3 2“ , C!, .2% -=*2, “*, (!= ,%…= …/ ) ",…= , C%-
!, = %“2 C !“%…=›= % 32 %2“32“2"%"=2 . m=C!, !, %›…% C!,-
ƒ…=2 “ " › … "…%L ,“2%2 ƒ3K%".
&n2*!/2%“2 [ " &C!,ƒ…=…,,[ # %ƒ…= = 2 &%2 =2 “ K …= “3 [
%KA *2= (, , “3KA *2=) *%2%!% 3 C!,ƒ…= 2 “ . j!% 2% % “C%“%K
&%2*!/2% % C!,ƒ…=…, [ %› 2 C!, =2 3K,…3 "/!=› …, "%“-
.,? …, , “ , b/ *=* K/ &… “ !›,2 C ! C% … ?,. b=“ 3"“2"[,
C!,ƒ…= 2 “ , 2% C%2! “ …/, "%“.,? …/, 3 ," …/ , C!% , …3›…%
C% !*…32 ...
o!%“ K= 2=*› %› 2 %K! “2, “2!=“2…%“2 , 3K ,2 …%“2 , “ ,
b/ , ……% C!,ƒ…= 2 “ " b= ,. › =…, . , “2! …, ..
m K% %L &C“,.% % , “*,L K=! ![ C ! %2*!/2/ C!,-
ƒ…=…, %› 2 C!, =2 3 K% 3 3K ,2 …%“2 , & 3 …, [
C% C! % % …, “*%"/"= ? % %2*!%" …, K=! != C%!%L *!=“,"%
%22 … 2 C%“ 3 ?,L &"/C “*[ . % ,L.

29. 27
&g=*!/2% C!,ƒ…=…, [ # 2=*% 2%› "%ƒ %›…%. m=C!, !, b/
%"%!,2 : &d=, .2% 2=*!!! # m3 , 2%? m b= %, *=2,2 “ * !23![.
e? "=!,=…2 C!,ƒ…=…, # &“ ! ,…*= …= C% %",…*3[, C% “
.= “2"= “ % K%L. b%ƒ %›…%, “= /L !=“C!%“2!=… ……/L (" p%““,,?).
&n2 3 ,[ # %ƒ…= = 2, 2% b/ “%ƒ = 2 , ƒ, C% …%L
“"% L “2…%“2,, C% …%L %2*!%" ……%“2, , K “.,2!%“2…%“2, .2%L
C!=" /, *%2%!3 b/ ,ƒ = = 2 , , &! 2“ C! % ,ƒ 3K,…
b= L 3 , # C% …= , % ", …= , , “" 2= ![ d=› *=*$2% 3“% -
…,2“ … 3 %K…%.
e“ , “%"“ 32 $ 32 &C ! …32 C= *3[ # , != “2=…%",2“
ƒ= =2 …% -= ,"%L, 2% %C 2 $2=*,, ,…% = % … *“2=2,.
&d%" !, [. b =……% “ 3 = &d%" !, [ %ƒ…= = 2 &n2 3 ,[
C “ &j%…-, … ,= …%“2 [ (*%…2 *“2 & › 3 …= ,[). p ƒ*%$"/-
!=› ……/L "=!,=…2 C!,%K! 2= 2 ,…% = %*!=“*3 ,…2, …%“2,.21
m= % ƒ= 2,2 , 2% 3 …=“ èíòèìíîñòü … %K ƒ=2 …% C% !=ƒ3-
"= 2 ñåêñóàëüíîñòü. r …=“ .2% %2 …= &*!=“*=[. q *“3= -
…%“2 # C% 2 *“2 (&%*!=“*= 2= ,[) =*2,"…% % , , C=““,"…% %
3"“2" ……% % › =…, .
q *“=C, …%“2 # “C%“%K…%“2 * “ *“3= …%L C!," *=-
2 …%“2,. a/"= 2 “ “2", “ *“3= …%“2, C!, %! =…, …%“2,.
bƒ=, % 3“, ,"= 2“ ƒ=!=ƒ,2 …%“2 .
&b% 2=›[ # .=!=*2 ! … … C%“! “2" ……% C%“ C! % % -
…, &C“,.% % , “*% % K=! !=[ (.%2 , … %K ƒ=2 …), .2% … *%
3“, …, ,…2%…= ,L # *=* K/ C% %… “ K , *=* K/ &… =2 “ K
%“2=…%",2 “ [ , ,“C3 =2 “ , &“ !=ƒK 3[, &… 3 = [, &…= "ƒ"% [
# K% = . % ,%…= …%“2 # C “ &C% …= %2*!/2%“2 3 ,[
= 2 " “3 “2!=“2…%“2 , , = # 3K › …, .
21
a ƒ %“%K% % 2!3 =, ,“C% ƒ3 *%…-, … ,= …%$,…2, …3 ,…2%…= , , ,
%K,"= 2“ .-- *2= 2% …%2"%!…% % ƒ=…3 “2"=, ,…% = %“2=2% …% "“ %$2%
,…32 “ 2, # C 2…= =2,.

30. 28
&rK › …, [. &n2 "“ L 3 , “*=›3: 3 .2% C% …= , K% -
…, %![ b/C% … ……= " ", C!,ƒ…=…, , .2= -!=ƒ= , “2!,-
!3 2 &3K › …, [. rK › = !3 % % " $ ,K%, b/ %› 2 3K ›-
=2 … 2% *% &“3., ,[ =! 3 …2= ,, …% , “2 C … “"% L
3" ! ……%“2, " -=*2 .22
j &3K › …, [ C!, /*= 2 &! * = =[.
&p * = =[. o! “2=" 2 “ K C% 3 3.% %, C% 3“%……% %, 3“2=-
% %, C% %ƒ!,2 …% % , ,*%"=2% % - ! !=,23
*%2%!% 3 b= …= %
"“3 ,2 … …3›…/L 3 2%"=!. b .% , 2 &%2 3 ,[ "C %2 %
&%2*!/2% % C!,ƒ…=…, [, , % … 2*,L, % ,…2, …%“2,, &= ! “[,
& %K!%› =2 …% , K “*%!/“2…% 3K › …, [, =› ,…% = &“2!=-
“2…% , …= “ ! ƒ…% "…32! …… 2 C%$!,2 . d " ? L 3K ,-
2 …%“2,: &...o%" ! 2 … , !3 %L, .2% # , ……% 2%, 2% b=
…3›…%, .2% b= … %K.% , %![ (&h ……% .2, ôèãîâèíêè, , %K ƒ=-
2 …% "“ " !%![)
h2=*, ! * = = %› 2 "* =2 : &rK › …, [; &n2 3 ,[; &d%-
" !, [ “ C% "=!,=…2% &h…2, …%“2 [; &n2*!/2% C!,ƒ…=…, [;
&q2!=“2…%“2 [ (…= “, …% , K/“2!% "…32! …… 2 C%$!,2 ,
"/!=ƒ,2 …%“2,, , “2 “2" ……%“2,).
m% ! * = = K/"= 2 !=ƒ…= , …= 2% %…% , èñêóññòâî ! * = /.
&n …*= “%K/2, [ # /L …=K%! C!% ““%" &C ! "=!,"=-
…, [ # &C!% =2/"=…, [ , &3“"% …, [ -=*2= “%K/2, . j C!, -
!3 C%“23C," “%%K? …, C%“2 C ……% & %.% ,2[ , ,“2%! = 2 ,ƒ
b=“ &… *%…2!% ,!3 3 [, &“, ,…32…3 [ ! =* , …= !=ƒ , …/.
“2= , . .2% % C!% ““=, …=C!, !: &j=*... )2%... c%“C% ,, *=*%L
*% =!![. h ,: &`? )2%? j=*... d=! j%… …%! n … ![
b=!,=…2%" "%ƒ %›…% …% % # C% %›,2 …/., %2!, =2 …/.,
… L2!= …/., …=C!, ! ! =* , C%“2 C ……% % *!=L… % 3 ," …, ,
ƒ=2 C% %ƒ! …, , 2% .2% 3›=“…% ,, …=*%… , C%…, =…, , 2% &"%2
%…%, “ =“2 "“ L ›,ƒ…,, C!, %![.
22
&rK › …, [, 2%K/ K/2 &3K ,2 …/ [ # C% !=ƒ3 "= 2 “, 3 " %› …, "
& %“2=2% …% *% , “2" [. o!, .2% , -%! = …% … 2%› “2" ……= &“, = " %-
› …, [ # C=!= 2! “%%K? …, , %2" 2 …= "%C!%“ # *=* %" * L“2"3 2 ,
&3K › …, [ # “2 ! %2,C C%" …, # %C,“=…, 2% %, 2% %… C!, .2% = 2.
p=ƒ…, = › 3 &*=*[ , & 2%[ # 3“ %"…=, …%, " =……% “ 3 = , “3? “2" ……=.
23
h ,ƒ%K!=ƒ,2 % # " *= “2" 3C!=›… …, .

31. 29
h!%…, # , 2 ,“2% …,*, = ! “ , C! 2. m *2% (,“2% …,*,
,…= # “3KA *2) %"%!,2 !3 % 3 (= ! “) % 2! 2 (C! 2,
,…= # %KA *2). o! 2 , = ! “ % 32 “%"C= =2 # .2% %K%-
“2! 2 “,23= , .
h“2% …,* , C! 2 2=*› % 32 K/2 % …, , 2 › %" -
*% , …% =› " .2% “ 3 = “= % ,!%…,ƒ,!3 ?,L %" * *=* K/
%2“2!=… 2“ %2 “= % % “ K , *=* K/ "%ƒ…,*= 2 "= & [ # ,!%…,-
ƒ,!3 ? , %KA *2 ,!%…,,.
h!%…, “2 &%“3› …, [, &“…,› …, [ " -! L %"“*% “ /“ ,
*% = C! 23 C!,“"=,"= 2“ *3! ƒ…/ .=!=*2 !,“2,*, # “ %2-
2 …*% … C%“2,, … *% L &C %.%“2,[.
h!%…, , 2=*, %K!=ƒ% , “2 %“3› …, . m% C!, .2% ,!%…,
C% !=ƒ3 "= 2 ? , … *3 C% %›,2 …3 . % , 3 ,!%…,ƒ,!3-
? % # .2% “ . …= $2% ,, " 2%L “2 C …,, " *=*%L “ . “2
!= %“2 , # ,!%…, “2 != %“2 … %“2=2*= , *%2%!/ " 2“
C%"% % ,!%…,,.
d= , / "/ (&…= C!%K3[) "= "=!,=…2= ,!%…,, # "=-
!,=…2, C% !=ƒ3 "= ?,L íåãàòèâíîå %2…% …, * …%“,2 .2,.
… %“2=2*%" # …=ƒ%" &ƒ = ,!%…, [, , "=!,=…2 ïîçèòèâíîãî
%2…% …, * …%“,2 … %“2=2*%" & %K!= ,!%…, [, " *="/ *=.,
!=ƒ3 2“ ...
b &ƒ % [ "=!,=…2 ,!%…,ƒ,!3 ?,L %KA ,… 2, %2%› “2" 2
&…%“,2 … %“2=2*=[ (%K/ …%, %" *=) “ % … %“2=2*= ,, "
& %K!% [ # %2 2.
q=!*=ƒ # %" * &C!%“2%[ C% 3 = 2 3 %"% “2", %2 “%-
ƒ ! =…, %KA *2=, % …,"= % %C! ……/ “%%2" 2“2"3 ?,
&“=!*=“2, “*, [ %K!=ƒ% . }2% *=* K/ ,!%…, %“%K% % !% = #
%" * ,!%…,ƒ,!3 2 …= %KA *2% , C!, .2% = ! “=2% .2%L ,!%-
…,,, C3K ,*%L, * *%2%!%L %… %K!=?= 2“ , "/“*=ƒ/"= ,!%…, #
" 2“ %… “= . ` %*!3›= ?, %… %…“2!,!3 2 “"% %K!=? -
…, * “ K “ .2%L ,!%…, “*%L % …*%L.
e? !=ƒ %C, ñàðêàçì !3 , , “ %"= ,, 2=* *=* %K/ …%
%" * ,K% “=!*=“2, … &,…“2,…*2,"…%[, ,K% 3 … “"%L“2" -
… … “=!*=ƒ , , C%C/2*= C%…, =…, .2,. C!% ““%" %› 2 …=C% ,-
…=2 “,23= , “ “%!%*%…%›*%L, , , “ f3! …% , *%2%!% % 3 , ,
%"%!,2 =“…/ , “% =“…/ # “ K% , 2!3 % (“ . “% ,… -
…, -…= l% != &l ?=…,… "% "%! …“2" [). h2=* # “=!*=ƒ ,
2% C!, .2% C!%,“.% ,2.

32. 30
) %" * ,!%…,ƒ,!3 2 …= C! 2% . }23 ,!%…, %… "/“*=-
ƒ/"= 2 “= % 3 “ K (%… “= # .2% = ! “=2 ,!%…,,).
n“2= …/ , C3K ,*= # .2% = ! “=2 “=!*=ƒ = # 2 , * *% 3 %…
%K!=?= 2“ “ “=!*=ƒ % .
h, 2 ., *2% " .2% ƒ=,…2 ! “%"=…24
, ? % …= &C ! -
-%! 3 ,!%"*=[: “=!*=ƒ / C%…, = *=* %K!=? …, * “= % 3 “ K “
,!%…, “*%L % …*%L %KA *2= “=!*=ƒ =, , 3› -=*2 , “% !›=…,
.2% % (-=*2=) %K!=? …, * “= % 3 “ K # C!% ,!3 2“ …= C3K ,*3.
c!%2 “* # .2% ,C !2!%-, . }2% %› 2 K/2 &,!%…, “ % -
3C …, [ , C=!% , , *% = %KA *2 C% = 2“ ? K% … C/ ,
%… “2 . m% !%2 “* %› 2 K/2 , … 3C/ , ,C !2!%-,!%-
"=……/ % 32 K/2 " =“2…%“2 , › “2%*%“2 , ,, …=%K%!%2, %K!%2= ,
K ƒ%2" 2…%“2 . h , K ƒ%2" 2“2" ……%“2 . &q% [ C=!% ,,, *=* C!=-
", %, " 2“ !%2 “*.
h!%…, , C=!% , , “=!*=ƒ , "/C% … ……/ … %K!%› =2 …%
, ƒ % " , % %KA *23 # .2% ,ƒ "*=; = "/C% … ……/ , % , C%$
%K!% 3 # 32*=, .%2 K/ ,…% = , 3C= .
d K% L "/!=ƒ,2 …%“2,, !=““2=…%"*, =* …2%" %-
› 2 K/2 ,“C% ƒ%"=…= ïàóçà.
o=3ƒ= # .2% 2, ,…=, …% 2, ,…=, "% "! *%2%!%L ƒ!,2
ƒ= ! , › 2, *% = %…= *%… ,2“ , 2% “2 *% = b/ K ! 2 C=3ƒ3,
.2% ƒ…= ,2, 2% , = “2% “%%2" 2“2"3 ?= ,…2%…= , , *%2%!=
“*=ƒ= = &“ L =“ K3 2 C=3ƒ=![, …=C!, !, 2=*= :
24
Š=* C!, 2…%, *% = 2 K C%…, = 2...

33. 31
&%2 3 ,[;
&C“,.% % , “*,L K=! ![;
&%2*!/2% C!,ƒ…=…, [
(&C“,.% % , “*,L K=! ![
+ &%2 3 ,[);
&ƒ=*!/2% C!,ƒ…=…, [;
&…= "ƒ"% [;
&“2!=“2…%“2 [;
&3K › …, [;
&! * = =[;
&% …*= “%K/2, [;
,!%…, ;
“=!*=ƒ ;
!%2 “*;
,ƒ "*=;
C=3ƒ=;
,…2, …%“2 ;
%" !, ;
*%…-, … ,= …%“2 ;
“ *“3= …%“2 ;
“ *“=C, …%“2 .
q2 ! %2,C/ C%" …, % 32 K/2 ,“C% ƒ%"=…/ C!, %K? …,,
, , % , ,2= ,,.
qC,“%* “2 ! %2,C%" , . …2%" C%" …,
`"2%! … “2=",2 “ K ƒ= = 3 ,“ !C=2 "“ …% %%K!=ƒ, %-
" “*,. . % ,L, “*%! C! “2=",2 *3 23!3 C%…, =…, ,“C% -
ƒ3 /. “ %" , . % ,%…= …/. C!% ““%"... u%2 , …= …= "ƒ ,
“C,“%* %"% …% C% %….
m !=““ =2!,"= 2“ , …=C!, !, " *= “2" “2 ! %2,C= K%" ,
2=* *=* .2% 3"“2"%, = … “2 ! %2,C C%" …, , " 2% › "! *= -
“2" ……= , ,2= , … *%2%!/. "… …,. C!% " …,L .2% % 3"“2"=
%› 2 K/2 &“%K!=…=[, ,ƒ C! = = /. 2= L, , &%2A “2,!%"=-
…=[ 2% *%"/ ! ›,““ !% 2=*, 2%K/ " “ = C%.% ,2 …= C!=" 3...
` … %K.% , 3 C% ,……3 “2!=“2 %› 2 C%“2=",2 “= C!% ““
, !/. c%"%! 2 # &,“2,…= “2!=“2 L, C!=" %C% %K 3"“2"...[ # % 2% ,
*=* , !=2 .
h2=*, / C ! .% , %2 2% %, &êàê[ %"%!,2“ # * 2% 3, &÷òî[
%"%!,2“ .

34. 32
Šp`mq`j0hh
l/ C%…, = C!% ““ %K? …, , *=* C!% ““ %K …= “%%K? …,-
, # ,…-%! = ,%……/ , , … % … , . % ,%…= …/ , K% , ,
… , " !K= …/ , , … " !K= …/ ,, % “ K , % !3 ,.... e“ ,
!=ƒ ,2 C!% ““ %K? …, …= &*"=…2/[, ,…, …/ =*2/ %K …=
,…-%! = , L, 2% *=› % % &*"=…2=[ (= 2!=…“=* ,,) "/ … -
2“ C=!= 2!/ *%…2 *“2= “,23= ,,:
• “2 C … …= , , 3"=› …, * C=!2… !3;
• “2 C … …= , , “= %3"=› …, ;
• %2…% …, ƒ…= , %“2, (2% “2 %2…% …, %"%! ? % *
= ! “=23 2!=…“=* ,, # &“…,ƒ3 "" !.[, &…= !="…/.[,
&“" !.3$"…,ƒ[). q %2!, !,“3…%* 2 # “% 2=…, C=!= 2-
!%" 2!=…“=* ,, ( , “2!=2,"…%“2, …= !,“3…* C%*=ƒ=-
…/ 3C!%? ……/ , ,“*! 2…/ *= /).
Š! . !…/L "=!,=…2 # .2% 2=*› 3C!%? …, , C!,K ,› …, , %…
… 3 ,2/"= 2 "%ƒ %›…%“2, %*!=“*, 2!=…“=* ,, !=ƒ , …/ , %2…%-
…, , , 3"“2"= , ( %›…% "" “2, %C% …,2 …/ ,ƒ ! …, ,
…=C!, ! %2 K", * … …=",“2, ! ƒ !="…% 3 , , ,, “*=› ,
& 2*%“2 = ! “=[ # “ %2!, "/ ).
m% .2% "% …% % "C% … !=K%2%“C%“%K…% C!,K ,› …, ,
C%ƒ"% ? *=* =…= ,ƒ,!%"=2 , 2=* , 2! …,!%"=2 !=ƒ , …/
2!=…“=* ,,.
m ƒ=C% … ……/ C% … %K ƒ=2 …% %ƒ…= = 2, 2% &2=*% % …
K/"= 2[, …=C!, ! C!="= = … * 2*= …= “! … 3!%"… #
"=!,=…2 K “ / ,…2 , …2= “ ƒ=K3 / %L, *% = ƒ=K3 / = C …%
%K?= 2“ , C%2% 3 *=* & 3 = 2! K3 2[, = ,…2 , …2 “ …, " 2
“ K &…= !="…/.[, 2%K/, … =L a% , … !=ƒ%ƒ ,2 ; *!% 2% %,
C!," ……/ "=!,=…2/ ƒ=C% … …, * 2%* …= !,“3…* # .2% "“ %
, … *%2%!/ "=!,=…2/ ,ƒ "%ƒ %›…/., %2" = ?,. =……/ “%-
2=…, C=!= 2!%".

35. 33
p,“3…%* 2. o!%“2!=…“2"% 2!=…“=* ,L.

36. 34
hƒ “2 ! %2,C…/. 2!=…“=* ,L =“2% -%! ,!3 2“ !3CC/ “%-
K/2,L, ,* /, “2!% ?, “ C% %C! ……/ ƒ=*%…% !…%“2 , *=*,
…=C!, !, 3 !3 = ?= C%"2%! %“2 “*=… = %" " … *%2%!/. “ -
., " …/ , % ,…=*%"/ ›= %K/ …= … “ =“2…3 “3 K3 … *%2%-
!/. L C!, C!=*2, “*% … › =…,, 2% ,K% C%C!=",2 , ,
“2% › % ,…=*%"% “% 3"“2", *% C …2=!…%$ %C% … ?,.
“% 3"“2"3 ?,., …=.% ?,. " .2% “ K %C! ……3 C! -
“2 ... }2=*, !% "/ , !/, C%"2%! ?, “ &“C *2=* ,[ # 2%
… = 2 … “ ! ƒ…/ , C%“ “2", &“C *2=* L[.25
j=* C!=", %, .2, , !/ … *%…2!% ,!3 2“ “%ƒ…=2 …%, , K ,ƒ-
*, 2% 3, 2% / …=ƒ"= , &%C2, = …/ , “2 ! %2,C= ,[ (C!=*2,-
“*, # C% !=ƒ3 "= 2 ,.). )2% “ .2, %›…% “ =2 ?
q3? “2"3 2 ƒ= =2 …% C“,.%2 !=C "2, “*% …=C!=" …,
# &C“,.% != =[. b “%%2" 2“2",, “ *%… C , , C“,.% != /, "
“ 3 = , “ , %" * "%" … %K“2% 2 “2"= , " *=*3 $2% &!% [,
%2 *%2%!%L %… , != K/ K/ %2 =2 “ …% … %› 2 # % ,… ,ƒ
"%ƒ %›…/. “C%“%K%" ! …, C!%K / # &“/ !=2 !% [ “%ƒ…=-
2 …%.26
l/ ƒ= %"%!, , % &!% .[. &p% [ C! 3“ =2!,"= 2 “"%L“2" …-
…/L L ,=C=ƒ%… L“2",L # &,…› … $…=,"[ %K/ …% … C% -
!=ƒ3 "= 2“ =… !/ &*,K%! =$3K,L /[, = !*%$"/!=› ……% 3 .%-
!,*3 “ ,2= 2“ … “"%L“2" ……%L “C%*%L…= “%ƒ ! =2 …=
=….% , . o ! .% , * “ 3 ? L 2 # &2 C != …2/ , .=-
!=*2 !/[.
25
nC,“=…, .2,. , ! ƒ=…, = “ }!,* a !…, , / C! = = ,2=2 %K!=2,2 -
“ * C! *!=“…%L *…, a !…= &h !/, " *%2%!/ , != 2 ,[. c%"%! …= ,
ƒ/*% , a !… %C,“/"= 2 !% ,, *%2%!/ %" * , != 2 " ›,ƒ…,, , &C “/[, ,ƒ
*%2%!/. .2, !% , "ƒ 2/.
26
&h !/...[ a !…=, !=ƒ/ !/"= / “%ƒ…=2 …% # C! *!=“…/L =2 !,=
C!%-, =*2,*, , ! 2=*% % !% =, ,, " !% 2…%, …, . # )2% %C! 2
“%%2" 2“2"3 ?,L * =““ 3C!=›… …,L.

37. 35
Šeloep`lemŠ{ h u`p`jŠep{
o=!= 2!/ , …%“2,
c%"%! % 2 C != …2 , .=!=*2 ! , / %C,“/"= , …%“2 ,
, , ›. l=… !3 C%" …, , “"%L“2" ……3 … % …% 3 C%“23C*3, =
2 … … ,,, !3CC C%“23C*%", 3 =“2*3 ›,ƒ…,. j% = / %"%!, %
%" * # &.%!% ,L, C %.%L, %K!/L, ƒ %L, ›,ƒ… != %“2…/L, .… !-
, …/L, ,“C% …,2 …/L[ # , 2=* = # / , " ", 3, “"%L-
“2" ……/L .2% 3 %" *3 …=K%! %›, = /. %2 … % C%“23C*%".
p=ƒ , …/ , ="2%!= , ""% 2“ , %KA “… 2“ C%… 2, :
# =….% ,*;
# “=… ",…,*;
# .% !,*;
# ,…2!%" !2;
# .*“2!=" !2.
j=› = ,ƒ .2,. .=!=*2 !,“2,* # " 2%L , , ,…%L “2 C …, , "
ƒ=",“, %“2, %2 “,23= ,,, % = K/ K/2 %2… “ …= C!=*2, “*, *
K% 3 %" *3, 2 … … “ ,2= 2“ , 2% %" *=, *%2%!%-
% &C% = 2[ 2=*% % !% = ! /*% , %K/ …= , .=!=*2 !…= # “%%2-
" 2“2"3 ?= ! =* , . b !=ƒ…%L “2 C …,. Š% “2 , %›…% “*=ƒ=2
&.2%2 %" * K% - =2, …, 2%2[, &2%2 K% =….% ,-
…, .2%2[. )2% “ 3›,2 …= %“…%"=…, !=ƒ %"%!= % C=!=-
2!=. , , ›=.
o!, › =…,, %›…% "" “2, *= 3 ,…2 , …2…%“2,, ƒ %K…%“-
2,, , , = *% % ,ƒ =.
)2%K/ %2…%“,2 “ * … *% 3 , …%“2…% 3 *= “2"3, *=* * “%-
ƒ…=2 …%$,ƒ … % 3 C=!= 2!3 “"% L , !/, …3›…% %“%ƒ…=2 , *=-
*, . …2/ C%" …, " “"% L , ! … %K.% , % ,ƒ …,2 , , , 2
"%ƒ %›…%“2 “%%2" 2“2" ……% 3" , ,2 , , 3 … ,2 C!% " -
…, "/K!=……% % *= “2"= " ,“C% … %L , …%“2,.
n“%K% % !=ƒ %"%!= ƒ=“ 3›,"= 2 "= "=›…/. &C=!= 2!=[ , -
…%“2,, 2 “…% “" ƒ=……/. “% “C%“%K…%“2 * , ! , =“2% # “ ›,ƒ… …-

38. 36
…/ 3“C .% " % . }2, C=!= 2!/ # “"%L“2"= , …%“2, #
%! =…, …%“2 (%! =…,*=) , %K= …, .
n! =…, …%“2
b = …, .2, C=!= 2!% # 2% … # 3 …, % =*“, ,ƒ,-
!%"=2 # "% …% % %C! 2 C!%- ““,%…= ,ƒ =*2 !=.27
n! =…, …%“2 *=* *= “2"% , !/, !% “2" ……= =! %…,, , “2 -
“2" ……%“2,. o!, .2% , C% “2 “2" ……%“2 / C%…, = *=* "…32-
! …… 3 %K“2"% , *% -%!2 %" *=, *%2%!/L , != 2 !% , 2=* ,
&“%!=ƒ !…%“2 [ . …2%" , !/ " != *=. !% ,.
n! =…, …%“2 # … 2% › “= % , 2% , &…=23!= …%“2 [. &m=23-
!= …%“2 [ # .2% &“2 C … C%.%› “2, …= C!=" 3 2% %, 2% , != 2“ [.
Îðãàíè÷íîñòü — ýòî îáîçíà÷åíèå âíóòðåííåé
åñòåñòâåííîñòè è ñâîáîäû ÷åëîâåêà.
&n! =…, …/ [ %› 2 K/2 %2*!%" ……/L …=, !/ . d% 2 . C%!,
C%*= %" * (=*2 !, " =“2…%“2,) … …=3 , “ “%ƒ…=2 …% “%ƒ =-
"=2 3 ƒ!,2 "C =2 …, %! =…, …%“2,, , , me$%! =…, …%“2,
# / %2…%“, “ * .2% 3 *= “2"3, *=* * “"%L“2"3 , …%“2,.
o%“ 2% %, *=* %! =…, …%“2 “2=…%",2“ “%ƒ…=2 …% ! 3 ,-
!3 %L " C!% ““ , !/ # …=“ .2% ,ƒ … /L C=!= 2!.
nK= …,
}2% “C%“%K…%“2 K/2 C!," *=2 …/ "% "! , !/ # .2%
“C%“%K…%“2 "/ƒ/"=2 “, C=2, " ..
q “" ƒ=…= C!," *=2 …%“2 ? b%$C !"/., *%… …%, … -
= 2 32% …,2 # C!," *=2 …%“2 “ L 2% *, ƒ! …, . Š%, 2%
%*=› 2“ K ,ƒ*%$!% “2" ……% , “, C=2, …% C, j%… %, %-
27
q 2% *, ƒ! …, ƒ=*=ƒ ,*=.
28
b2%!/ "“C% ,…= 2“ c%ƒ =….

39. 37
› 2 … "C% … C% %L2, *=*% 3$…,K3 "% ……% 3$C …“,%… !3 …=
q=.= ,… . n 2% , *=* K/2 C!," *=2 …/ # …=C,“=…% …% % #
, C !"/L, *2% "“C% ,…= 2“ , j=!… ,.28
m=C% …, … *%2%!/ %“%K ……%“2, %" “*% % "%“C!, 2,
C!," *=2 …%“2,. j2% …= …!=",2“ , , 2% …= …!=",2“ " 2 .,
*2% …= …!=",2“ ?
m= …!=",2“ %K!%› =2 …%“2 # C% %2…% …, * …= , ,,
,…% = # … %K!%› =2 …%“2 C% %2…% …, * …= , "!= = ).
m= …!=" 2“ " . *= “2"=, *%2%!/ , / .%2 , K/ “= ,
%K = =2 , ,, %K = = ?, .2, , *= “2"= ,. m= …!=",2“ "
. ,. 3“C …%“2 .29
d%"% …% =“2% …= …!=",2“ " . ,.
“, =.
h …= …!=",2“ " . ,. %! =…, …%“2 , 2=* *=*, “ …= L
2% *, ƒ! …, , *%2%!3 / % … =“2% … %“%ƒ…= # “ .2, “%-
C! › …= "…32! …… “, = , 3 "…% ƒ %!%" %" *=.
d=› &%2!, =2 …/L[ C !“%…=› %› 2 K/2 % … %K= 2 …/ .
d 2! …,!%"*, " %" = …,, “"%, , "/!=ƒ,2 …/ , “! -
“2"= , % 32 K/2 %“%K ……% ,…2 ! “…/ 2=*, &.*ƒ%2, “*, [ “% -
2=…, “"%L“2", *=* & =….% ,* # .*“2!=" !2[, &.% !,* # ,…2!%-
" !2[. &o %.%L .%!% ,L %" *[, &%K= 2 …= “"% % [,
& 3› “2" ……/L 2!3“[ # , C!% .
29
n2“ = &C!=", % …= ,…= ? % K,ƒ… “ …=[ # & =2 .%!% 3 ,…3 C!,
C %.%L , ! [. }2% … % ! *% … = , # cette la vite.

40. 38
Šho{ h Šho`fh
( 2! …,!%"%*, …=K …,L, =“2…/. *% * ,L)
&d3!= %*[;
&c!%ƒ…/L[;
&u%ƒ ,…[;
&o% %ƒ!,2 …/L[ (&q %"=2 [);
&h ƒ3,2[;
&a …/L “ …=2%![;
&d L j=!… ,[ (" !=ƒ…/. “,23= , .);
&h…2 , …2…/L u= [;
&c!3K/L u= [;
&q*!% …/L h…2 , …2[;
&l % …/L 2,!=…[ (“ %2!, j. j=“2=… =);
&d "% *=$0" 2% *[ (&l= ,*$n 3"=… ,*[);
&d%… f3=…[;
&x .= b/“%*% % j =““=[;
&m ,…2 , …2…= x .=[;
&o !=“2[;
&`… "% C %2,[;
&q “ *= ?,L[;
&r , ……= *"% *=[;
&) %" * ,“*3““2"=[;
, C!% , ...
}2, 2,C/ (, , ›,) / …=ƒ/"= , … !=“ ,-!%"/"= ,. “% !-
›=…, , “ , … “ ,2=2 , *%… …%, !=“ ,-!%"*%L “= , ,. …=ƒ"=…, ...

41. 39
nayhe ophm0ho{
q%“2% …, , !/
` !2…%“2
q2%,2 … “*% *% “%" “*=ƒ=2 % “%“2% …,, "% "! , !/. n
2% , *=*% “%“2% …, C% % = 2 !%› =2 !% , 2% “2 “%" ! =2
L“2", , “%%2" 2“2"3 ?, , , ›3, , *=*, %?3? …, %› 2 !%›-
=2 ,“C% … = !% 3 =*2 !=.
q%“2% …, ".% = " , !3 , , !/ # = !2…%“2 . Š% “2
%2%"…%“2 . r *, 2%! *% , …%“ C% " 2!3, % …2 %",2“ , 3"“2"=
%K%“2! …/, 2% , "C!="% K!%“,2 “ , 2% , “%K=*%L ƒ= = 2 # 2% 2=
C% , , ›3? ` =, K/2 " / ! n$* L! a3 " / ,! m% "…32! …-
… "“ !="…% 3 *, 2%! *% ! ` "… … !=“C /" “ “23 … C%
*! “ 3, =ƒ*, ƒ=*=2, , , " % “C!= ,"= , & 2% 2= $ …= %K ?[.
` !2…%“2 # “%K!=……%“2 , ãîòîâíîñòü, ÑÎÁÐÀÍÍÎÑÒÜ,
ÃÎÒÎÂÍÎÑÒÜ!
)3"“2"%, !%› = % C!=", …%L , = *"=2…%L , !%L # *=L-.
m=“ =› …, . r %"% “2", . o!, .2% ,…% = … *% “%.!=… 2
%“2=2% …/L “= %*%…2!% , 2%K/ … &ƒ=… “ %[.
d= . l%› 2 K/2 , %?3?= 3 %"% “2", %2 , !/, b/ "“ ›
% , K/ , !=2 3 , “ , K/ K% "…, =…, 3 , ƒ= = =
, %*!3›= ? L “! , … › , 2% 3 3 %"% “2", , *%2%!% b/ 3 3 -
! 2 “ ,“C/2/"=2 . h 3 %"% “2", $2% C%K% “2=… 2, … K%“ .
q3? “2"3 2 2=*% C%… 2, # &!=“*% %2 “ …= “ … [: b/ , -
!= 2 *% , “*3 , , =› 2!= , “*3 !% , , != 2 !*%, … C %-
.%... h C% 3 = 2 3 %"% “2", . `., *=* b/ , != 2 ! h " !3 , 3 b=“
… C!%,ƒ"% …% "/!/"= 2“ & /$ /[. }2% “ .. b= K ƒ3 …% “ -
…%. b= , C% %›,2 …/ . % ,, C!%!/"= 2 2%…*,L .% ,* C!%-
- ““,%…= …/. …="/*%", "“ ƒ= b= , “ 2“ ƒ= , " “2 “ b= ,,
…% … C% 3"“2"3 2 , b/ “ 3? …, , "“ ƒ= != %“2 % !% …/
%2!, =2 …/ . % ,,? h , "“ › “%!, …2,!3 2 “ , %K/ != 2
“"%L &!=“*% [?30
30
`… * %2, …%“2 (*%…2!=“2) “% 2=…, b=“ # ! = …% % , L“2",L C% !% ,.
q . # t! L , &n“2!%3 , , % %2…% …, * K ““%ƒ…=2 …% 3[.

42. 40
` " “= % , ƒ= “ 2 % b/ C% 3 = 2 3 %"% “2", %2
, !/? b/ , != 2 , , b= , C=!2… !/ , != 2, .2% %…,2%!,… , = …
C ! ›,"=…, , , .2% != %“2 %2 “%" ! ……% % " = …, “%" ! …-
…/ ,…“2!3 …2% ( ? K/ # 2% › “%" ! …… %" *=!),
K/2 %› 2, .2% “= = " ,*= p= %“2 2!3 =! h .2% # “ lncr!
Š% “2 # .2% C!%2,"%" “ &2/ …, 2%[ # ,ƒ ›,ƒ…,, ,ƒ .= “2"=, ,ƒ
L, 2% C!,"/* , ›,2 % ! , ƒ= *% K=“%L , C32 "*= ,,
23“* / , (2 =2!= …/ , , me$2 =2!= …/ ,) ,…2!, = , , 3…,-
› …, , " =“2…%“2,, C% "%ƒ %›…%“2,, b= , !
h2=*, &C!=", …% [ “%“2% …, (&“= % 3"“2", [) , !/ #
= !2…%“2 . l/ "* = " … “%K!=……%“2 , %“%ƒ…=……%“2 , %2%"-
…%“2 (&"%%K? * 3 3 % …%[), C!, %“2=2% …% "/“%*% , “, -
…% "…32! …… 2 C%$!,2 . b =……% “ 3 = / , " ", 3
2 C%$!,2 … C !“%…=›=, = =*2 !=, 2% “2 ! = …% % %" *=,
,“C% … ? % !% .
e“ , … K3 2 %“2=2% …%L “%K!=……%“2,, /“ , % 32 3L2, "
“2%!%…3, " %K =“2 “2!=.= , *% C *“%" … C% …% ……%“2,, , 2=
ƒ=* ,…,2 “ , , %› 2 … ."=2,2 %KA = "…, =…, , !/ #
&"“ !=““/C 2“ [. (l/ 3› *=“= ,“ 2 / &%KA "…, =…, [,
*% = %"%!, , %K &%C2, = …/. “2 ! %2,C=.[.)
e“ , … K3 2 %“2=2% …%L “*%!%“2, / …, , “*%!%“2, "…32-
! …… % 2 C%$!,2 = # %›…% … 3“C 2 C!, 3 =2 , *=* %K/ !=2
… %›, =……3 “,23= , , “%%2" 2“2" ……% %2" 2,2 …= ,…2%…= , C=!2-
… !=. e“2 , !3 , =“C *2/, “" ƒ=……/ “ 2=* …=ƒ/"= %L &ƒ=!=ƒ,-
2 …%“2 [...
o!, =…, . g=!=ƒ,2 …%“2 # .2% “C%“%K…%“2 "/-
ƒ/"=2 ƒ!,2 …= “%C ! ›,"=…, . d .2% % …= % "/ƒ-
"=2 “, C=2, ,31
, “ =2 2=*, 2%K/ ƒ!,2 ƒ=.%2 -
%“ b= “%C ! ›,"=2 . d .2% % …= % K/2
%K= 2 …/ , %! =…, …/ , , * .2% 3 ? , 2%…*% 3"“2-
"%"=2 32
ƒ!,2 , , “%%2" 2“2" ……% L“2"%"=2 . Š=*,
31
}2%2 2 ƒ,“ " ƒ…= ,2 …%L ! C% 2" !› = 2 -=*2 “3? “2"%"=…, 2 ! ,…=
&%2!, =2 …% %K= …, [ # &ƒ %L, …%... C!," *=2 …/L![.
32
b* = “ =, C!, … %K.% , %“2,, ƒ…=…, &C“,.% % ,, =““[.

43. 41
%K!=ƒ% , .2% " K% %L ! "%C!%“ 2! …,!%"=……%L ,…-
23, ,, # , “C%“%K…%“2, * "…3 …, (“3 “2,,), *=*
2=*%"%L. l/ … K3 “ L =“ = !=ƒ","=2 .23 2 3,
“ ,2= , 2% %" * …=.% ,2 %2" 2 …= .2%2 "%C!%“ *
2% 3 % …23, *% = C!=*2, “*, %… .2, " = 2.
j=* "/ƒ"=2 “%“2% …, = !2…%“2,?
o!, !…= “. = …2= …%L ( /“ ……%L) 2! …,!%"*, 3C!="-
…, = !2…%“2 .
1. qK!%“,2 …=C! › …, (&"ƒ %. %K …, [)
2. p=““ =K,2 “ (&*3“%* › …= %2 /. [) # !=““! %2% …-
…% "…, =…, , " /L 2 C%$!,2 .
3. b C!%,ƒ"% …/L % …2 # *=* %›…% K/“2! …=!=“2,2
# “%ƒ =2 K/“2!/L , “, …/L 2 C%$!,2 , C%"/ ……%
"%“C!, 2, , ( = % 32 C%“ %"=2 3C!=›… …, …= "%“-
C!, 2, , … = !2…%“2 # "…, =…, , “*%!%“2 , 2% …%“2
! =* ,,, -,ƒ,*%$ ,…= , “*, 3C!=›… …, 2,C= &d"% -
*=[, &u=[ , 2.C.)
4. q…%"= C ! .% , * "/C% … …, C3…*2= 1. 0,* C%"2%! -
2“ C!, % ,“ % !=ƒ.

44. 42
rop`fmemh“
p=ƒ","= ?, , !/
h !/, !=ƒ","= ?, "…, =…, , = !2…%“2 ("* ……%“2 " “,-
23= , , “C%“%K…%“2 K/“2!% " … L %!, …2,!%"=2 “ , L“2"%"=2 ).
&Š!% *=[. c!3CC= “= ,2“ " *!3 , " 3?, ƒ= = 2“ %C! -
……/L 2=*2 . %C*= , " = %…, ,, …=C!, !, 2" !2/L . %C%* #
“%"C= = 2 “ …= = % , !/. h != C!%,“.% ,2 2=* : “%“ " 3? %
% …%"! ……% “ 2" !2/ . %C*% C!%,ƒ…%“,2 “ %"% &% ,…[, ƒ=-
2 , ! ƒ C!% ›32%* "! …,, “%%2" 2“2"3 ?,L ƒ= =……% 3 2=*23,
“ 3 ?,L %" * %"%!,2 & "=[, = "%2 “ 3 ?,L C% *!3 3 " -
“2% &2!,[ # . %C= 2 " = %…,, , 2=* " “2% "“ . ,“ , %*=… ,"= -
?,.“ …= 2!, , *!=2…/. 2! .
n ,K= ?, “ "/K/"= 2 ,ƒ *!3 = , , != C!% % ›= 2“ , ,
…= ,…= 2“ “…= = = K ƒ …,.. h !=2 %›…% C%$ , C!%2,"$ =“%"%L
“2! *,. n …= ,ƒ ,…2 ! “…/. “2= ,L, *% = %“2= 2“ "= , !%*=.
) K/“2! 2=*2 # 2 “ %›… , !=...
&o!%- ““%!“*= [ , != # , != 2 !3CC%L, % ,K= ?, “ "/-
K/"= 2 C% 2 › C!=", = , 2=* › ""% ,2“ ƒ= =……/L 2=*2.
nC,“=…, L“2",L. h != ?,L C!, %›," %2“2=" ……/ K% -
, C= / !3* * ",“*= , C!%,ƒ"% ,2 2!, "!=? …, *,“2 , !3*
"%*!3 %“ L, C!%.% ?,. “*"%ƒ .2, K% , C= / (ƒ= % ,… !=ƒ
“ ,2= 2“ # &23 = , %K!=2…%[), %“2= …/ C= / C!, .2% "/C-
! …/. e % K ,›=L , “%“ , % ›…/ % …%"! ……% “ =2
!3*%L, K ,›=L L * " 3? 3 2 › ",› …, . g=2 " 3?,L
C%*=ƒ/"= 2 C= …= “ 3 ? % , !%*=, *%2%!/L , “2=…%",2“
“ 3 ?, " 3?, , , "“ C%"2%! 2“ ...
b%ƒ %›…= % ,-,*= , , !/ # , != 2 % …%"! ……% “ "% -
?, … K ,›=L , * … 3 C=!2… !/, = …=C!, !, ! ƒ % …% %
%" *=, , … K ,›=L L !3*%L, =, …=C!, !, = … L %2 "% ? %,
, , =› … % ,… “%“ , != 2 “ *=› %L “2%!%…/, = "= , , 2!,,
, , "%%K? "“ !3CC= ! ƒ % …% %.

45. 43
&g%%C=!*[ # , !=, C% %K…= C! / 3? L, C!, .2% ƒ= *=›-
/ 3 =“2…,*% ƒ=*! C 2“ › “2, ,ƒ%K!=›= ?,L ›,"%2…% . n ,…,
"%ƒ %›…%, 2“ , *=* %K ƒ …*=, !3 %L # C%*=ƒ/"= 2 › “2%
.%K%2, *=* 3 “ %…= (%K/ …% C% 3 = 2“ … 2% … C!, , …% ), 2! 2,L
# !% …%“%!% = , , C=“2 *!%*% , =. h != ?,L = 2 › “2, %K%-
ƒ…= = ?,L “"% % ƒ" ! , , ƒ=2 › “2 “ 3 ? % , != ? %, ,
2=* = . n ,K= ?, “ "/K/"= 2 ,ƒ , !/ # C!, .2% %›…%
“ ,2=2 % ,K*%L ,“C% ƒ%"=…, › “2%" 2 ., *2% 3› "/K/ .
&d"% *=[. b 3?,L . %C= 2 " = %…,. n“2= …/ 3 =“2…,*,
, !/ . %C= 2 % …%"! ……% “ " 3?, # …= *=› /L "2%!%L !=ƒ.
b 3?,L C!%,ƒ"% …% … 2 2 C “"%,. . %C*%". b “ 3 = , “ ,
2 C C%“2 C ……% 3" , …, = ƒ=2 ! ƒ*% 3 … … # … 2! …,!%-
"=……/ 3 =“2…,*,, *=* C!=", %, “K,"= 2“ .
n … ,…2 ! “…/L "=!,=…2 (“ …= = = %… %"% …% “ %› …, …%
“% "! … 3 =“2…,*, "C% … “C!=" 2“ ) # *% = " 3?,L
. %C*= , %2K,"= 2 2=*2 "/K!=……%L , % ,, # 3 =“2…,*,, 2
… … , . %C= 2 & ! ƒ !=ƒ[.
&k=C=2=C=[. h != ?, “, 2 C% *!3 3, " 3?,L ƒ= = 2 2=*2, ,
, !%*, K 2 “ K C% *% … # 2=* 2% . %C*, , 32 "3 !3*=-
, C% % ! ,, " % …% …=C!=" …,, # “ , , != , 2 C% =“%"%L
“2! * , 2% “…= = = C% *% …3 . %C= 2 C!="= !3*= C !"% %, ƒ=2
"= !3*= C !"% %, ƒ=2 C!="= !3*= "2%!% %, ƒ=2 "= !3*=
"2%!% % # , 2=* = . Š=* C!%,“.% ,2 % 2 . C%!, C%*= % ,… ,ƒ
, !%*%" … ,ƒ …,2 …=C!=" …, ",› …, . %C*%", . %C…3" *=-
*%L$ ,K% !3*%L "=› /.
h…2 ! “…/L % …2: " “ 3 = , “ , , !%* . %C= 2 "=› / "2%-
!%L !=ƒ (C! C% %›, , , != , 2 C% =“%"%L “2! * , , !%* 3›
. %C…3 C!="%L !3*%L, , . %C= 2 "%L # "=› /) 2% “ 3 ?,
. %C%* % › … “%" ! ,2 %… › . Š=*, %K!=ƒ% %›…% C ! =-
"=2 “ 3 ?,L 3 =! # “= % 3 “ K # … “*% *% !=ƒ.
n“%K ……% “ …%, *% = 2=*%L , !%* ƒ=C32/"= 2“ “= , " “2%
2% %, 2%K/ &C%L =2 [ “%“ =. 33
33
o% ƒ3 “ “ 3 = "/!=ƒ,2 K = % =!…%“2 `. k K "3, %2 *%2%!% % 3ƒ…=
%K .2%L , ! .

46. 44
&p=ƒ$ "=$2!,$u=[. }2% 3C!=›… …, %›…% ? …=ƒ"=2 &b,-
*,… ,[. b 3?,L ƒ= = 2 2 C, , "“ "/C% … 2 " “2 “ " 3?,
“ 3 ?, L“2", # “, …= *!= “23 = 2=*, 2%K/ " K%L
% …2 %›…% K/ % K/ …%" ……% "“2=2 , “›=" *3 =*, , 3 =!
, , (“ “, %L, …% %“2%!%›…%) “ K C% K != , 3 =“2…,*, "“ ƒ=
" 3?, …= *=› /L 2" !2/L “ 2 !% *% %!32 &u=![.
o!, .2% “3? “2"3 2 , ,“C% ƒ3 2“ … “*% *% “C%“%K%" C!%,ƒ-
… “ …, .2% % &u=![ # % ,… % ,L , %2…%“,2 …% C!%2 ›…/L #
&K% "%L *!,* =!= =[, !3 %L # ! ƒ*,L, “3.%L , *%!%2*,L, .2=*,L &"
“2, *=!=2 [. m=C!=" …% …= 2%, 2%K/ C!,%K! “2, %C/2 & , …% %
K ““2!= , [. t=*2, “*,, .2% % ,… ,ƒ “C%“%K%" % …,2 , …=“*% *%
b/ K%,2 “ L, , C%2! …,!%"=2 “ " C! % % …,, “2!=.=.
b=!,=…2 # "“ !3CC= . %C= 2 " = %…, " “2 “ " 3?, , …%
" “2% *=› % % 2" !2% % . %C*= " 3?,L , !3CC= C%2! “= 2 *3-
=*= , , *!, =2 &.=[. l%›…% , … !%ƒ…%, "=›…% .2% =2 !% *% ,
“ 3 %"% “2", . u%!% % C% % “ K "/!=ƒ,2 . % ,%…= …3 %*-
!=“*3 &.=[ # *%!C3“% . rC!=›… …, C% …, = 2 3., !=ƒ %… 2 *!%" ,
“C%“%K“2"3 2 .%!% 3 …=“2!% …, .
o! 3C! › …, # *!, =2 …= % % C% " …, C !"/. C!,ƒ…=-
*%" 3“2= %“2, &" %! [, , C%"/ =2 !% *%“2 C%“2 C ……%, 2%K/ …
C% 3 , %“ C% C!=", 3 # &ƒ=“2=" 3!=*= a% 3 % ,2 “ , %… , %K
!=“ ,K 2[.
}2% 3C!=›… …, , "/C% … ……% C!=", …%, = 2 %C/2 , …="/* C%-
" …, “ K% %L = C ,23 %L, , C! % % …, &ƒ=›, %"[. e“ , %…%
"/C% … …% “*!% …% # %…% "/C% … …% … " !…%, ƒ= ,“* …, C! …=-
! ……%$“*%"=……% % "/C% … …, " .=!=*2 ! (, , › ) &“*!% -
…/L , ƒ=›=2/L[ # .2% !3 % 3C!=›… …, , %!, …2,!%"=……% …=
&C“,.% != 3[.
&u=![ # "=!,=…2 C! / 3? % 3C!=›… …, , C!, *%2%!% , -
!= ?, C% ƒ…=*3 " 3? % (, , " “2 “ " 3?, ) # *!, =2
&u=![ …= *=› /L 2=*2.
rC!=›… …, .2% "ƒ 2% ,ƒ -, = &q “= 3!= "[ ! ›,““ !=
j3!%“="/.
o ! “= 3!= , *%2%!% 3 C!, %“ %! =…,ƒ%"/"=2 =!-
, ,ƒ %"% …%$2=*, 2!3“ ,"/. *! “2 … “2% = ƒ= = =
# C% … 2 ,. K% "%L 3.. q= 3!=L ,“C% ƒ%"= 3C!=›… -
…, , =…= % , …% &u=[ # , C! 3“C .

47. 45
&}.. $u=$=![ # "=!,=…2 C% %K…/. › L“2",L, C!, *%2%-
!% 3 3 …,*= “2 "! C% %2%",2 “ , &!=ƒ% …=2 “ [ * % …23
! = ? % *!,*= / =…, &C% …=!=“2= ? L[ # &}.. $u=$=[.
p=ƒ",2, , C!%",ƒ= ,, # “"%K% = , -=…2=ƒ,
}2, “"%L“2"= %" “*% % 3 = 2 “…% "ƒ=, %“" ƒ=…/ #
… "…32! …… L “"%K% / # 2 2!3 … L “ -=…2=ƒ, L. l/ “ ,2=-
, 2% -=…2=ƒ, % … 2 “…% “" ƒ=…= “ ,…23, , L. )2% ,“2% …,*, ,ƒ
*%2%!% % C!,.% ,2 ,…23,2,"…% %ƒ=! …, C% *=*% 3$ ,K% C%"% 3,
&!=“C% = = 2“ K ,ƒ*%[, , , &2= › [ 2% , ,“2% …,* -=…2=ƒ,,.
)2% “2 2"%! “2"%? }2% "%ƒ %›…%“2 2%$ ,K% C!, 3 =2 ,
, C!, .2% … "“ = *“2=2,. &Š"%! “2"% …= ƒ= =……3 2 3[ #
“C%“%K…%“2 &C!, 3 =2 … 2%, “%%2" 2“2"3 ? %K“2% 2 “2"= [.
`*2 !“*, ƒ= = , # ,ƒ .2% % * =““=, " ›,ƒ…, , b/ , != 2 , , , …=
“ … . }2% % …= ,ƒ C!, ,…, C% *%2%!/ / C! = = ! 3C!=›-
… …,L !=ƒ",2, -=…2=ƒ,, # -=*2, “*, .2% 3C!=›… …,
!=ƒ",2, “C%“%K…%“2, * , C!%",ƒ= ,,.
&p/K=[ # “ %" “…= , C!%",ƒ= ,
b/C% … .2% 3C!=›… …, , 2% %" * 3 ,2“ L“2"%"=2 ,
C!, 3 /"= &…= .% 3[ “ 3 ? L“2", , 2! …,!3 2 “C%“%K…%“2
…=.% ,2 “ , L“2"%"=2 " &2"%! “*% “%“2% …,,[, " “%“2% …,,
, C!%",ƒ= ,,. q3? “2"3 2 … “*% *% "=!,=…2%" 3C!=›… …, , !=“-
C! ……/. C% 3!%"… “ %›…%“2,34
.
1. rC!=›… …, ƒ=* = 2“ " 2% , 2%K/ & % %2 C3.3[,
%"%!,2 , %"%!,2 , , %"%!,2 C! %› …, % …% ƒ= !3-
, , …= = = “%"“ … ƒ=K%2 “ % 2% , "ƒ=, %“" ƒ=…/
, .2, C! %› …, › 3 “%K%L.
2. d%K=" 2“ 2! K%"=…, # "=! ,!%"=2 "/K!=……/L &C!%-
“2%L C=!= 2![ # …=C!, !, = C ,23 3.
34
}2% !=ƒK, …, , “ 2% *, ƒ! …, ="2%!= "/!=›= 2 … *, “2=2,“2, “*, ƒ=*%…%-
!…%“2,, = … C! = = 2“ " *= “2" 3…," !“= …% % =K %…=

48. 46
3. b “ 3 = , “ , b/ "/K!= , , ……% = C ,23 3 .2% %
3C!=›… …, , .2% %ƒ…= = 2, 2% b/ C!%,ƒ…%“,2 *=* , K/ %
%C! …%, C!, 3 /"= /L b= , …= .% 3 2 *“2, , C!, .2%
%"%!,2 ( L“2"3 2 ) # … = C ,23 3 L“2",L C!%-
,ƒ"% …/ %K!=ƒ% .
&o!%“2%L C=!= 2![ … 2“ …= &“ %›…/L[ (&“%“2="…%L[).
m=C!, ! # b/ K ! 2 " *= “2" ,ƒ … % % C=!= 2!= &m=23-
!= …%“2 # 2 =2!= …%“2 [. }2% %ƒ…= = 2, 2% " .% “ %" “…%L
, C!%",ƒ= ,, (&!/K/[) b/ C!%,ƒ"% …/ %K!=ƒ% … 2 &“2, [
C!%,ƒ… “ …, b= , “ %" # %2 &…=23!= …% %[ % &2 =2!= …% %
…=, !/ =[, , %K!=2…%, “% …% , , C!% ›32% …/ , “2= , ,...
4. q 3 ? 3C!=›… …, # “% 2=…, C!%,ƒ"% …% % 2 *-
“2= “ C!%,ƒ"% …%L ,…2%…= , L.
a. b/C% … 2 C% % ! , *=› /L " *!3 3.
b. r …,*, !=ƒK,"= 2“ …= & ,*!%$ !3CC/[ C% … “*% -
*% %" *. o!%,ƒ"% …% %K …,"= 2“ C!%,ƒ"% …/ ,
! C ,*= ,, C% "%ƒ %›…%“2, "ƒ=, %“" ƒ=……/ , (%K?=-
2“ ). b .2% 3C!=›… …,, …,2“ 2% › , 2% , C!,
%K/ …%L K “ # 3 …, "%"! “*=ƒ=2 “ %"% ,
"%"! C!% % =2 , %“2!%3 , , %K= …, , 2. .
5. Š% › %K? …, , 2% , " C! / 3? C3…*2 "/C% … 2“
%2 , = "/K!=……%L !% , # C !“%…=›=.35
q %›…%“2 3C!=›… …, , 2!3 …%“2 % "/C% … …, "% …% %
ƒ=",“,2 %2 2% %, …=“*% *% … %K/ …/ L“2", C!,.% ,2“ "/-
C% … 2 # ,, C!%,ƒ"% …% ,ƒ … …, ,…2%…= ,, # " != *=. “"%L-
“2" ……% % %" *3 ,=C=ƒ%…= # C! “2=" 2“ 3 %K…/ %“2,-
*% C ! .% = * %2!=K%2* *%…*! 2…/., ƒ= =……/. ,ƒ"…
“2 ! %2,C%" ,, = , 2,C=› L , .=!=*2 !%".
Š! …,!3 ?,L“ ,“C% ƒ3 2 C!, , C!%",ƒ= ,, C ! .% / ›-
3 ,…2%…= , , , “= , ,…2%…= ,, # ,ƒ ,“ = &%K/ …/.[, ,“C% -
ƒ3 /. %" *% ,…2%…= ,L # 32" ! ,2 …%L, %2!, =2 …%L, "%C-
35
`…= % , …% 3C!=›… …, %C,“/"= 2“ 3 q2=…,“ ="“*% %, *=› 2“ , " &p=K%2
=*2 != …= “%K%L[.