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Chapter 02
Elements of Marketing Strategy, Planning and Competition
Marketing Management 2nd
Edition 2-1
Marketing Management 2nd Edition
Marshall Solutions Manual
Full download chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-
macroeconomics-for-today-9th-edition/
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LO 2-1 Examine the concept of value and the elements and role of the value chain.
LO 2-2 Understand the conditions required for successful marketing planning, that marketing
planning is focused on the value proposition, and that marketing planning is a dynamic
process.
LO 2-3 Identify various types of organizational strategies.
LO 2-4 Conduct a situation analysis.
LO 2-5 Use the framework provided for marketing planning, along with the content in future
chapters, to build a marketing plan.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. VALUE IS AT THE CORE OF MARKETING

Chapter 02
Edition 2-2
A. The Value Chain
B. Planning for the Value Offering

Chapter 02
Edition 2-3
II. MARKETING PLANNING IS BOTH STRATEGIC AND
TACTICAL
III. ELEMENTS OF MARKETING PLANNING
A. Connecting the Marketing Plan to the Firm’s
Business Plan
i. Portfolio Analysis
ii. Functional Level Plans

Chapter 02
Edition 2-4
A. Organizational Mission, Vision, Goals, and
Objectives
A. Organizational Strategies

Chapter 02
Edition 2-5
B. Situation Analysis
i. Macro-Level External Environmental Factors
ii. Competitive Environmental Factors

Chapter 02
Edition 2-6
iii. Internal Environmental Factors
iv. Summarize the Situation Analysis into a
SWOT
C. Additional Aspects of Marketing Planning
i. Perform Any Needed Market Research
ii. Establish Marketing Goals and Objectives
iii. Develop Marketing Strategies

Chapter 02
Edition 2-7
iv. Create an Implementation Plan Including
Forecast, Budget, and Appropriate Marketing
Metrics
v. Develop Contingency Plans
vi. Tips for Successful Marketing Planning
IV. VISIT THE APPENDIX FOR AN EXAMPLE
MARKETING PLAN
V. SUMMARY

Chapter 02
Edition 2-8
ETHICAL DIMENSION 2
Ethical Perspective
1. Senior Management: How should senior management incorporate ethical standards at all
stages of the marketing planning process?
Ethical standards should be included into the formality of the marketing planning process.
This means that firms must develop an acceptable ethical code of conduct that is pervasive
throughout the organization.
2. Marketing Managers: A company’s brands can be quickly impacted by negative publicity
surrounding ethical scandals. How might they be impacted and what might a marketing
manager do to reestablish a brand damaged in this way?
Firms can benefit from the following: take responsibility, fire or punish those responsible,
admit your errors, address policy and business practice changes, and promote the changes
about the firm to the marketplace.
3. The Public: Company image and trust can be regained by a CEO’s quick public
acknowledgment of an ethics problem accompanied by plans for changes in practice. What
could HP’s CEO have done better?
One of the things that could have help with the scandal would have been a faster response by
the CEO in the intervention, once the story became a headline in the media.
KEY TERMS
benefits The advantageous outcome from the advantage found in a product feature.
utility The want-satisfying power of a good or service. There are four types of utility: form
utility, time utility, place utility, and ownership utility.
value proposition The whole bundle of benefits a company promises to deliver to the customer,
not just the benefits of the product itself.
customer satisfaction The level of liking an individual harbors for an offering.
customer loyalty A customer’s commitment to a company and its products and brands for the
long run.

Chapter 02
Edition 2-9
customer retention Low propensity among a firm’s customer base to consider switching to
other providers.
value chain The synthesis of activities within a firm involved in designing, producing,
marketing, delivering, and supporting its products or services.
value-creating activities Activities within a firm’s value chain that act to increase the value of
its products and services for its customers. These can take the form of either primary activities
or support activities.
marketing planning The ongoing process of developing and implementing market-driven
strategies for an organization.
marketing plan The resulting document that records the marketing planning process in a useful
framework.
market-driven strategic planning The process at the corporate or strategic business unit (SBU)
level of a firm that acts to marshal the various resource and functional areas toward a central
purpose around the customer.
corporate-level strategic plan An umbrella plan for the overall direction of the corporation
developed above the strategic business unit (SBU) level.
SBU-level strategic plan Planning that occurs within each of the firm’s strategic business units
(SBUs) designed to meet individual performance requirements and contribute satisfactorily to
the overall corporate plan.
portfolio analysis A tool used in strategic planning for multibusiness corporations that views
SBUs, and sometimes even product lines, as a series of investments from which it expects
maximization of returns.
Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Growth-Share Matrix A popular approach for in-firm
portfolio analysis that categorizes business units’ level of contribution to the overall firm based
on two factors: market growth rate and competitive position.
GE business screen A popular approach for in-firm portfolio analysis that categorizes business
units’ level of contribution to the overall firm based on two factors: business position and market
attractiveness.
functional-level plans Plans for each business function that makes up one of the firm’s strategic
business units (SBUs). These include core business functions within each SBU such as
operations, marketing, finance, as well as other pertinent operational areas.
mission statement The verbal articulation of an organization’s purpose, or reason for existence.
strategic vision Often included within a firm’s mission statement, it is a discussion of what the
company would like to become in the future.

Chapter 02
Edition 2-10
goals General statements of what the firm wishes to accomplish in support of the mission and
vision.
objectives Specific, measurable, and potentially attainable milestones necessary for a firm to
achieve its goals.
strategy A comprehensive plan stating how the organization will achieve its mission and
objectives.
generic strategy An overall directional strategy at the business level.
competitive strategy An organization-wide strategy designed to increase a firm’s performance
within the marketplace in terms of its competitors.
core competencies The activities a firm can do exceedingly well.
distinctive competencies A firm’s core competencies that are superior to those of their
competitors.
sustainable competitive advantage The resulting advantage a firm has when it invests in
distinctive competencies.
strategic type Firms of a particular strategic type have a common strategic orientation and a
similar combination of structure, culture, and processes consistent with that strategy. Four
strategic types are prospectors, analyzers, defenders, and reactors—depending on a firm’s
approach to the competitive marketplace.
first-mover advantages When a firm introduces a new market offering, thus defining the scope
of the competitive marketplace.
situation analysis An analysis of the macro and micro-level environment within which a firm’s
marketing plan is being developed.
SWOT analysis A convenient framework used to summarize key findings from a firm’s
situational analysis into a matrix of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
market penetration strategies Strategies designed to involve investing against existing
customers to gain additional usage of existing products.
product development strategies Strategies designed to recognize the opportunity to invest in
new products that will increase usage from the current customer base.
market development strategies Strategies designed to allow for expansion of the firm’s product
line into heretofore untapped markets, often internationally.
diversification strategies Strategies designed to seize on opportunities to serve new markets
with new products.

Chapter 02
Edition 2-11
marketing control The process of measuring marketing results and adjusting the firm’s
marketing plan as needed.
APPLICATION QUESTIONS
1. What is a value proposition? For each of these brands, articulate your perception of their key
value proposition:
A company’s value proposition consists of the sum total of benefits that the firm promises
that a customer will receive in return for the customer's business. In other words, the value
proposition equals what the customer gets for what the customer pays.
Caterpillar earth mover – higher standards than the competition
Apple iPad – delivers a more flexible and rewarding computinh experience
Facebook– high value social community
McDonald’s hamburgers – delivers a consistent product
FedEx overnight delivery service – fast and guaranteed urgent delivery
2. Consider the concept of the value chain. Identify a firm that you believe does an especially
good job of investing in elements in the value chain in order to gain higher profit margins
versus competition. Which two or three elements in the value chain does that firm handle
especially well? For each of those elements, what do they do that is better than their
competition?
The value chain concept holds that every organization represents a synthesis of activities
involved in designing, producing, promoting, delivering, and supporting its products.
Example firm: Nike, Inc., in the past few years, the company has devoted much energy to the
developing information systems, logistics, and supply-chain management.
Inbound logistics – how the firm goes about sourcing raw materials for production
Operations – how the firm converts the raw materials into final products
Outbound logistics – how the firm transports and distributes the final products to the
marketplace
Marketing and sales – how the firm communicates the value proposition to the marketplace –
market leader!
Service – how the firm supports customers during and after the sale

Chapter 02
Edition 2-12
3. Why is it so important for marketing managers, when engaged in marketing planning, to
successfully deal with both Marketing (Big M) and marketing (little m) elements? What
would be the likely negative outcome if a marketing plan paid a lot of attention to strategies
and little attention to tactics? What would be the likely negative outcome of the reverse?
Marketing managers must be able to grasp both the big picture of strategy formulation and
the details of tactical implementation. In fact, many a marketing plan has failed because
either the formulation of the strategies was flawed or their implementation was poorly
executed. A well-written marketing plan must fully address both Marketing (Big M) and
marketing (little m) elements.
Possible negative outcomes of a bad strategy would include lack of an understanding of
markets, competitors, and other external forces, coupled with little attention to internal
capabilities.
Possible negative outcomes of a bad tactics would include imprecise programs and tactics
not aimed at the proper customers. This could include poor brand image, poor messaging by
the salespeople, poor advertisements, poor customer service, poor packaging, and poor
product features to name a few.
4. Consider firms in any area of the retail business. Using Miles and Snow’s Strategy Types,
identify the following: (1) a firm that you believe is a prospector; (2) a firm that you believe
is an analyzer; (3) a firm that you believe is a defender; and (4) a firm that you believe is a
reactor. What characteristics of each led you to conclude they belong in their respective
strategy type?
Prospector – Example: Apple consistently produces market leading innovative products and
services.
Analyzer – Example: Microsoft, most successful products are imitations of other products
already in the marketplace.
Defender – Example: Porsche, rarely ventures outside of the high-end performance vehicle
market.
Reactor – Firm lacks any coherent strategic plan or apparent means of effectively competing
– reactors do well to merely survive in the competitive marketplace. Example: Hard to find
because they do not survive long. Think of failed companies.
5. Historically, the theme park industry in Orlando is heavily impacted by a large number of
macro-level external environmental factors. From each of the five major categories of
macro-level external factors, identify a specific example of how some element within that
category might impact a theme park’s marketing planning for the next couple of years. Be
sure to explain why you believe each of your examples will be important for marketing
managers to consider as they develop their marketing plans.

Chapter 02
Edition 2-13
Political, legal, and ethical – As traditional labor union attempt to grow through the
recruitment of non-traditional workers, they may target the growing number of theme park
employees.
Socio-cultural/Demographic – The growth in young people in the United States due to the
“Baby Boomlet” will possibly result in more visitors to the parks.
Technological – The growth in 3D motion-simulator ride technology may present new
opportunities in the near future.
Economic – The recent poor economic times for many middle class families may result in
declining admissions due to a lack of discretionary income.
Natural – As the amusement parks attempt to add additional locations or grow current
locations, they may face pressure from the various environmental groups as they acquire
additional land.
MANAGEMENT DECISION CASE: Hewlett-Packard and the Case
Questions for Consideration
1. As HP continues to make changes to its overall strategy, what other aspects of the situation
analysis beyond those element mentioned above should Meg Whitman and other leaders pay
special attention to?
HP could break-up to create value and/or make key acquisitions to improve its strategic
position.
2. What strengths does HP have that they can use to take advantage of various opportunities or
minimize threats in the external environment?
The core of computing (CPU, main memory, and IO) has not changed in many years.
HP has experienced in all aspects of computer design and construction
HP is the only vendor that excels in three principal types of computing: work-group
computers for offices; enterprise computers for home and personal use; and supercomputing,
used in high-tech industrial and government systems.
HP also makes all the servers and support systems with its computers, so everything works in
concert together.
“The Strengths of Hewlett-Packard” By Daniel Westlake, eHow Contributor ‘Read more:
http://www.ehow.com/list_6938201_strengths-hewlett_packard.html#ixzz2mKwuyr00
3. Given what you know about HP and its situation, what product-market strategy or strategies
would you recommend the company adopt to improve its performance and return on
investment?

Chapter 02
Edition 2-14
Student answers will vary.
SUGGESTED VIDEO
BP: Transforming its Strategy "Beyond Petroleum" (7:52 minutes)
Description: Senior Vice President of BP Global Brand and Marketing & Innovation speaks on
one of their Brand Values "going green" and having a lower impact on the environment by
designing an innovative gas station and apply to their other 25,000 sites.
1. Are people more likely to purchase gas from BP because of its commitment to the
environment?
Notwithstanding tis environmental efforts, BP is still under pressure to create value for its
customers. Some customers will welcome the "going green" commitment and reward BP.
However, some customers while applauding the company will still not buy if the things they
value more are not there.
2. In light of the recent crisis in the Gulf of Mexico, how does BP convince the public that they
are sincere about caring about the environment?
BP has an uphill battle in this matter. BP needs not only to perform the activities to
demonstrate its sincerity, the company will also need to have the patience to give the market
time to adjust.

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Back Endpaper.
THE WESTMINSTER PRESS
HARROW ROAD
LONDON
FEU D’ARTIFICE À VERSAILLES POUR LE MARIAGE DU DAUPHIN, 1735.
FROM A WATER-COLOUR DRAWING BY MOREL TORRÉ.
Transcriber’s Notes:
Blank pages have been removed.
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.

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