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排出量規制のジレンマを超えて
スウェーデンに見る新しい環境政策の在り方
OECDxWasedaU
スウェーデン:窒素酸化物(NOx)の大量排出が問題
政策実施前の現状1/2
二酸化炭素などの物質の総称。
温暖化や環境問題の原因となる。
NOxとは
政策実施前の現状2/2
• 土地の富栄養化
→ 作物の育成への支障
• 酸性雨
→ 森林への被害、文化財の損壊ほか
• 土地の酸性化
→ 農業への被害
• オゾンの発生
→ 本来高度の大気中に存在する。人体に有害。
窒素酸化物排出のコストは大きいのです
環境規制の歴史
• 80年代初頭:NOxの影響が顕在化、問題に
• 1985年:10年間で30%削減目標の政策発表→失敗
• 1987年:Environmental Charges Commission発足
• 1992年:新しい規制が議会を通過
• 2008年:さらなる削減を目指して税率強化
80年代から取り組まれていましたが、90年代に本格化しました
これまでの規制の問題点
• 法的拘束力がない
→ 義務ではないため、わざわざ従う必要がない
• 企業の競争力を落としてしまう
→ 排出のほとんどは企業の工場から行われる
→ これを止めてしまうと収益が減少してしまう
• 経済発展に支障をきたす
→ 収益の減少が重なれば、国家経済にも支障が出る。
しかし、80年代の施策には問題点がありました
新しい規制の改善点
• 法的拘束力を持っている
• Refundシステムの設置
→ 企業が削減した排出量に応じて、一定の資金を何らか
の形でペイバックするシステム。
これを改善する形で、92年に新たな特徴を持った政策が始まりました
新しい規制の改善点
企業の努力に応じて税負担を小さくすることで、
環境技術を進歩させる方が得になるようなシステムになったのです
成果1/4
• 政策開始後20ヵ月で、実施前の同期間と比べて35%のエネルギー排出カッ
トに成功。
• 通常なら負担になる環境技術を、企業が積極的に開発させる動機を与える
ことに成功。 → 画期的な環境技術の進歩の実現
• 工場のエネルギー排出をモニタリングする設備の導入でより無駄を省いた
エネルギー利用が可能になった。→ エネルギー生産量自体が向上
結果として、以下のような成果が上がりました
成果2/4
排出量を抑える一方で、エネルギーの生産効率も上昇しました
成果3/4
政策は、エネルギー消費が大きい企業により多く作用したようです
成果4/4
現在、スウェーデンはOECD各国の中でも有数の低排出国です
まとめ
1. 排出量規制を、企業にとって嫌な選択から合理的な戦略
に変えたこと。
2. それによって、世界でも排出量が非常に少ない国になれ
たこと。
結論:スウェーデンの環境政策の特徴、要点は以下の2つになります
参考文献
• OECD Environment Policy Paper(2013) “The Swedish Tax on
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions”, pp3-29
以上です!
ありがとうございました。

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排出量規制のジレンマを超えて