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矛盾している非合理的
な
ゼミ発表
行動経済学
課題
第1問
• 文房具屋で5000円購入ごとに景品がもらえる
どちらを選ぶか?
500円
メタルの
スマートな
ボールペンOR
第2問 ここでもう一つの景品が加わる
• 選択肢3:問1のボールペンとほぼ同じものだ
が、少しデザインが違うもの
500円 メタルの
スマートな
ボールペン
メタルの
スマートな
ボールペン2
第3問 問2でのボールペン2が変わる
• 選択肢3:ありふれたプラスティック製のボー
ルペン
500円 メタルの
スマートな
ボールペン
ありふれた
プラスティック
ボールペン
• 第1問で選んだ答えが、続く2問でも通じて変
わらない
Or
新しく加入した選択肢の方が(その人にとっ
て)価値が高ければその選択肢を選び、後続の
問題では「前回(選んだものが今回もあるなら)
選択肢にあったのに、選ばなかった答えを選ぶ
ことはない」
多すぎる例外
しかし、実際には、問1で「メタルのボールペン」
を選んだのに、問2で「500円」を選び、さらに問
3で「メタルのボールペン」に戻ったケースが多
く見られた。何故か
景品自体は変化していないの
に、ABからBを選んだ人が
ABCになった時にAを選ぶの
は矛盾
• ものごとのつじつまがあわないこと(paradox)
• 昔、「何でも防ぐ楯」と「何でも突き通
す楯」を同時に売っている人がいた。
→「それではその槍でその楯をつけばどう
なるのか?」
どうして矛盾した答えが出てくるのか?
問1の時点では…
選択者の中で「メタルのボールペン」が
「500円」に勝る価値を持つ
理由があった。
問2では?
• 上記に「先ほど選んだペンとほぼ同じ魅力を
持つもの」が登場する。どちらが上なのか?
デザインの好悪があればよいが、それもほ
ぼ同価値であったらどうなるのか?
似たような価値を持つものが現れて、現行
「一番価値があるもの」が
選ばれるはっきりとした理由を妨害する。
「妨害効果」
2つの選択肢が競合するとき、
それらとは違う魅力を持つ選択肢が
輝きを増す →全問と矛盾した答
問3では…
• このようにして問2で500円の魅力に気が付
いたはずの人が、なぜ安っぽいボールペンの
登場で「メタルのボールペン」に戻るのか。
• →誘因効果
似たようなものが提示され、かつ新提案がそ
れと比べて明らかに劣っているさい、
引き立てられて価値が上がる。
価値は一定ではない
• 人にとって、物の価値は一定ではなく、他の
選択肢と影響しあって決められる。
• 3つ以上の選択肢があるとき、人は真ん中を
選びがちである。(おいてある場所のことでは
なく、値段・性能においての真ん中)
・300円の二段コーンアイス+さくらんぼ
・150円のコーンアイス+さくらんぼ
・100円のカップアイス
→なぜ人は真ん中を選びがちなのか?
両方向からのスポットライト(比較した
引立て)
問題出典
• 「経済は感情で動く はじめての行動経済学」
マッテオ・モッテルリーニ 著
泉 典子 訳
紀伊国屋書店 (2008年 第一刷発行)
※スライド中のイラスト・アイスクリームの例え等は
自作

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矛盾している非合理的な