A computer accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. It has basic functions of input, processing, output, and storage. The computer can be divided into hardware and software. Hardware are the physical components like the CPU and memory. Software are programs like the operating system and application software. The main components are the CPU, memory, storage, and buses that connect the components.
The document discusses five simple practices - talking, singing, reading, writing, and playing - that parents can do with their children every day to help them develop important pre-reading skills before starting school, as these foundational skills will help children be better prepared to learn to read when they enter kindergarten. It provides specific examples for each of the five practices to illustrate how parents can engage with their children in meaningful ways to boost language development and lay the groundwork for reading success.
This document discusses visualizing text and the tools and techniques used for text visualization. It begins by explaining that visualizing text can reveal patterns, clusters, trends, gaps and outliers in the data. It then discusses Anscombe's quartet to show how the form of presentation can reveal patterns. The document covers different types of text visualization including term counting, word clouds, terms in context, document comparison, document networks, and topic visualization. It also discusses tools used for the visualizations like MongoDB, Google Refine, Apache Solr, D3.js, and Mallet topic modeling.
Speech recognition is the translation of spoken words into text. Some systems use training where a speaker reads text into the system to fine tune recognition of that person's specific voice, resulting in more accurate transcription. Systems that use training are called "Speaker Dependent" while those that do not are called "Speaker Independent". Speech recognition has applications including voice interfaces, search, data entry, and speech-to-text processing.
Density is a physical property that is defined as mass divided by volume. It can be used to compare unknown solids by measuring their densities. Density can be measured using a balance to find mass and a ruler or graduated cylinder to find volume. A suspension is a type of mixture that is distinguished by having distinct layers and particles that can be seen settling. A mixture is a physical combination of substances that can be separated physically, while a compound is a chemical combination that can only be separated chemically and exists in fixed ratios with unique properties.
This document provides an overview of extracting shale resources. It begins with introducing India's energy scenario and dependence on foreign oil imports. Shale oil and gas are presented as a potential viable alternative energy source. The document then discusses the origin and formation of petroleum in shales. It explains the processes of diagenesis and catagenesis that convert organic matter in shales into kerogen and then liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Extraction of shales involves two main processes - hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and retorting. Retorting converts kerogen into shale oil and upgrading is needed to transform shale oil into synthetic crude. The document provides details on these extraction and upgrading processes.
This document provides information about an honors composition class. It introduces the teacher, who has 7 years of teaching experience, a degree from UNLV, and has taught various English subjects. The class will cover books like Inherit the Wind and Frankenstein, include various writing assignments using the Jane Schaffer method, and a multi-genre research paper. Students will also read an outside book each quarter and complete book reports. Class participation, including attendance, tardiness, and discussion, counts for 25% of the grade. Contact information is provided at the end.
- Arthritis in children can present as monoarthritis (involvement of one joint), which can be acute or chronic.
- The most important consideration in acute monoarthritis is to rule out septic arthritis through joint aspiration and culture, as this infection can destroy the joint within hours if left untreated.
- Common causes of acute monoarthritis include septic arthritis, reactive arthritis, transient synovitis of the hip, and post-streptococcal disease. Chronic monoarthritis may be caused by juvenile idiopathic arthritis or other conditions like tuberculosis. Careful history, examination and investigations are needed to identify the underlying diagnosis and guide treatment.
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This document summarizes evidence-based medicine (EBM) and its application in pediatrics. EBM involves systematically searching medical literature, critically appraising evidence, and applying results to practice. While EBM is growing in pediatrics, more adoption is still needed. The key steps of EBM are asking answerable clinical questions, searching efficiently using databases like PubMed and limiting to clinical trials, critically appraising evidence, and applying to practice. Resources like Cochrane Library provide high-quality systematic reviews and evidence syntheses to help pediatricians practice EBM.
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Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria. The document outlines guidelines for evaluating and managing nephrotic syndrome in children, including initial lab tests, determining steroid responsiveness, treatments for frequent relapses or steroid dependence including calcineurin inhibitors, addressing complications, and long-term outcomes which include remission in the majority of cases of minimal change disease while steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis often progresses to end-stage renal disease.
Craftsvilla is an online marketplace that sells ethnic wear founded after a road trip to Kutch. It aggregates over 12,000 artisans, giving them technical support. Craftsvilla is one of the largest online stores in India, selling a saree every two minutes and shoes every 30 seconds. While its marketing budget is less than 10% of revenues, it uses referral marketing, search engine optimization, and public relations activities to drive organic traffic which accounts for 67% of its visits. Going forward, Craftsvilla can focus on expanding globally, implementing an omni-channel retail strategy through specialized brick-and-mortar stores, and promoting its artisans of Kutch.
What is fracking? What is retorting? How can it be done? Why should India go for extracting the shales?
This is a brief introduction to all the answers you might be wanting regarding shale gas and shale oil......
After all this is a research in progress in which India has a huge potential!
This document provides guidelines for diagnosing and managing dengue fever. It discusses diagnosing dengue through virus isolation, nucleic acid detection, antigen detection and antibody testing. It recommends symptomatic and supportive care for management, including antipyretics, oral or IV fluids based on three groups of patients. Group A can be sent home with oral rehydration, Group B requires in-hospital monitoring with or without IV fluids depending on symptoms, and Group C needs emergency treatment including rapid IV fluid resuscitation. It provides criteria for administering platelets and blood transfusions and discusses monitoring patients closely during the critical phase of illness.
This document provides guidelines for the management of severely malnourished children in India. It defines severe malnutrition as weight-for-height below 70% or mid-upper arm circumference below 11 cm. The guidelines recommend inpatient management and outline 10 essential steps: 1) treat hypoglycemia, 2) treat hypothermia, 3) treat dehydration, 4) correct electrolyte imbalance, 5) treat infection, 6) correct micronutrient deficiencies, 7) start cautious feeding, 8) achieve catch-up growth, 9) provide stimulation and support, and 10) prepare for follow-up. The guidelines provide details on assessment, signs to monitor, and treatment for each step, with an emphasis on the
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acquired intestinal disease seen primarily in preterm infants. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. The exact cause is unknown but involves intestinal ischemia, enteral feeding, and pathogenic bacteria. Risk factors include prematurity, enteral feeding, and abnormal gut colonization. Clinically, NEC presents with abdominal signs and symptoms as well as systemic involvement. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, and surgery for perforation or necrosis. Despite management, NEC carries significant mortality and morbidities like short bowel syndrome.
Precocious puberty can be caused by central or peripheral conditions. Central precocious puberty is gonadotropin dependent and caused by organic brain lesions or idiopathically. Peripheral precocious puberty is gonadotropin independent and caused by conditions like McCune-Albright syndrome or adrenal tumors. Hypothyroidism can also cause precocious puberty by elevating TSH levels and interacting with FSH receptors. Evaluation involves assessing pubertal progression, growth, hormonal levels, and imaging. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may involve surgery, medication like GnRH agonists, or treating the primary condition in cases of hypothyroidism.
Developmental delay is defined as performance in two or more developmental domains that is 25% below typical expectations. Developmental deviations and dissociations can also occur, where skills develop outside the typical sequence or domains progress at differing rates. Regression, the loss of skills, is more concerning as it can indicate serious neurological issues. Common developmental disorders include speech/language impairment, social-emotional disorders, ADHD, and learning disabilities. Early detection of delays is important for early intervention but most children are not identified until school-age due to limitations of informal assessment in primary care. Standardized screening tools can help but have limitations and should be used as part of ongoing developmental surveillance.
A computer accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. It has basic functions of input, processing, output, and storage. The computer can be divided into hardware and software. Hardware are the physical components like the CPU and memory. Software are programs like the operating system and application software. The main components are the CPU, memory, storage, and buses that connect the components.
The document discusses five simple practices - talking, singing, reading, writing, and playing - that parents can do with their children every day to help them develop important pre-reading skills before starting school, as these foundational skills will help children be better prepared to learn to read when they enter kindergarten. It provides specific examples for each of the five practices to illustrate how parents can engage with their children in meaningful ways to boost language development and lay the groundwork for reading success.
This document discusses visualizing text and the tools and techniques used for text visualization. It begins by explaining that visualizing text can reveal patterns, clusters, trends, gaps and outliers in the data. It then discusses Anscombe's quartet to show how the form of presentation can reveal patterns. The document covers different types of text visualization including term counting, word clouds, terms in context, document comparison, document networks, and topic visualization. It also discusses tools used for the visualizations like MongoDB, Google Refine, Apache Solr, D3.js, and Mallet topic modeling.
Speech recognition is the translation of spoken words into text. Some systems use training where a speaker reads text into the system to fine tune recognition of that person's specific voice, resulting in more accurate transcription. Systems that use training are called "Speaker Dependent" while those that do not are called "Speaker Independent". Speech recognition has applications including voice interfaces, search, data entry, and speech-to-text processing.
Density is a physical property that is defined as mass divided by volume. It can be used to compare unknown solids by measuring their densities. Density can be measured using a balance to find mass and a ruler or graduated cylinder to find volume. A suspension is a type of mixture that is distinguished by having distinct layers and particles that can be seen settling. A mixture is a physical combination of substances that can be separated physically, while a compound is a chemical combination that can only be separated chemically and exists in fixed ratios with unique properties.
This document provides an overview of extracting shale resources. It begins with introducing India's energy scenario and dependence on foreign oil imports. Shale oil and gas are presented as a potential viable alternative energy source. The document then discusses the origin and formation of petroleum in shales. It explains the processes of diagenesis and catagenesis that convert organic matter in shales into kerogen and then liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Extraction of shales involves two main processes - hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and retorting. Retorting converts kerogen into shale oil and upgrading is needed to transform shale oil into synthetic crude. The document provides details on these extraction and upgrading processes.
This document provides information about an honors composition class. It introduces the teacher, who has 7 years of teaching experience, a degree from UNLV, and has taught various English subjects. The class will cover books like Inherit the Wind and Frankenstein, include various writing assignments using the Jane Schaffer method, and a multi-genre research paper. Students will also read an outside book each quarter and complete book reports. Class participation, including attendance, tardiness, and discussion, counts for 25% of the grade. Contact information is provided at the end.
- Arthritis in children can present as monoarthritis (involvement of one joint), which can be acute or chronic.
- The most important consideration in acute monoarthritis is to rule out septic arthritis through joint aspiration and culture, as this infection can destroy the joint within hours if left untreated.
- Common causes of acute monoarthritis include septic arthritis, reactive arthritis, transient synovitis of the hip, and post-streptococcal disease. Chronic monoarthritis may be caused by juvenile idiopathic arthritis or other conditions like tuberculosis. Careful history, examination and investigations are needed to identify the underlying diagnosis and guide treatment.
Evidence based medicine (frequently asked DNB theory question)Raghavendra Babu
This document summarizes evidence-based medicine (EBM) and its application in pediatrics. EBM involves systematically searching medical literature, critically appraising evidence, and applying results to practice. While EBM is growing in pediatrics, more adoption is still needed. The key steps of EBM are asking answerable clinical questions, searching efficiently using databases like PubMed and limiting to clinical trials, critically appraising evidence, and applying to practice. Resources like Cochrane Library provide high-quality systematic reviews and evidence syntheses to help pediatricians practice EBM.
Nephrotic syndrome treatment update by Dr. G.MaliniRaghavendra Babu
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria. The document outlines guidelines for evaluating and managing nephrotic syndrome in children, including initial lab tests, determining steroid responsiveness, treatments for frequent relapses or steroid dependence including calcineurin inhibitors, addressing complications, and long-term outcomes which include remission in the majority of cases of minimal change disease while steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis often progresses to end-stage renal disease.
Craftsvilla is an online marketplace that sells ethnic wear founded after a road trip to Kutch. It aggregates over 12,000 artisans, giving them technical support. Craftsvilla is one of the largest online stores in India, selling a saree every two minutes and shoes every 30 seconds. While its marketing budget is less than 10% of revenues, it uses referral marketing, search engine optimization, and public relations activities to drive organic traffic which accounts for 67% of its visits. Going forward, Craftsvilla can focus on expanding globally, implementing an omni-channel retail strategy through specialized brick-and-mortar stores, and promoting its artisans of Kutch.
What is fracking? What is retorting? How can it be done? Why should India go for extracting the shales?
This is a brief introduction to all the answers you might be wanting regarding shale gas and shale oil......
After all this is a research in progress in which India has a huge potential!
This document provides guidelines for diagnosing and managing dengue fever. It discusses diagnosing dengue through virus isolation, nucleic acid detection, antigen detection and antibody testing. It recommends symptomatic and supportive care for management, including antipyretics, oral or IV fluids based on three groups of patients. Group A can be sent home with oral rehydration, Group B requires in-hospital monitoring with or without IV fluids depending on symptoms, and Group C needs emergency treatment including rapid IV fluid resuscitation. It provides criteria for administering platelets and blood transfusions and discusses monitoring patients closely during the critical phase of illness.
This document provides guidelines for the management of severely malnourished children in India. It defines severe malnutrition as weight-for-height below 70% or mid-upper arm circumference below 11 cm. The guidelines recommend inpatient management and outline 10 essential steps: 1) treat hypoglycemia, 2) treat hypothermia, 3) treat dehydration, 4) correct electrolyte imbalance, 5) treat infection, 6) correct micronutrient deficiencies, 7) start cautious feeding, 8) achieve catch-up growth, 9) provide stimulation and support, and 10) prepare for follow-up. The guidelines provide details on assessment, signs to monitor, and treatment for each step, with an emphasis on the
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acquired intestinal disease seen primarily in preterm infants. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. The exact cause is unknown but involves intestinal ischemia, enteral feeding, and pathogenic bacteria. Risk factors include prematurity, enteral feeding, and abnormal gut colonization. Clinically, NEC presents with abdominal signs and symptoms as well as systemic involvement. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, and surgery for perforation or necrosis. Despite management, NEC carries significant mortality and morbidities like short bowel syndrome.
Precocious puberty can be caused by central or peripheral conditions. Central precocious puberty is gonadotropin dependent and caused by organic brain lesions or idiopathically. Peripheral precocious puberty is gonadotropin independent and caused by conditions like McCune-Albright syndrome or adrenal tumors. Hypothyroidism can also cause precocious puberty by elevating TSH levels and interacting with FSH receptors. Evaluation involves assessing pubertal progression, growth, hormonal levels, and imaging. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may involve surgery, medication like GnRH agonists, or treating the primary condition in cases of hypothyroidism.
Developmental delay is defined as performance in two or more developmental domains that is 25% below typical expectations. Developmental deviations and dissociations can also occur, where skills develop outside the typical sequence or domains progress at differing rates. Regression, the loss of skills, is more concerning as it can indicate serious neurological issues. Common developmental disorders include speech/language impairment, social-emotional disorders, ADHD, and learning disabilities. Early detection of delays is important for early intervention but most children are not identified until school-age due to limitations of informal assessment in primary care. Standardized screening tools can help but have limitations and should be used as part of ongoing developmental surveillance.
2. Содержание
1.Носители информации с 18 века по наше время
2. Виды носителей информации
3 Жесткий диск
4 Магнитные ленты
5.Хронология развития магнитных лент
6.Источники
3. 1725 год
Базиль Бошо (Basile Bouchon)
впервые предложил новый
способ управления ткацким
станком с помощью
перфорированной бумажной
лентой.
4. 1801 год
Жаккард усовершенствовал ткацкие станки
(Бошо-Фалькон), которые работали не стабильно
и для управления станком требовалось несколько
человек. Станки Жаккарда считаются первым
промышленным применением
полуавтоматических машин для управления
узорами на тканях. Перфокарты были соединены
друг с другом и походили на широкую
перфоленту больших размеров.
В 1801 году, Жаккард выставил свои изобретения
на промышленной выставке в Париже.
Использованная новая технология в ткацких
станках была объявлена государственной
собственностью в 1806 году.
5. 1832 год
Перфокарты впервые были
применены в
«интеллектуальных машинах»
коллежского советника
Семен Николаевич
Корсакова (14(25).01.1787 -
01(13).12.1853), механических
устройствах для
информационного поиска и
классификации записей.
6. 1884 год
Американский инженер Герман Холлерит взял патент «на машину для переписи
населения». Изобретение включало перфокарту и сортировальную машину.
Перфокарта представляла собой кусок картона около 90 мм на 215 мм (размер
соответствовал размеру долларовой купюры того времени) с круглыми
отверстиями.
Первый комплекс оборудования не имел специального перфоратора (устройства
для подготовки информации на перфокартах), а использовал пробойник
кондуктора в поездах. Карточки сортировались электрическим способом, но
подача, выемка и перемещение в сортировочный ящик осуществлялись вручную.
Применение данной системы резко ускорило процесс обработки статистики.
Первая система Холлерита позволяла только подсчитывать количество карточек с
определенными комбинациями пробивок. Сами карточки для каждого
применения были различных размеров, зоны пробивок могли размещаться в
различных частях карты.
Применение специального перфоратора-пантографа позволило улучшить
процесс пробивки карт и повысить скорость работы примерно до 500 карт в день.
7. 1928 год
Фирма IBM ввела новую
карту с прямоугольными
пробивками, 12 строк и
80 колонок, размер карты
7-3/8 дюймов 3-1/4inch
(187,325 по 82,55 мм),
толщина карты 0,007
дюйма (0,178 мм).
Первоначально углы были
острые.
8. 1964 год
Появились перфокарты со
скругленные углами.
Для удобства работы с текстовыми
данными появились перфораторы,
печатающие на верхнем поле
перфокарты текст, пробиваемый
на карте. Это позволяло визуально
контролировать информацию
подготовленную на перфокарте.
1985 год
Фирма IBM закрыла свою
последнюю фабрику по выпуску
перфокарт - этот носитель
информации практически вышел
из употребления.
10. Жесткие диски
Жесткий диск (НЖМД, накопитель на
жестких магнитных дисках, винчестер), как и
дискета, основан на принципах магнитной
записи, однако, в нем запись производится
на жесткие пластины, покрытые слоем
ферромагнетика. Чаще всего, винчестер
изначально встроен в системный блок
компьютера. Первый прототип устройства,
имевший объем памяти 5 мегабайт и
невероятные, в сравнении с сегодняшними
жесткими дисками, размеры появился в 1956
году в компании IBM.
Эволюция НЖМД привела к уменьшению их
физических размеров, увеличению скорости
чтения/записи информации и объема
памяти. Современные винчестеры хранят в
себе до 3 терабайт информации и, наверняка,
это еще не предел.
11. Магнитная лента (англ. мagnetic tape) — носитель
информации последовательного доступа в виде
тонкой гибкой пластмассовой ленты, покрытой
магнитным материалом. Применяется в
накопителях на магнитных лентах для реализации
внешней памяти ЭВМ. Основным преимуществом
магнитных лент по сравнению с другими
носителями информации является ее
относительно малая стоимость. Главный
недостаток - наибольшее время доступа по
сравнению с другими носителями.
Магнитная лента наматывалась открытым
способом на катушки и представляла собой очень
тонкую полосу пластика, покрытого
магниточувствительным веществом. Машины
записывали и считывали данные при помощи
специальных магнитных головок, встроенных в
привод бобин.
12. Хронология развития магнитных лент
1928 - Изобретение магнитофона
1929 - Изобретение записи на стальную струну
1951 - Магнитофон на стальной струне подключен к UNIVAC I
1952 - Магнитофон на пластиковой ленте подключен к IBM 701
1972 - Компания 3M предложила картридж QIC
1987 - Sony и Exabyte предложили использовать стандарт 8mm для записи
данных
1988 - Дебютировала технология Scalable Linear Recording компании
Tandberg Data
1989 - Sony и HP представили формат Digital Data Storage
1991 - Первое устройство DLT TF86 CompacTape cartridge
1992 - Представлен стандарт ANSI X3.203-1992 DDS Recorded Format
1994 - Sony выпустила ленту AIT-1
1994 - Quantum становится владельцем торговой марки DLTtape
1995 - IBM представила первое поколение технологии 3590 tape
1996 - Exabyte анонсировала стандарт Mammoth
1997 - Digital Data Storage Manufacturers Group обнародовала стандарт
DDS-4
1997 - Компании Hewlett-Packard, IBM и Seagate выступили с инициативой
LTO
1997 - Представлены форматы Travan NS, NS8 и TR-4
1998 - Представлен формат Travan TR-5
1999 - Объявлена технология SLR100 Tandberg Data
1999 - Компания Ecrix предложила формат VXA
1999 - Компания OnStream предложила формат Advanced Digital
Recording
2000 - Exabyte представила стандарт Mammoth-2
2001 - Exabyte приобрела компанию Ecrix с ее продуктом VXA
2001 - Анонсирован формат TR-6
2001 - Sony объявила стандарт S-AIT
2002 - Exabyte представила стандарт Mammoth-3
2002 - Seagate и Imation выпустили версию Travan 40
2002 - Выпущены Super DLTtape SDLT 220 и SDLT 320
2002 - Состоялось объявление LTO Generation 2 Ultrium
13. Источники
1. http://informat444.narod.ru/museum/
2. http://utilb.ru/kompjuternaja-istorija/294-razvitie-
nositelej-informacii-ot-perfokarty-do-fleshki
3. http://ru.wikipedia.org
