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2021/09/11 海洋若手会@東海大学(オンライン)
南極周極流と子午面循環
~気候学的な視点から~
山崎開平(北海道大学低温科学研究所 D3)
@KaiheZak
南極海の水平・子午面循環
南極周極流 ~150 Sv
南極斜面流
~10 Sv
1/8
“Roaring 40s, Furious 50s, and Screaming 60s”
(吠える40度、狂う50度、叫ぶ60度)
過去半世紀にわたる中深層の昇温
S. Schmidtko, K. J. Heywood, A. F. Thompson, S. Aoki, Multidecadal warming of Antarctic waters. Science. 346, 1227–1231 (2014).
B. Smith et al., Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes, Science 10.1126/science.aaz5845 (2020).
Thompson, A. L. Stewart, P. Spence, and K. J. Heywood, 2018: The Antarctic Slope Current in a changing climate. Rev. Geophys., 56, 741–770.
+0.1℃/decade off East Ant.
(1975-2012; Schmidtko+ 2014)
Sallée, J.-B. 2018. Southern Ocean warming. Oceanography
31(2):52–62
Thompson+ (2018) adopted from Sallée+ (2013)
21 CMIP5 multimodel mean under RCP8.5
ΔΘ for 21C
at 975m
= +0.5-1.0℃
どうして起きている?今後どうなる?
Relevance to ice sheet mass loss
(2003-2019; Smith+ 2020)
2/8
東西流・等温線を横切る輸送?
Tamsitt, V., Drake, H.F., Morrison, A.K. et al. Spiraling pathways of global deep waters to the surface of the Southern Ocean. Nat Commun 8, 172 (2017).
https://youtu.be/t-FqF6PFDP0 (NCI Australia)
Kerguelen
Plateau
①平均流成分 ②渦成分
(共分散)
深層水の極向き輸送は「水平渦拡散」が担う
時間変化する水温・流速による熱輸送
地形の下流で
活発な渦活動
3/8
子午面循環と東向き運動量バランス
Marshall, D. P., M. H. P. Ambaum, J. R. Maddison et al. (2017), Eddy saturation and frictional control of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 286–292
渦による
形状応力 風応力
海底地形の
形状応力
南北流に伴う
コリオリ力
渦による等密度面上の
渦度フラックス
層厚の渦拡散
★東西平均場では渦輸送が本質的!
内部領域ではゼロ
4/8
・順圧的な東向き流の南下
・傾圧的な渦輸送による子午面循環の強化
★両者の寄与は同じオーダー(約7:3)
南極周極流の南限の南下
Yamazaki, K., Aoki, S., Katsumata, K., Hirano, D., & Nakayama, Y. (2021). Multidecadal poleward shift of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current off East Antarctica. Science Advances, 7(24), eabf8755.
☟
1.5°C at 水温極大層
等温線の南下
5/8
偏西風の強化
Goyal, R., Gupta, A. S., Jucker, M., & England, M. H. (2021). Historical and projected changes in the Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090849.
地球温暖化(熱帯域の昇温)により、
南半球の偏西風は極側に移動し、
より強くなると予想される。
Thompson+ (2018) adopted from Sallée+ (2013)
21 CMIP5 multimodel mean under RCP8.5
ΔΘ for 21C
at 975m
= +0.5-1.0℃
6/8
西風が強くなると…?
Hogg, A. McC., M. P. Meredith, D. P. Chambers, E. P. Abrahamsen, C. W. Hughes, and A. K. Morrison (2015), Recent trends in the Southern Ocean eddy field, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 257–267,
L. P. Nadeau, R. Ferrari, The role of closed gyres in setting the zonal transport of the antarctic circumpolar current. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 45, 1491–1509 (2015).
V. H. Strass, G. Rohardt, T. Kanzow, M. Hoppema, O. Boebel, Multidecadal Warming and Density Loss in the Deep Weddell Sea, Antarctica. J. Clim. 33, 9863–9881 (2020).
①渦輸送の強化
理想化モデル→○ (eddy saturation)
現実→△(空間非一様、southern mode)
②再循環の強化
理想化モデル→○
現実→△(示唆はあるが原因不明)
→ 理論・観測両方でtopical
7/8
今後の課題
❑ 大気場の将来変化と、その海洋熱輸送への影響?
▪ 渦拡散の空間分布?(海底地形がつくる空間非対称性)
▪ 大陸棚縁辺… 風成循環 vs. 熱塩循環?(氷床融解水の影響)
▪ 外部強制 vs. 内部変動?(gyreモード、大気テレコネクション)
IPCC AR6 (2021) Fig.SPM.8
☞ 来世紀以降の海面上昇予測の高精度化

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南極周極流と子午面循環 ~気候学的な視点から~