The document discusses digestion in the mouth and swallowing. It describes the processes of mastication, saliva secretion and function, and the three stages of swallowing - voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Mastication involves chewing by the teeth and mixing with saliva. Saliva contains enzymes and ions that begin digestion and lubricate food into a bolus. The pharyngeal stage of swallowing is a reflex initiated by receptors in the throat and controlled by the brainstem swallowing center.
The document discusses different types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in the body. It describes how cholinergic receptors are classified into nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are further divided into NM and NN receptors located at neuromuscular junctions and autonomic ganglia. The five subtypes of muscarinic receptors are described along with their locations and functions. Adrenergic receptors are classified into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 receptors, with details provided on their locations and responses. The mechanisms of action of these various receptor types are also summarized.
Cutaneous receptors are classified as exteroreceptors, interoreceptors, and proprioceptors depending on the source of stimulus. Exteroreceptors located in the skin sense touch, temperature, pain and pressure from the external environment. These include mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors. Mechanoreceptors like Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel's disks sense different types of touch and vibration. Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes and include free nerve endings and hair follicles. Nociceptors mediate pain through A-delta and C fibers. Signals from cutaneous receptors travel to the somatosensory cortex through the
This document describes the process of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food by the gastrointestinal system. It discusses the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. The mouth chews and swallows food which is propelled through the esophagus to the stomach. The stomach stores, mixes and slowly empties food chunks (chyme) to the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. The colon absorbs water from waste and stores feces until defecation. Regulatory mechanisms such as hormones and nerves coordinate movement and emptying between organs.
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis in the body by releasing hormones that target specific organs and tissues. Hormones are chemical messengers that circulate through the bloodstream and are produced by endocrine glands. The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate various bodily functions through hormonal and neural pathways. There are two main types of glands - endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, and exocrine glands which secrete substances through ducts.
Difference between acute and chronic inflammationkamilKhan63
Acute inflammation is the early response of the body to short-term adverse stimuli and is not specific, involving dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, histiocytes, resistant macrophages, and mast cells in response to physical or chemical damage or pathogen invasion. Chronic inflammation is the prolonged inflammatory response lasting months or years, is specific involving acquired immunity, and responds to prolonged irritation by microorganisms through fibrosis and angiogenesis involving macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes.
This document outlines the key events and processes in acute inflammation. It begins by describing the sequence of vascular and cellular events that occur, from initial vasodilation and increased permeability to leukocyte migration and phagocytosis. It then discusses the roles of chemical mediators like histamine, cytokines, and eicosanoids. The three potential outcomes of acute inflammation are also noted: complete resolution, scar formation, or progression to chronic inflammation. Morphological patterns of acute inflammation like serous, fibrinous, and purulent exudates are also reviewed.
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive, thermoreceptive, and pain senses. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system, and how lesions in different pathways impact sensations.
The document discusses digestion in the mouth and swallowing. It describes the processes of mastication, saliva secretion and function, and the three stages of swallowing - voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Mastication involves chewing by the teeth and mixing with saliva. Saliva contains enzymes and ions that begin digestion and lubricate food into a bolus. The pharyngeal stage of swallowing is a reflex initiated by receptors in the throat and controlled by the brainstem swallowing center.
The document discusses different types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in the body. It describes how cholinergic receptors are classified into nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are further divided into NM and NN receptors located at neuromuscular junctions and autonomic ganglia. The five subtypes of muscarinic receptors are described along with their locations and functions. Adrenergic receptors are classified into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 receptors, with details provided on their locations and responses. The mechanisms of action of these various receptor types are also summarized.
Cutaneous receptors are classified as exteroreceptors, interoreceptors, and proprioceptors depending on the source of stimulus. Exteroreceptors located in the skin sense touch, temperature, pain and pressure from the external environment. These include mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors. Mechanoreceptors like Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel's disks sense different types of touch and vibration. Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes and include free nerve endings and hair follicles. Nociceptors mediate pain through A-delta and C fibers. Signals from cutaneous receptors travel to the somatosensory cortex through the
This document describes the process of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food by the gastrointestinal system. It discusses the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. The mouth chews and swallows food which is propelled through the esophagus to the stomach. The stomach stores, mixes and slowly empties food chunks (chyme) to the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. The colon absorbs water from waste and stores feces until defecation. Regulatory mechanisms such as hormones and nerves coordinate movement and emptying between organs.
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis in the body by releasing hormones that target specific organs and tissues. Hormones are chemical messengers that circulate through the bloodstream and are produced by endocrine glands. The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate various bodily functions through hormonal and neural pathways. There are two main types of glands - endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, and exocrine glands which secrete substances through ducts.
Difference between acute and chronic inflammationkamilKhan63
Acute inflammation is the early response of the body to short-term adverse stimuli and is not specific, involving dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, histiocytes, resistant macrophages, and mast cells in response to physical or chemical damage or pathogen invasion. Chronic inflammation is the prolonged inflammatory response lasting months or years, is specific involving acquired immunity, and responds to prolonged irritation by microorganisms through fibrosis and angiogenesis involving macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes.
This document outlines the key events and processes in acute inflammation. It begins by describing the sequence of vascular and cellular events that occur, from initial vasodilation and increased permeability to leukocyte migration and phagocytosis. It then discusses the roles of chemical mediators like histamine, cytokines, and eicosanoids. The three potential outcomes of acute inflammation are also noted: complete resolution, scar formation, or progression to chronic inflammation. Morphological patterns of acute inflammation like serous, fibrinous, and purulent exudates are also reviewed.
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive, thermoreceptive, and pain senses. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system, and how lesions in different pathways impact sensations.
3. לפני הרבה הרבה שנים, לפני דורי דורות,
חיו כל האנשים בתוך מערות.
גם משפחת אשכול חיה במערה.
מהשמשהמערה שמרה עליהם
בקיץ
ומהחורף
הקר
4. ויום אחד, אבא של משפחת
אשכול יצא אל הרי הגעש
וכשחזר הביא איתו את
5. עוד באותו הלילה ישבו בני המשפחה
סביב האש וחממו את הרגלים
ולמחרת בבקר הם צלו על האש בשר.
ובשעות הערב שמו את האש בפתח
המערה לגרש את חיות הטרף.
6. כל השכנים הבינו שהאש היא
העתיד של העולם ובאו לבקש
שיתנו קצת אש לכולם.
ובני משפחת אשכול נתנו
אש לכולם ובגלל זה קראו
להם משפחת אש - כול
כי אצלם לקבל אש
כל אחד יכול.
7. ויום אחד ירד
גשם נורא,
שכמוהו לא היה
שנים ואחריו בא
שיטפון גדול
ייייייי
8. ומי השיטפון נכנסו
לתוך המערות וכיבו
את כל המדורות.
מיהרו השכנים אל משפחת
אשכול רטובים ורועדים ואמרו:
לכו מהר ותביאו אש חדשה
9. ובני אשכול החרוצים יצאו במהרה אל הרי
האש להביא את האש.
בין שיחים ובין עצים אל ההר שממנו הביא
אבא שלהם בפעם הראשונה את האש.
קדימה
אל הרי
האש!
10. וכשחזרו ממסעם עם האש המחודשת שמחו
ולפתע אבא אשכול קם ואמר: כולם.
יש לי והוציא מכיסו
הפתעה
שתי אבנים
11. האבנים האלה אבנים מיוחדות:
כשמכים באבן על אבן יוצא ניצוץ של
אש
ואפשר להדליק בניצוץ קש יבש. ילדי היקרים,
מהיום לא צריך עוד לשמור על המדורות אפשר
לכבות את האש מתי שרוצים
ולהדליק אותה מחדש עם קש וקוצים אז בבקשה,
קחו את האבנים ותכינו בצד ערמה של קוצים
וקש ותבן.
12.
13.
14. אם פורצת שרפה
יש לקרוא למכבי האש
טלפון :
מכבי האש נוסעים במכוניות כיבוי גדולות
המשמיעות צפירות – אזהרה. הצפירות
מרחיקות מכוניות מדרכן.
15. הכבאים חובשים קסדות כמגן
לראשם.
הם נושאים גרזנים, כדי לפרוץ
דלתות נעולות.
הם חובשים מסכות להגנה
בפני עשן.
16. מכבי-האש מכבים את רוב
השרפות באמצעות מים.
בצדי הרחובות מצויים ברזי מים
מיוחדים לכבוי שרפות.
זרנוק ארוך מתחבר לברז מים.
יש סולמות, ארוכים בכדי שהכבאים יוכלו
להגיע לבניינים גבוהים.
17. •אל תנסו לכבות בעצמכם את האש ! ספרו על כך לאדם מבוגר
ובקשו ממנו כי יקרא למכבי האש.
•אסור להדליק אש ליד דברים שעלולים לבעור בקלות כמו:
וילונות ,ניירות או בגדים.
• אסור לשחק בגפרורים.
