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ハートの方程式と折り紙
三谷 純
𝑥2
+
9
4
𝑦2
+ 𝑧2
− 1
3
− 𝑥2
𝑧3
−
9
80
𝑦2
𝑧3
= 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 1 3 − 𝑥2 𝑦3 = 0
ロマンティック数学ナイト
2020/5/30
自己紹介
• 筑波大学 システム情報系 教授
• 研究分野:形状モデリング、折り紙
@jmitani
ハートの方程式
数学を愛する会さんはTwitterを使っています 「【ハートのグラフ選手権表彰】 数学クラスタたちが全力でハートのグラフを考えた件
https://t.co/0fzI9Ons1x」 / Twitter https://twitter.com/mathlava/status/1261136754108743681
CHARTMAN さん(@CHARTMANq) の作品
パラメトリック関数表現
ハートの方程式
Heart Curve -- from Wolfram MathWorld
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/HeartCurve.html
美しすぎるハートの数式 - プログラムモグモグ
https://itchyny.hatenablog.com/entry/20130214/1360847516
Eugen Beutel, “Algebraische Kurven”, 1909
陰関数表現
「かたち」と数式
• パラメトリック関数表現
• 陰関数表現
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
例
𝑥2
+ 𝑦2
− 1 = 0
1
𝑃 𝑡 = (𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 𝑡 ) 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡
𝑦 𝑡 = sin 𝑡
(0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋)
例
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 1 3 − 𝑥2 𝑦3 = 0
この形は?
微分して極値、変曲点を求める?
一方の値を固定して他方を求める?
陰関数表現された曲線の可視化のイメージ
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
𝑧 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑧 = 0
2変数方程式
z軸を導入。3次元の空間曲面化
xy平面(z=0)との交線を求める
(一般的には数値計算で)
𝑥2
+ 𝑦2
− 1 3
− 𝑥2
𝑦3
= 0
𝑧 = 𝑥2
+ 𝑦2
− 1 3
− 𝑥2
𝑦3
𝑧 = 0
𝑧 = 𝑥2
+ 𝑦2
− 1 3
− 𝑥2
𝑦3
CHARTMAN さん(@CHARTMANq) の作品
パラメトリック曲線
極座標表現
𝑃 𝑡 = (𝑟 𝑡 cos 𝑡 , 𝑟 𝑡 sin t )
(0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋)
𝑧 = 𝑟 𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
折り紙
展開図の読み方
山
谷
凸
凹
凹
凹
3次元
「かたち」と数式(3次元版)
• パラメトリック関数表現
• 陰関数表現
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0
例
𝑥2
+ 𝑦2
+ 𝑧2
− 1 = 0
𝑃 𝑢, 𝑣 = (𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 ) 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 = cos 𝑢 cos(𝑣)
(0 ≤ 𝑢, 𝑣 ≤ 2𝜋)
例
𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 = sin 𝑢 cos(𝑣)
𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 = sin 𝑣可視化:レイトレーシング法、マーチングキューブ法
余談
𝑘=0
7
exp −0.7 𝑥 − 6.75 cos
𝑘𝜋
4
2
+ 𝑦 − 6.75 sin
𝑘𝜋
4
2
+ 1.2𝑧2 − 0.001 = 0
陰関数表現
CHARTMAN さん
によるポン・デ・リング表現
(2017)
3次元のハート
Heart Surface -- from Wolfram MathWorld
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/HeartSurface.html
𝑥2
+
9
4
𝑦2
+ 𝑧2
− 1
3
− 𝑥2
𝑧3
−
9
80
𝑦2
𝑧3
= 0
𝑥2
+
9
4
𝑦2
+ 𝑧2
− 1
3
− 𝑥2
𝑧3
−
9
80
𝑦2
𝑧3
= 0
まとめ
• ハートの数式表現はたくさんある
(平面図形、立体図形)
• 数式による形の表現には大きく
「パラメトリック関数表現」「陰関数表現」があ
る。
• コンピュータを使えるようになって、曲線・曲面
の可視化が容易になった。
• 楽しい時代!
おしまい
@jmitani

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ハートの方程式と折り紙