投票と選挙をゲーム理論で解く
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中山 幹夫 , 船木 由喜彦 , 武藤 滋夫 『ゲーム理論で解く』より７章の発表の際のスライド
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投票のパラドックス＜ゲーム理論＞
ゲーム理論が扱う話題の中に、
多数決による投票にパラドックスが現れる、
という現象があります。
アローがノーベル経済学賞を受賞した分野でもある
「投票のパラドックス」についてご紹介します。
http://courslide.org/
ゲーム理論とマーケットデザイン入門 --- マーケットデザイン編
2013年度に早稲田大学エクステンションセンター（八丁堀校）のオープンカレッジにて開講した同名講義のスライドです。内容は以下の通り。
講義6：マッチングの理論と実践
講義7：オークションの理論と実践
講義8：メカニズムデザインの考え方
ゲーム理論編（講義1〜5）のスライドはこちら：
http://www.slideshare.net/YosukeYasuda1/ss-54868266
↓の講義用ウェブサイトもご参考ください：
https://sites.google.com/site/yosukeyasuda/jp/lecture/wo13
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
Recommended
投票のパラドックス＜ゲーム理論＞
ゲーム理論が扱う話題の中に、
多数決による投票にパラドックスが現れる、
という現象があります。
アローがノーベル経済学賞を受賞した分野でもある
「投票のパラドックス」についてご紹介します。
http://courslide.org/
ゲーム理論とマーケットデザイン入門 --- マーケットデザイン編
2013年度に早稲田大学エクステンションセンター（八丁堀校）のオープンカレッジにて開講した同名講義のスライドです。内容は以下の通り。
講義6：マッチングの理論と実践
講義7：オークションの理論と実践
講義8：メカニズムデザインの考え方
ゲーム理論編（講義1〜5）のスライドはこちら：
http://www.slideshare.net/YosukeYasuda1/ss-54868266
↓の講義用ウェブサイトもご参考ください：
https://sites.google.com/site/yosukeyasuda/jp/lecture/wo13
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
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To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
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For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
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With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
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See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
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For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
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With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
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投票と選挙をゲーム理論で解く
- 2. introduction∼寒い季節ですね∼ • 部屋の温度どれくらいがいい? • 9人の学生 • 最適な温度はそれぞれ、14℃が2人、18℃、 20℃、22℃、23℃、24℃、26℃、28℃が一 人ずつ • 個々の学生の快適度はきっと単峰型
- 3. introduction つづき • 右から数えても左から数えてもまんなかにくる 投票者⇒中位投票者 • 今回だと22℃の人 • 中位投票者の人の提案は単純多数決において負 けない！！(とてもだいじ) • 単純多数決は中位値という中庸な値ををもたら す制度 • 平均値、最頻値はなぜだめか？⇒考えてみてね (答え教科書に書いてある)
- 4. 単純多数決の安全性 • 集団の意思決定方法を定めるにあたって無難な 制度 • 集団の運営、ある案件に対して • 賛成：得票過半数行かなくても 反対：過半数を遥かに超える得票を • 賛成なのに否決、反対なのに可決される確率が 最小化されることがのぞましい • 意に反する帰結をもたらす確率が最小化される のが単純多数決(レイ＝テイラーの定理)
- 5. 単純多数決の民主主義的な公平性 • n人の人間からなる社会を考える • 1番さんの賛否D1 からn番さんの賛否Dn まで によって集団的意思決定が定まる関数fとして 表し、集団的意思決定関数 D = f(D1, D2, ..., Dn) を定義する • i番さんが賛成：Di = 1、どっちでもいい： Di = 0、反対：Di = −1のようにあらわす
- 6. メイの定理(1) • 公理 1. 決定性：集合的意思決定関数は、選好の組の それぞれに対して一意な勝者を与える 2. 匿名性：集合的意思決定関数は、どの投票者 も等しく取り扱う 3. 中立性： f(−D1, ..., −Dn) = − f(D1, ..., Dn) 4. 正の感応性：集合的意思決定が0または1 で、1人の投票者が票を -1 から 0 または 1 に、あるいは 0 から 1 に上げるならば、集
- 7. メイの定理(2) 合的意思決定は 1 になる • 単純多数決はこれら4つの公理を満たす • また、4つの公理を満たす集団的意思決定関数 は単純多数決だけ！
- 8. パイ選び • 3種類のパイ、３人 • 1:A B C • 2:C A B • 3:B C A • このまま多数決したら決まらない！⇒１対１対 決をする • 堂々巡りが起きる(＝コンドルセパラドクス)
- 10. 成績評価 • 教師「成績の評価は、教場試験、持ち帰り試 験、レポートの中から君たちの意見で決める」 • 寮生：教場試験⇒持ち帰り試験⇒レポ • 学究派：レポ⇒教場試験⇒持ち帰り試験 • テニス部：持ち帰り試験⇒レポ⇒教場試験
- 13. 小選挙区 •「単純小選挙区制は２大政党制をもたらす」 • ほんとうに？？ • 左派3万人、中道左派3万人、右派4万人 • 教科書111ページ図7.6へ
- 14. 小選挙区(2) • ナッシュ均衡はあるけれども、協力して左派、 中道左派どちらかが出馬を取りやめるというこ とは考えにくい • 結局両方選挙に突っ込んで右派が漁夫の利を得 ることが予想される • 既に２大政党制ができているアメリカならまだ しも、日本は厳しそう • おしまい