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現代の日本において、鉄道は無くてはならない交通機関の一つとなっている。
特に朝・夕ラッシュの通勤・通学の場においては、輸送力が大きいという特性を活かして
非常に多くの人々を運んでいる。
そんな鉄道において、「列車ダイヤ」はとても重要なものだ 。
鉄道会社にとってダイヤとは、顧客、つまり利用者に対して提供する最も大事な商品なので
ある。
利用者のニーズに応えてより便利なダイヤを提供することは、鉄道会社にとって他の鉄道
会社、またはバスや自家用車など他の交通機関との競争が存在する中企業を存続する上で
必須の事項と言って良い。
しかし、鉄道会社は常にダイヤを設定する上で頭を悩ませる。
なぜなら、ダイヤ設定には常に「制約」が付きまとうからだ。
所有している列車の本数、待避駅や折り返し駅の位置や配線、信号設備……等、上げれば枚
挙に暇がない。
なかでも朝ラッシュのダイヤ設定は非常に難しい。朝の短い時間に大量の人々が押し寄せ
てくるからだ。
一般に、朝ラッシュのピーク時間にどれだけの人が利用しているかを「集中率」というもの
で表すが、多くの路線では 20%から 30%という値を示している。
つまり、 日の総輸送人員のうち、 割から 3 割が朝ラッシュピーク時の 1 時間に集中的に利
    1           2
用しているのだ。そしてこれだけの人が利用しているため、必然的に列車の本数も多くせざ
るを得ない。しかしそれでも周知の通り、朝ラッシュの列車は混雑している。
また、列車の本数が多くなると速度は遅くなってしまうし、少しの列車遅延が発生するとす
ぐ後続の列車に影響が出てしまう。
鉄道会社はダイヤ設定に工夫を施すことによって、出来るだけ多くの列車を設定して可能
な限りの混雑緩和を図ったり、速達性を持たせたりすることによって、利用者に対してより
よいダイヤの提供を行ってきた。


本論文ではそうした鉄道会社各社の朝ラッシュ時ダイヤを分析、パターン化し、路線の特性
に適したダイヤパターンの解明を試みる。
また、近年は東急田園都市線や東京メトロ東西線といった混雑路線を中心に、朝ラッシュ時
において遅延の防止を図るダイヤが支持されている傾向がある。
そのような、近年のダイヤ設定において特に考慮されるべきもの、またその背景等について
も当論文では考察を行う。
実際にはダイヤは各路線の流動や設備制約を考えて個別に作られるべきものであるが、ダ
イヤの設定パターンを元にして独自の要素を加味して考える、ということは可能であり、定
型的な分析は無駄ではない。

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卒論 朝ラッシュの鉄道ダイヤに対する考察