This document summarizes Soheil Talebi's master's thesis project on measuring fluid properties of Canadian oil reservoirs using microfluidic methods. The project aims to 1) measure bitumen solubility and viscosity through microfluidic chips to inform reservoir models, 2) enhance oil recovery from reservoirs through improved solvent-based extraction methods like SAGD that reduce emissions. Key aspects include designing microfluidic chips to measure solubility over a range of pressures and temperatures, and analyzing image data of bitumen swelling to calculate solubility. Preliminary results show the chip design works and surface treatment allows reusability. Overall the microfluidic approach enables high accuracy solubility measurements of reservoir fluids under reservoir conditions to optimize solvent selection and
How to manipulate a blender screw speed andDavid Aakre
This document provides instructions for correcting sand usage on a frac location by manipulating density meters and blender settings. It explains that sand usage is typically estimated, not exact, and can get out of balance over the course of a job. It then gives various ways to manipulate density meters and blender settings like screw speed to hide using more or less sand than planned in order to get sand usage back on track according to the job chart, including by adjusting calibration points and voltage readings. The goal is to fix imbalances in sand tracking without it being evident on frac charts.
This document reports on dimensional and tensile testing of various forged parts. It provides the minimum tensile loads to be applied for each item, describes the testing process, and lists the dimensions and results for items 3030DF, 4040DF, 4050DF, and 5050DF. All 100 pieces tested for each item passed the tensile testing without breaking under the maximum applied loads.
This workshop is a deliverable of TRAC project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº777823.
Presentation 2:
Utilization of Fine RCA together with MSWI Bottom Ashes
TANG Luping, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Prof Tang received his PhD in 1996 at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Since then he has worked at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden for 12 years and rejoined Chalmers since 2008 as professor and leader of research group for building materials. His main research interest is new types of cementitious materials and durability of concrete, especially chloride transport mechanisms and chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete. In the past years he has been involved in several research projects dealing with greener cementitious materials including nano-technology and chemical activations.
12 Points to Improve your Oil Flushing for a Clean SystemMauricio Gonzalez
This presentation explains the science behind high-speed oil flushing and 12 practical points to improve the cleaning of lubrication and hydraulic oil systems.
This document provides information on Respongroup, a supplier of valves, controls, castings, forgings and balls. It details their capabilities including sizes and materials for castings up to 10 inches and forgings up to 1.2 meters. It lists certifications and facilities with over 1500 employees and 280000 square meters of production space for casting, machining, polishing and surface treatments.
A summary of the current state of technology in grease sampling and analysis using the Grease Thief. Includes case studies, sample reports, sampling kits and analysis techniques. New developments include particle counting for grease cleanliness, moisture ppm values for grease, and grease colorimetry.
Variable pathlength colorimetric spectroscopy of greasesRich Wurzbach
This document proposes improvements to the ASTM D7918 method for analyzing grease color using variable path length colorimetric spectroscopy. It summarizes the limitations of the current method, which uses a fixed 1mm sample thickness that results in excessive light absorption, making many in-service grease samples appear black. The proposed improvements include using a new spectrometer and variable sample paths from 0.035" to 0.005" thickness to allow analysis of both new and used grease samples across a range of transmissions. Next steps include adapting the prototype to a standard shim set and disposable windows for consistency, and conducting a beta test with used grease samples.
The document provides information and guidelines for inspecting septic systems. It discusses several key areas of inspection including the pretreatment vessel, septic tank components, effluent levels, baffles, disposal fields, and evidence of issues like cracks, roots or ponding. Maintaining septic systems is important to prevent wastewater from contaminating the environment.
How to manipulate a blender screw speed andDavid Aakre
This document provides instructions for correcting sand usage on a frac location by manipulating density meters and blender settings. It explains that sand usage is typically estimated, not exact, and can get out of balance over the course of a job. It then gives various ways to manipulate density meters and blender settings like screw speed to hide using more or less sand than planned in order to get sand usage back on track according to the job chart, including by adjusting calibration points and voltage readings. The goal is to fix imbalances in sand tracking without it being evident on frac charts.
This document reports on dimensional and tensile testing of various forged parts. It provides the minimum tensile loads to be applied for each item, describes the testing process, and lists the dimensions and results for items 3030DF, 4040DF, 4050DF, and 5050DF. All 100 pieces tested for each item passed the tensile testing without breaking under the maximum applied loads.
This workshop is a deliverable of TRAC project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº777823.
Presentation 2:
Utilization of Fine RCA together with MSWI Bottom Ashes
TANG Luping, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Prof Tang received his PhD in 1996 at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Since then he has worked at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden for 12 years and rejoined Chalmers since 2008 as professor and leader of research group for building materials. His main research interest is new types of cementitious materials and durability of concrete, especially chloride transport mechanisms and chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete. In the past years he has been involved in several research projects dealing with greener cementitious materials including nano-technology and chemical activations.
12 Points to Improve your Oil Flushing for a Clean SystemMauricio Gonzalez
This presentation explains the science behind high-speed oil flushing and 12 practical points to improve the cleaning of lubrication and hydraulic oil systems.
This document provides information on Respongroup, a supplier of valves, controls, castings, forgings and balls. It details their capabilities including sizes and materials for castings up to 10 inches and forgings up to 1.2 meters. It lists certifications and facilities with over 1500 employees and 280000 square meters of production space for casting, machining, polishing and surface treatments.
A summary of the current state of technology in grease sampling and analysis using the Grease Thief. Includes case studies, sample reports, sampling kits and analysis techniques. New developments include particle counting for grease cleanliness, moisture ppm values for grease, and grease colorimetry.
Variable pathlength colorimetric spectroscopy of greasesRich Wurzbach
This document proposes improvements to the ASTM D7918 method for analyzing grease color using variable path length colorimetric spectroscopy. It summarizes the limitations of the current method, which uses a fixed 1mm sample thickness that results in excessive light absorption, making many in-service grease samples appear black. The proposed improvements include using a new spectrometer and variable sample paths from 0.035" to 0.005" thickness to allow analysis of both new and used grease samples across a range of transmissions. Next steps include adapting the prototype to a standard shim set and disposable windows for consistency, and conducting a beta test with used grease samples.
The document provides information and guidelines for inspecting septic systems. It discusses several key areas of inspection including the pretreatment vessel, septic tank components, effluent levels, baffles, disposal fields, and evidence of issues like cracks, roots or ponding. Maintaining septic systems is important to prevent wastewater from contaminating the environment.
This document summarizes an experimental study on H2 production from steam reforming of glycerol using different catalysts. The study tested various nickel-based catalysts under conditions of 650°C calcination temperature, 700°C reduction temperature, 600°C reaction temperature, 6:1 steam-to-carbon ratio, and 1 atm pressure. The results show product distribution and stability over time for the different catalysts, with 5Ni/Al and 5Ni/Ce performing best in terms of stable H2 production.
This document discusses vapor emissions from oil-water separators, which are a major environmental problem for oil companies. It introduces VaporVault covers for oil-water separators as a solution. VaporVault covers are made of corrosion-resistant, floatable composite materials. They include individual floatation compartments and vapor-tight seals to control emissions and meet EPA standards. The covers provide an improved method for capturing and containing vapor emissions from oil-water separators.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between asphalt mixture material characteristics and highway noise. A tire-pavement noise simulator was used to measure sound pressure levels of various asphalt mixtures in the laboratory. Multivariate regression analysis found the best predictive model for sound pressure level includes variables for complex modulus, voids filled with asphalt, copper content, and lead content. Testing was performed on different mix designs, including superpave, open graded friction course, and stone matrix asphalt containing various modifiers. Correlations were explored between sound pressure level and material properties.
This document discusses Amorphous Calcium Aluminate, a special cement distributed by CALTRA US. It can be adjusted using DELTA20 set retarder to provide extended workability while maintaining strength. Charts show that adding 0.3-0.5% DELTA20 increases initial and final set times. It is suitable for use with white Portland cement and has advantages like rapid drying, high early strength, low permeability and better durability. Applications include self-leveling underlayment, non-shrink grouts, shotcrete and concrete repair.
Ruben Wiggers - Transformer short-circuit withstand capabilityDutch Power
This document discusses transformer short-circuit withstand capability and Kema Laboratories' experience testing transformers from 1996-2017. It provides statistics on transformer failures during short-circuit testing, including that 22% of tests resulted in an initial failure. Common failure modes include an unacceptable increase in short-circuit reactance and oil spills from broken bushings. The document also outlines the internal forces transformers experience during short-circuits and how this can cause issues like free buckling of windings or tilting of conductors. Images show a transformer being prepared for short-circuit testing and examples of failures, like a broken bushing causing an oil spill.
This document discusses potential miner mistakes that can occur during the production of concrete sleepers and their effects. It covers issues that may happen during mould preparation, wire tensioning, batch mixing, steam curing, demoulding, and inspection. Mistakes like misaligned wire positions, bent moulds, improper tensioning, subpar vibration, and curing issues can result in reduced strength or defects in the final sleepers. Attention to proper procedures and equipment maintenance is necessary to avoid problems and ensure sleepers meet quality standards.
O documento discute a história da globalização desde os séculos XVI-XX e o sistema de Bretton Woods estabelecido após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, incluindo a criação do FMI e do Banco Mundial. Também aborda o comércio internacional, dívidas externas, e as negociações da Rodada de Doha da OMC.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations, which can be shared on SlideShare. In just 3 sentences, it promotes creating Haiku Deck presentations and publishing them to SlideShare.
El documento resume los hitos clave en el desarrollo de Internet en México desde 1987 hasta 2000, incluyendo la conexión de la UNAM a BINET en 1987, el crecimiento de MEXNET en la década de 1990, y el aumento a 5 millones de usuarios de Internet en México para el año 2000.
La robótica se dedica al diseño, construcción y aplicación de robots, combinando disciplinas como la mecánica, electrónica, informática e inteligencia artificial. El término "robot" se popularizó tras el éxito de la obra R.U.R. de 1920, donde la palabra checa para trabajos forzados fue traducida al inglés como "robot".
Las principales escuelas psicológicas discutidas en el documento incluyen el conductismo, cognitivismo, psicodinámica, gestalt, humanismo y constructivismo. Cada escuela fue fundada por figuras clave como Watson, Piaget, Freud, Wertheimer, Maslow y Rogers, y se centra en objetivos como describir la conducta humana, comprender los procesos mentales, resolver síntomas psicológicos, lograr la integración personal, y construir conocimiento a través de la experiencia. El documento proporciona una descrip
Este documento é um teste de geografia sobre o continente americano. Contém 4 perguntas sobre linhas imaginárias que cortam o globo, zonas climáticas no continente, oceanos que banham as terras americanas e aspectos físico-geográficos, históricos, sociais e econômicos das Américas do Norte, Central e do Sul.
El documento presenta una breve descripción de varios psicólogos y filósofos importantes en el desarrollo de la psicología moderna como Descartes, Wundt, Binet, Freud y Charcot. Resalta las contribuciones de cada uno como la distinción entre realidad extensa y pensante de Descartes, el establecimiento de la psicología experimental por Wundt, el desarrollo del primer test de inteligencia por Binet, la teoría del psicoanálisis y el inconsciente por Freud, y los estudios pioneros de Charcot en
This document provides rules for subject-verb agreement in sentences. It outlines eight rules: 1) singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs, 2) subjects connected with "and" take a plural verb, 3) subjects connected with "or, nor, either, neither" take a singular verb, 4) the verb agrees with the nearest subject in compounds with "or, nor", 5) intervening words don't affect agreement, 6) indefinite pronouns take singular verbs, 7) money, time, distance take singular verbs, 8) nouns in pairs take plural verbs. It concludes with examples and practice applying the rules.
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors influencing paraffin wax deposition during crude oil production. The study used a laboratory flow-loop system to simulate wax deposition. The experimental results showed that:
1) Wax deposition decreased with increasing temperature difference between the waxy fluid and cold surface, and with increasing flow rate.
2) The amount of paraffin wax deposited initially increased with time, reached a maximum value, and then gradually decreased.
3) Wax concentration percentage weight in the deposit slightly varied with time as the temperature changed at a constant flow rate.
4) The integration of temperature difference, flow rate, residence time, and wax concentration can significantly impact wax deposition during crude
Heat Recovery System to Save the Fuel (Bagasse) by Eliminating the Feedwater ...IRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a heat recovery system to save fuel (bagasse) in sugar plants by eliminating the feedwater tank.
2) By taking the exhaust condensate directly to the deaerator tank and installing high-head pumps and pipes, water temperature reaching the boiler is increased from 94°C to 106-107°C.
3) This modification saves 3.857 tons/hour of exhaust steam previously used to heat the feedwater and reduces the required bagasse fuel firing rate from 60 to 56.63 tons/hour, saving 3.37 tons/hour of bagasse fuel.
This document provides information about Caltra's cement products and castable refractories. It includes:
1. An introduction and overview of Caltra's product development, quality control processes, and product offerings.
2. Details on Caltra's main cement product, CAC-70F, including its chemical composition and physical properties compared to other cements. Test data shows CAC-70F performs well.
3. Information on castable formulations using different cements, water-cement ratios, and additives, along with corresponding test results for properties like strength and permeability. CAC-70F-containing castables demonstrate good high-temperature resistance.
This monthly report summarizes Nuttapon Khongdee's work on analyzing heavy metal content, pH, EC, and organic carbon levels in different soil types before planting. Soil samples were tested for pH, EC, and organic carbon using calibrated instruments and standard procedures. Results are displayed in tables showing mean and standard deviation values for each soil type and treatment. The report also discusses initial work on characterizing citral oil nanoemulsions, including how formulation components like HLB value, homogenization speed, and oil/surfactant ratio influence particle size and stability over time. Future work is planned to analyze the nanoemulsions' antibacterial and antifungal activities.
This document summarizes an experimental study on H2 production from steam reforming of glycerol using different catalysts. The study tested various nickel-based catalysts under conditions of 650°C calcination temperature, 700°C reduction temperature, 600°C reaction temperature, 6:1 steam-to-carbon ratio, and 1 atm pressure. The results show product distribution and stability over time for the different catalysts, with 5Ni/Al and 5Ni/Ce performing best in terms of stable H2 production.
This document discusses vapor emissions from oil-water separators, which are a major environmental problem for oil companies. It introduces VaporVault covers for oil-water separators as a solution. VaporVault covers are made of corrosion-resistant, floatable composite materials. They include individual floatation compartments and vapor-tight seals to control emissions and meet EPA standards. The covers provide an improved method for capturing and containing vapor emissions from oil-water separators.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between asphalt mixture material characteristics and highway noise. A tire-pavement noise simulator was used to measure sound pressure levels of various asphalt mixtures in the laboratory. Multivariate regression analysis found the best predictive model for sound pressure level includes variables for complex modulus, voids filled with asphalt, copper content, and lead content. Testing was performed on different mix designs, including superpave, open graded friction course, and stone matrix asphalt containing various modifiers. Correlations were explored between sound pressure level and material properties.
This document discusses Amorphous Calcium Aluminate, a special cement distributed by CALTRA US. It can be adjusted using DELTA20 set retarder to provide extended workability while maintaining strength. Charts show that adding 0.3-0.5% DELTA20 increases initial and final set times. It is suitable for use with white Portland cement and has advantages like rapid drying, high early strength, low permeability and better durability. Applications include self-leveling underlayment, non-shrink grouts, shotcrete and concrete repair.
Ruben Wiggers - Transformer short-circuit withstand capabilityDutch Power
This document discusses transformer short-circuit withstand capability and Kema Laboratories' experience testing transformers from 1996-2017. It provides statistics on transformer failures during short-circuit testing, including that 22% of tests resulted in an initial failure. Common failure modes include an unacceptable increase in short-circuit reactance and oil spills from broken bushings. The document also outlines the internal forces transformers experience during short-circuits and how this can cause issues like free buckling of windings or tilting of conductors. Images show a transformer being prepared for short-circuit testing and examples of failures, like a broken bushing causing an oil spill.
This document discusses potential miner mistakes that can occur during the production of concrete sleepers and their effects. It covers issues that may happen during mould preparation, wire tensioning, batch mixing, steam curing, demoulding, and inspection. Mistakes like misaligned wire positions, bent moulds, improper tensioning, subpar vibration, and curing issues can result in reduced strength or defects in the final sleepers. Attention to proper procedures and equipment maintenance is necessary to avoid problems and ensure sleepers meet quality standards.
O documento discute a história da globalização desde os séculos XVI-XX e o sistema de Bretton Woods estabelecido após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, incluindo a criação do FMI e do Banco Mundial. Também aborda o comércio internacional, dívidas externas, e as negociações da Rodada de Doha da OMC.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations, which can be shared on SlideShare. In just 3 sentences, it promotes creating Haiku Deck presentations and publishing them to SlideShare.
El documento resume los hitos clave en el desarrollo de Internet en México desde 1987 hasta 2000, incluyendo la conexión de la UNAM a BINET en 1987, el crecimiento de MEXNET en la década de 1990, y el aumento a 5 millones de usuarios de Internet en México para el año 2000.
La robótica se dedica al diseño, construcción y aplicación de robots, combinando disciplinas como la mecánica, electrónica, informática e inteligencia artificial. El término "robot" se popularizó tras el éxito de la obra R.U.R. de 1920, donde la palabra checa para trabajos forzados fue traducida al inglés como "robot".
Las principales escuelas psicológicas discutidas en el documento incluyen el conductismo, cognitivismo, psicodinámica, gestalt, humanismo y constructivismo. Cada escuela fue fundada por figuras clave como Watson, Piaget, Freud, Wertheimer, Maslow y Rogers, y se centra en objetivos como describir la conducta humana, comprender los procesos mentales, resolver síntomas psicológicos, lograr la integración personal, y construir conocimiento a través de la experiencia. El documento proporciona una descrip
Este documento é um teste de geografia sobre o continente americano. Contém 4 perguntas sobre linhas imaginárias que cortam o globo, zonas climáticas no continente, oceanos que banham as terras americanas e aspectos físico-geográficos, históricos, sociais e econômicos das Américas do Norte, Central e do Sul.
El documento presenta una breve descripción de varios psicólogos y filósofos importantes en el desarrollo de la psicología moderna como Descartes, Wundt, Binet, Freud y Charcot. Resalta las contribuciones de cada uno como la distinción entre realidad extensa y pensante de Descartes, el establecimiento de la psicología experimental por Wundt, el desarrollo del primer test de inteligencia por Binet, la teoría del psicoanálisis y el inconsciente por Freud, y los estudios pioneros de Charcot en
This document provides rules for subject-verb agreement in sentences. It outlines eight rules: 1) singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs, 2) subjects connected with "and" take a plural verb, 3) subjects connected with "or, nor, either, neither" take a singular verb, 4) the verb agrees with the nearest subject in compounds with "or, nor", 5) intervening words don't affect agreement, 6) indefinite pronouns take singular verbs, 7) money, time, distance take singular verbs, 8) nouns in pairs take plural verbs. It concludes with examples and practice applying the rules.
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors influencing paraffin wax deposition during crude oil production. The study used a laboratory flow-loop system to simulate wax deposition. The experimental results showed that:
1) Wax deposition decreased with increasing temperature difference between the waxy fluid and cold surface, and with increasing flow rate.
2) The amount of paraffin wax deposited initially increased with time, reached a maximum value, and then gradually decreased.
3) Wax concentration percentage weight in the deposit slightly varied with time as the temperature changed at a constant flow rate.
4) The integration of temperature difference, flow rate, residence time, and wax concentration can significantly impact wax deposition during crude
Heat Recovery System to Save the Fuel (Bagasse) by Eliminating the Feedwater ...IRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a heat recovery system to save fuel (bagasse) in sugar plants by eliminating the feedwater tank.
2) By taking the exhaust condensate directly to the deaerator tank and installing high-head pumps and pipes, water temperature reaching the boiler is increased from 94°C to 106-107°C.
3) This modification saves 3.857 tons/hour of exhaust steam previously used to heat the feedwater and reduces the required bagasse fuel firing rate from 60 to 56.63 tons/hour, saving 3.37 tons/hour of bagasse fuel.
This document provides information about Caltra's cement products and castable refractories. It includes:
1. An introduction and overview of Caltra's product development, quality control processes, and product offerings.
2. Details on Caltra's main cement product, CAC-70F, including its chemical composition and physical properties compared to other cements. Test data shows CAC-70F performs well.
3. Information on castable formulations using different cements, water-cement ratios, and additives, along with corresponding test results for properties like strength and permeability. CAC-70F-containing castables demonstrate good high-temperature resistance.
This monthly report summarizes Nuttapon Khongdee's work on analyzing heavy metal content, pH, EC, and organic carbon levels in different soil types before planting. Soil samples were tested for pH, EC, and organic carbon using calibrated instruments and standard procedures. Results are displayed in tables showing mean and standard deviation values for each soil type and treatment. The report also discusses initial work on characterizing citral oil nanoemulsions, including how formulation components like HLB value, homogenization speed, and oil/surfactant ratio influence particle size and stability over time. Future work is planned to analyze the nanoemulsions' antibacterial and antifungal activities.
26_MAR_2013 Brian Moffatt - Reservoir Fluid PVT Analysis.pdfMohanadHussien2
The document discusses how to maximize the value of PVT (pressure-volume-temperature) data for reservoir appraisal and development planning. It outlines several key points:
1) PVT data quality control (QC) is important to identify potential errors from sampling, storage, and laboratory measurements that could affect development decisions.
2) When modeling PVT data, it is important to focus on matching key parameters like phase behavior that are most relevant to the reservoir conditions of interest.
3) Uncertainties in PVT data, if not properly addressed, could significantly impact development aspects like volumetric calculations, reservoir simulation modeling, and identification of flow assurance issues. Placing PVT data in the proper field context
The document summarizes research on the effect of cathode stoichiometric ratio on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under cold operating conditions. It describes the background on PEMFCs and motivation for studying cold start performance. The project investigated how output voltage of a PEMFC is affected by changing the cathode stoichiometric ratio at room temperature, 0°C, and -3°C. Results showed that increasing the ratio improved performance at room temperature and 0°C but had little effect at -3°C, likely due to ice formation blocking gas flow. Recommendations to address sources of error in the experiment are also provided.
This document provides an overview of chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. It discusses past EOR projects using surfactants that achieved moderate success rates. It then summarizes Oil Chem Technologies' field experience with various EOR projects around the world using their surfactants and alkaline formulations. These projects demonstrated improved oil recovery rates. Finally, it discusses the promising future of chemical EOR, as new processes require less chemicals, field data supports its effectiveness, and chemical costs have not increased as much as oil prices in recent decades, making projects more economically viable.
Optimization of Separator Train in Oil IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of the separator train in the oil industry. It begins with an abstract describing how crude oil extracted from reservoirs is a mixture of oil, gas, water and other impurities. Separators are used to separate these components. The document then provides details on separator tests conducted to determine how the reservoir fluid's volumetric behavior changes as it passes through separators. These tests provide data to optimize separator operating conditions and maximize stock tank oil production. Tables of sample fluid composition and separator test results are included. The objectives of single and multi-stage separator tests are described. Calculations for determining properties like oil formation volume factor, solution gas-oil ratio and stock tank oil gravity are presented using the test data. Overall, the
The document describes research on extracting EPA/DHA from fish oil using a mini-fluidic reactor and comparing it to a batch reactor. Key findings include:
- The mini-fluidic reactor reached equilibrium concentration at 10°C in less than 36 seconds, while the batch reactor took over 15 minutes. Both systems extracted over 75% of omega-3 fatty acids from the fish oil feedstock.
- Flow patterns in the mini-fluidic reactor deviated from the expected slug flow due to the properties of the actual fish oil and silver nitrate solutions used.
- Hydrodynamic studies showed stratified flow occurred rather than slug flow, indicating practical fish oil processing with silver nitrate may require handling stratified flows
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress. In everyday terms (for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity.
Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. For example, high-viscosity magma will create a tall, steep stratovolcano, because it cannot flow far before it cools, while low-viscosity lava will create a wide, shallow-sloped shield volcano.
The less viscous something is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity). All real fluids (except superfluids) have some resistance to stress, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid.
The study of viscosity is known as rheology.
This document discusses thermo-chemical processing methods for energy and cost savings. It summarizes the FC35 process for carburizing components using LPG and CO2 atmospheres. This process allows for carburizing of complex geometries and results in substantial cost savings compared to conventional nitrogen/methanol or endothermic gas methods. Test results show uniform case depths and hardness profiles achieved using the FC35 process.
Peclet Number HDS Sizing Method for Stormwater TreatmentAquaShield, Inc.
In this presentation we explore the predictive performance scaling method for hydrodynamic separators (HDS) using the Peclet number. Using this method can save engineers frustration and time, allowing more accurate assessment of HDS devices.
Using Kittiwake Oil Test Center in Oil Analysis LaboratoryMd. Moynul Islam
This document provides an overview of the Kittiwake Power Plant Laboratory module. It contains analytical instruments for testing parameters of fuels and lubricants used in diesel power plants, including viscosity, water content, total base number, insolubles, density, compatibility, pour point and salt water testing. Instructions are provided on operating the density meter, viscometer, water in oil tester, TBN cell, and other tools included in the Kittiwake module.
DrilSmooth system is a unique, water-based drilling fluid .pptxWaelElEssawy2
DrilSmooth system is a unique, water-based drilling fluid developed for fractured and stabilizing mechanically weak or poorly consolidated formations and drilling high-angle or horizontal wells.
Target Scientific Laboratory Pvt. Ltd is an ISO 17025:2005 accredited laboratory from PNAC, Our lab ID is 109.
Furthermore, we're one and only laboratory in Pakistan which has accreditation of ISO 17025 in transformer oil testing and as well as in private sector only we are OGRA licensed laboratory in PAKISTAN.
The document provides definitions and test procedures for determining properties of concrete materials. It discusses tests to determine SSD bulk specific gravity and water absorption of coarse and fine aggregates, fineness modulus of fine aggregate, and rodded bulk density of coarse aggregate. It also outlines the steps to calculate a design mix for M25 grade concrete using test data for materials' properties and strengths. The design mix calculation involves selecting water-cement ratio, determining cement and aggregate contents, and quantities of materials for 1 cubic meter of concrete.
Evaluation of CO2 Storage Capacity and EOR in the Bakken Shale Oil ReservoirsHamid Lashgari
This paper presents a new perspective in modeling and analyzing efficiency of CO2 and miscible gas injection for potential enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in shale oil plays. Our major focuses are conceptual and fundamental understanding of the dominant trapping and oil recovery mechanisms behind miscible gas injection. The efficiency of the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process in shale oil production has been widely investigated in recent years because of the ultra-low permeability (1 to 100 µD) of shale oil reservoirs and poor geological connectivity between hydraulic fractured wells. Here we used hydrocarbon fluid properties of a Middle Bakken tight oil reservoir, and considered a wide range of permeability (from 1 to 100µD) and isotherm adsorption properties for CO2 and CH4. A large scale numerical model was set up to simulate and capture the important mechanisms behind various miscible gas injection scenarios.
Simulation results reveal that CO2 adsorption and CH4 desorption along with molecular diffusion of hydrocarbon components are crucial in the presence of organic matter content and pores, however, recycle enriched gas injection demonstrated a high oil recovery compared to miscible CO2 injection. Although CO2 adsorption is large in organic rich shale oil based on literature measurements, CO2 efficiency in enhancing oil recovery is not as much as recycle enriched gas with ethane (C2). However, CO2 trapping may be substantial due to adsorption (5.0% to 10%) and other conventional trapping mechanisms, and the amount of CO2 trapped could be a significant fraction of the total injected amount (25% to 50% considering other trapping mechanisms such as CO¬2 dissolution, residual, and free gas). Simulation results strongly support that CO2 molecular diffusion can assist in the deep penetration of CO2 to touch larger surface area of matrix to become adsorbed, as well as dissolved in other coexisting phases and residual trapping.
The document provides instructions for using a Cannon-Fenske viscometer to measure the viscosity of liquids. It describes how to clean and prepare the viscometer, introduce the liquid sample, allow it to reach temperature equilibrium in a bath, and measure the efflux time for the sample to flow between two marks. It then explains how to calculate kinematic and dynamic viscosity from the efflux time and viscometer constant. The document emphasizes using the correct viscometer size for the sample viscosity, avoiding overloading or underloading the viscometer, using the proper calibration constant, and allowing sufficient equilibration time.
Similar to Soheil Talebi General Talk Sep 2016 (20)
1. Leverage Microfluidics Methods to Measure Relevant Canadian Oil
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Lab-on-a chip measurement : Solubility
Soheil Talebi
Supervisor : Dr. David Sinton
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
2. Oil Sand
a mixture of sand, water, clay and bitumen
Bitumen
Bitumen is oil that is too heavy or thick to flow or be pumped
without being diluted or heated
Bitumen
Crude Oil
3. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)
An enhanced oil recovery technology for producing heavy crude oil and bitumen.
Financial and Environmental costs:
- Large quantity of natural gas
- 𝐶𝑂2 Intensive
4. Improvement on SAGD
- Geometrical improvement : related to well configuration
- Chemical improvement: related to the thermal efficiency, fluid saturation and interfacial tension
- Traditional solvent injection (VAPEX)
- Warm solvent injection
- Warm solvent injection with condensation
- Solvent SAGD
5. Why using solvent ?
• Reduce CO2 emissions associated with SAGD
• Enhance the oil recovery
• Extend the range of applicability to thinner reservoirs (higher permeability)
However...!
• lack of quantitative assessment of the pore-scale mechanisms active in this process
• Choice of the right solvent mixture and set of operating conditions for a given reservoir (i.e.
pressure, temperature, injection flow rate, and concentration)
Therefore…!
• Reservoir-relevant fluid properties, solubility and viscosity are also essential to inform the reservoir
models operators’ use in decision making and assessment
6. First phase:
• Recovery factor
• Front velocity
• Emulsion distribution
Second phase:
• Solubility measurement
• Viscosity measurement
Challenges:
• Huge viscosity contrast between bitumen and the solvent (viscosity ratio 107
)
• High operating temperatures necessitating on-chip heater and flow line heating
• Complexity of working with saturated liquid mixtures which requires precise control of relatively low solvent
solubility and diffusion rates
7. Measurement of Oil swelling factor
Advantages:
o Oil swelling can mobile some of the residual oil so that it can be recovered
o Oil swelling also increases oil saturation and consequently the relative permeability of oil
8. Motivations:
Microfluidic solubility measurement
High pressure
High Temperature
High accuracy
Small sample
Fast
Other application:
Mass transfer quantification
Bitumen swelling measurement
Light-medium-heavy oil
Asphaltene precipitation
Why Microfluidic ?
10. Bitumen
mainchannel
Solvent
mainchannel
Bitumen
neck
Bit/solv
cell
L1 and V1
L2 and V2
L1 >> L2 ~ 10 L2: Diffusion doesn’t reach the bitumen main channel.
V2 >> V1 ~ 20-25 V1: swelling factor is not affected by the bitumen in the neck.
A2 > A1: boundary condition can be applied to the bit/solv cell.
Solubility Chip
12. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
C
L (m)
t = 1 s
t = 15 s
t = 60 s
t = 5 min
t = 20 min
t = 50 min
t = 120 min
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
C
L (m)
t = 1 s
t = 15 s
t = 60 s
t = 5 min
t = 20 min
t = 25 min
t = 120 min
L1 + L2
D = 5E-10 m2/s
L1
L2
L2
13. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
C
L (m)
t = 1 s
t = 15 s
t = 60 s
t = 5 min
t = 10 min
t = 50 min
t = 100 min
L1
L2
D = 5E-9 m2/s
L1 + L2 L2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
C
L (m)
t = 1 s
t = 15 s
t = 60 s
t = 5 min
t = 10 min
14. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
C
L (m)
t = 1 s
t = 15 s
t = 60 s
t = 5 min
t = 20 min
t = 50 min
L1
L2
D = 5E-8 m2/s
L1 + L2 L2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
C
L (m)
t = 1 s
t = 15 s
t = 60 s
18. • The inner surface of the chip has been Silanized to make the surface non-wet to bitumen.
• The following procedure is done to proof the swelled bitumen is due to the solubility of the
bitumen not because of the pressure of the propane.
o The chip is filled with bitumen at 65 C. The chip is maintained at this temperature for about 24 hours.
There is no bitumen wall. (Figure 1, 2)
Figure 1 : t = 1 hours Figure 2 : t = 24 hours
BitumenDirection
BitumenDirection
PropaneDirection
PropaneDirection
Proof of concept
19. o Nitrogen is injected into the chip (from the top) at 6, 10, and 20 bar. The effect of pressure
on bitumen has been investigated. (The chip is maintained at 65 C whole time). At 6 and 10
bar there is no sign of change. At 20 bar there is some change on the meniscus and there is
some back flow, however the change is completely different than the effect of swelling.
(Figure 3, 4, 4)
Figure 4 : Nitrogen 10 bar
Time = 60 mins to 120 mins
Figure 5 : Nitrogen at 20 bar
Time = 120 mins to 180 mins
Figure 3 : Nitrogen 6 bar
Time = 0 to 60 mins
25. Chip cleaning
With new surface treatment the chip is 100% re-usable. The cleaning process is fast and easy (4
hours) comparing with non-treated chip which is not 100% cleanable.
Figure 6 : The chip is cleaned and is re-usable
The estimated worldwide deposits of oil are more than 2 trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres);[3] the estimates include deposits that have not been discovered. Proven reserves of bitumen contain approximately 100 billion barrels,[4] and 70.8%, are in Alberta, Canada.[1] Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres[61] (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world.
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD; "Sag-D") is an enhanced oil recovery technology for producing heavy crude oil and bitumen. It is an advanced form of steam stimulation in which a pair of horizontal wells is drilled into the oil reservoir, one a few metres above the other. High pressure steam is continuously injected into the upper wellbore to heat the oil and reduce its viscosity, causing the heated oil to drain into the lower wellbore, where it is pumped out. Dr. Roger Butler, engineer at Imperial Oil from 1955 to 1982, invented the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) in the 1970s
i. (VAPEX) in which solvent remains in vapour phase at reservoir conditions. Solvent vapour diffuses to the adjacent bitumen at the edge of the solvent chamber and dilutes and mobilize the bitumen.
ii. Warm solvent injection in which the solvent is pre-heated. The viscosity of Athabasca bitumen reduces by a factor of 100 when it warms by 25- 30°C. At elevated temperatures, diffusion of solvent is faster and bitumen flows more readily, however, solvent solubility is lower. Thus the effectiveness of this process depends on a combination of factors.
iii. Warm solvent injection w/condensation in which solvent is injected in the vapour state and then condenses within the reservoir. By employing the latent heat of condensation of the solvent, this process is conceptually similar to SAGD. This mode is the first focus of the project.
iv. Solvent-SAGD in which the solvent is co-injected with steam, similar to the traditional SAGD process. This mode is effectively a SAGD process with a solvent additive, and will be the second
focus of the project.
Although solvent based processes offer potential financial and environmental advantages over conventional SAGD, a lack of quantitative performance assessment and a lack of relevant fluid property data are barriers to adoption. Specifically a lack of understanding in solvent/bitumen and solvent/steam/bitumen interactions and the associated pore-scale physics is a major source of uncertainty in solvent-injection and solvent-SAGD operation design and development.