This document discusses the effects of stress on various aspects of individual life and society. Stress can negatively impact the mind by causing tension, anxiety, worry, and lack of confidence. It can also lead to physical issues like headaches, back pain, ulcers, and high blood pressure. On the social front, stress contributes to issues like wars, terrorism, crimes, and environmental destruction. However, the document maintains that through total stress management, one can understand and overcome these effects of stress individually and collectively to realize a dynamic, blissful life of "superliving."
Nuevas temáticas para enseñar y aprender [autoguardado]Nutricion Humana
Este documento discute nuevas temáticas que deberían incorporarse a la enseñanza y el aprendizaje para reflejar mejor los cambios en el mundo. Propone incluir la ecología, la educación para la paz, los problemas del Tercer Mundo y la educación multicultural e intercultural. Argumenta que los estudiantes necesitan prepararse para abordar los desafíos globales del mañana y que la escuela no puede ignorar estas importantes realidades.
The document discusses several key issues related to environment and society:
1. It examines the complex relationships between societies and their environments, how social organizations shape human interactions with nature, and how the environment influences social forms.
2. It provides examples of how human interventions have modified environments over time, such as through deforestation, agriculture, and industrialization, making it difficult to separate natural and human factors.
3. It outlines some major global environmental problems like resource depletion, pollution, and biodiversity loss, noting issues like groundwater decline, soil degradation, indoor air pollution, and water contamination from sewage and agriculture.
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of social structure, stratification, and social processes that will be discussed in the chapter. It defines social structure as the patterns and regularities in social behavior and relationships that give society its form. Social stratification refers to unequal distribution of resources and hierarchical groupings within society. The chapter will examine how social structure and stratification shape three social processes - cooperation, competition, and conflict. It discusses different theoretical perspectives on these concepts, such as functionalism which views them as necessary for social stability, and conflict theory which emphasizes inequality and power dynamics. The document sets up how the chapter will analyze how individuals' positions within social hierarchies influence their ability to engage or resist these social processes.
This document introduces the concept of social institutions and how they are studied in sociology. It discusses that social institutions such as family, religion, politics, economics and education exist to satisfy social needs according to functionalist views, while conflict views see them as operating in the interests of dominant social groups. The document then focuses on the social institutions of family, marriage and kinship, explaining that while they are universal across societies, their specific characteristics vary significantly between cultures. It also discusses how families are linked to and influenced by other social spheres like economic and political systems, and how family forms are diverse and changing over time and place.
1. This chapter discusses key terms and concepts used in sociology to understand society and social groups.
2. It explains that sociology requires specific terminology because common terms do not precisely capture sociological meanings and concepts help unlock an understanding of society.
3. Various types of social groups are discussed, including primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, and reference groups. The evolution of quasi-groups into social groups over time is also addressed.
This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques used in dentistry. It provides details on patient and image receptor positioning, location of the central x-ray beam, and landmarks visualized for lateral skull projections, submentovertex projections, Waters projections, posterioanterior skull projections, and reverse Towne projections. Proper positioning is important to obtain diagnostic images and visualize anatomic structures symmetrically.
This document discusses the effects of stress on various aspects of individual life and society. Stress can negatively impact the mind by causing tension, anxiety, worry, and lack of confidence. It can also lead to physical issues like headaches, back pain, ulcers, and high blood pressure. On the social front, stress contributes to issues like wars, terrorism, crimes, and environmental destruction. However, the document maintains that through total stress management, one can understand and overcome these effects of stress individually and collectively to realize a dynamic, blissful life of "superliving."
Nuevas temáticas para enseñar y aprender [autoguardado]Nutricion Humana
Este documento discute nuevas temáticas que deberían incorporarse a la enseñanza y el aprendizaje para reflejar mejor los cambios en el mundo. Propone incluir la ecología, la educación para la paz, los problemas del Tercer Mundo y la educación multicultural e intercultural. Argumenta que los estudiantes necesitan prepararse para abordar los desafíos globales del mañana y que la escuela no puede ignorar estas importantes realidades.
The document discusses several key issues related to environment and society:
1. It examines the complex relationships between societies and their environments, how social organizations shape human interactions with nature, and how the environment influences social forms.
2. It provides examples of how human interventions have modified environments over time, such as through deforestation, agriculture, and industrialization, making it difficult to separate natural and human factors.
3. It outlines some major global environmental problems like resource depletion, pollution, and biodiversity loss, noting issues like groundwater decline, soil degradation, indoor air pollution, and water contamination from sewage and agriculture.
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of social structure, stratification, and social processes that will be discussed in the chapter. It defines social structure as the patterns and regularities in social behavior and relationships that give society its form. Social stratification refers to unequal distribution of resources and hierarchical groupings within society. The chapter will examine how social structure and stratification shape three social processes - cooperation, competition, and conflict. It discusses different theoretical perspectives on these concepts, such as functionalism which views them as necessary for social stability, and conflict theory which emphasizes inequality and power dynamics. The document sets up how the chapter will analyze how individuals' positions within social hierarchies influence their ability to engage or resist these social processes.
This document introduces the concept of social institutions and how they are studied in sociology. It discusses that social institutions such as family, religion, politics, economics and education exist to satisfy social needs according to functionalist views, while conflict views see them as operating in the interests of dominant social groups. The document then focuses on the social institutions of family, marriage and kinship, explaining that while they are universal across societies, their specific characteristics vary significantly between cultures. It also discusses how families are linked to and influenced by other social spheres like economic and political systems, and how family forms are diverse and changing over time and place.
1. This chapter discusses key terms and concepts used in sociology to understand society and social groups.
2. It explains that sociology requires specific terminology because common terms do not precisely capture sociological meanings and concepts help unlock an understanding of society.
3. Various types of social groups are discussed, including primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, and reference groups. The evolution of quasi-groups into social groups over time is also addressed.
This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques used in dentistry. It provides details on patient and image receptor positioning, location of the central x-ray beam, and landmarks visualized for lateral skull projections, submentovertex projections, Waters projections, posterioanterior skull projections, and reverse Towne projections. Proper positioning is important to obtain diagnostic images and visualize anatomic structures symmetrically.
Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. It has many potential causes including cardiac arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, and vasovagal responses. Management involves stopping any procedures, placing the patient supine with legs elevated, assessing ABCs, providing oxygen, and monitoring vitals. For presyncope, stopping and allowing recovery is usually sufficient while syncope may require interventions like atropine for bradycardia. Thorough history and evaluation of potential causes is important to prevent future episodes.
The document is the Delhi Schedule of Rates 2012 published by the Central Public Works Department of the Government of India. It provides the rates for various construction items for use by CPWD. However, other government departments, public sector undertakings, and private bodies may also use it at their discretion, though CPWD will not be responsible for any issues arising from its use by other parties. The document contains updated rates based on prevailing market prices of materials and wages as of 2011. It includes new items related to emerging construction technologies and green building concepts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help relax the body and lift the mood.
This document is the Central Public Works Department's Analysis of Rates for Delhi, 2007. It provides a comprehensive analysis of rates for various construction-related items and replaces the previous 1997 version. The analysis incorporates current market rates for materials and labor in Delhi. It includes analysis for many new construction items and technologies to account for recent developments in the construction sector. The document is published in two volumes and is intended to serve as a useful reference for government agencies, private builders, and other construction professionals.
This document provides an analysis of rates for construction works in Delhi, India. It contains basic rates for materials, labor, equipment hire, and carriage. The basic rates section includes hire rates for plants like concrete mixers and road rollers. Labor rates are the minimum wages set by the Government of Delhi. Material rates are based on market rates in Delhi from April to October 2007. Sundries are considered at 1 times the cost index. The analysis aims to provide rate analysis for various construction items using the latest construction methods and materials.
Septic tank,soak pit and gi sheet designAlok Kumar
The document provides details on the costs for different components of a septic tank system including:
1) Brick walling, baffle wall, brickwork, concrete, excavation, and PVC piping for the septic tank totaling Rs. 36,457.
2) A soak pit with a radius of 1.5m, depth of 3m, and excavation, brick bats, and piping costs totaling Rs. 17,132.95.
3) A GI sheet shed covering an area of 165 sqm requiring 35 sheets of GI sheet costing Rs. 33,000 along with 10 brick pillars at Rs. 3,500 each, for a total cost of Rs.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete (First Revision). It provides guidelines for the structural use of prestressed concrete, covering both on-site work and precast prestressed concrete units. The code contains four sections dealing with general provisions, materials/workmanship/testing, general design requirements, and structural design using the limit state method. It incorporates changes from the previous version to unify prestressed and reinforced concrete provisions and introduce limit state design concepts.
This document provides an overview of some of the pioneering figures of Indian sociology, including L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer, Sarat Chandra Roy, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukerji, A.R. Desai, and M.N. Srinivas. It discusses how they helped establish sociology as a discipline in India and adapt it to the Indian context during a time when its role and purpose in India were unclear. It also summarizes some of Ghurye's major works and contributions, including his critique of theories about the relationship between caste and race in India.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher and economist who is considered a founding father of sociology. He believed that societal changes are driven by class struggle that results from contradictions within economic systems. Marx argued that societies progress through modes of production such as primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, and capitalism. He analyzed capitalism and believed it would be overthrown through revolution of the working class, leading to a socialist system and then eventually communism with a classless society. Marx emphasized the importance of understanding economic structures and processes to explain how societies function and change over time.
Human beings have existed on Earth for approximately 500,000 years, but civilization has existed for only around 6,000 years. While social change has always occurred, the pace of change has dramatically accelerated in recent centuries. In particular, the most rapid social change has taken place in just the last 50-100 years. Technological developments, economic transformations, political upheavals, and cultural shifts have all contributed to unprecedented levels of social change in the modern world.
1. Participant observation is a key research method in sociology where researchers immerse themselves in the community they are studying by living among the people and participating in their daily lives.
2. This allows researchers to learn about the whole way of life of the community from an insider's perspective rather than just observing as outsiders.
3. Early anthropologists helped establish this method as important by conducting long term field work living with communities, learning their languages and customs, rather than just relying on secondary sources.
This document discusses the concept of culture from a sociological perspective. It begins by defining culture as the common understanding and way of life learned through social interaction. Culture exists within different social contexts and settings. Humans live in diverse natural environments that influence the development of different cultures as people adapt different strategies for coping. Cultures are always changing and cannot be ranked, but judged based on their ability to cope with environmental strains. The document then examines cognitive, normative, and material dimensions of culture.
This chapter introduces sociology as the systematic study of society, distinct from philosophical reflections and common sense observations. It discusses how sociology examines the relationship between individuals and society using the concept of the sociological imagination. Sociology studies both how social forces influence individuals and how individuals can influence society. The chapter also discusses how sociology uses empirical observation and develops concepts, methods, and data to understand society, rather than relying on naturalistic or individualistic explanations.
The document is a report by the Working Group on Labour Laws and Other Labour Regulations for the Planning Commission of India. It provides historical context for India's labour policy and laws, noting their origins in the country's independence movement and constitution. It then summarizes the key labour laws in India, dividing them into those solely enforced by the central government, and those enforced jointly by central and state governments. The report aims to inform labour law reforms and India's 11th Five Year Economic Plan.
The Haryana Dairy Development Co-operative Federation was established in 1977 based on the Anand model of dairy cooperatives. It operates with a three tier system of milk producers societies at the village level, milk unions at the district level, and the state federation as the apex body. The federation's aim is to promote economic interests of milk producers, particularly weaker sections of villages, by procuring, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It oversees the operations of milk unions across Haryana and works to maintain quality standards and best practices.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Fluoride has a long history in dental care and is known to strengthen tooth enamel. Systemic fluorides are ingested or injected forms that allow fluoride to be distributed throughout the body and incorporated into developing teeth and bones. Common systemic fluorides include fluoride tablets, drops, and supplements as well as professionally applied gels and foams.
Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. It has many potential causes including cardiac arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, and vasovagal responses. Management involves stopping any procedures, placing the patient supine with legs elevated, assessing ABCs, providing oxygen, and monitoring vitals. For presyncope, stopping and allowing recovery is usually sufficient while syncope may require interventions like atropine for bradycardia. Thorough history and evaluation of potential causes is important to prevent future episodes.
The document is the Delhi Schedule of Rates 2012 published by the Central Public Works Department of the Government of India. It provides the rates for various construction items for use by CPWD. However, other government departments, public sector undertakings, and private bodies may also use it at their discretion, though CPWD will not be responsible for any issues arising from its use by other parties. The document contains updated rates based on prevailing market prices of materials and wages as of 2011. It includes new items related to emerging construction technologies and green building concepts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help relax the body and lift the mood.
This document is the Central Public Works Department's Analysis of Rates for Delhi, 2007. It provides a comprehensive analysis of rates for various construction-related items and replaces the previous 1997 version. The analysis incorporates current market rates for materials and labor in Delhi. It includes analysis for many new construction items and technologies to account for recent developments in the construction sector. The document is published in two volumes and is intended to serve as a useful reference for government agencies, private builders, and other construction professionals.
This document provides an analysis of rates for construction works in Delhi, India. It contains basic rates for materials, labor, equipment hire, and carriage. The basic rates section includes hire rates for plants like concrete mixers and road rollers. Labor rates are the minimum wages set by the Government of Delhi. Material rates are based on market rates in Delhi from April to October 2007. Sundries are considered at 1 times the cost index. The analysis aims to provide rate analysis for various construction items using the latest construction methods and materials.
Septic tank,soak pit and gi sheet designAlok Kumar
The document provides details on the costs for different components of a septic tank system including:
1) Brick walling, baffle wall, brickwork, concrete, excavation, and PVC piping for the septic tank totaling Rs. 36,457.
2) A soak pit with a radius of 1.5m, depth of 3m, and excavation, brick bats, and piping costs totaling Rs. 17,132.95.
3) A GI sheet shed covering an area of 165 sqm requiring 35 sheets of GI sheet costing Rs. 33,000 along with 10 brick pillars at Rs. 3,500 each, for a total cost of Rs.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete (First Revision). It provides guidelines for the structural use of prestressed concrete, covering both on-site work and precast prestressed concrete units. The code contains four sections dealing with general provisions, materials/workmanship/testing, general design requirements, and structural design using the limit state method. It incorporates changes from the previous version to unify prestressed and reinforced concrete provisions and introduce limit state design concepts.
This document provides an overview of some of the pioneering figures of Indian sociology, including L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer, Sarat Chandra Roy, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukerji, A.R. Desai, and M.N. Srinivas. It discusses how they helped establish sociology as a discipline in India and adapt it to the Indian context during a time when its role and purpose in India were unclear. It also summarizes some of Ghurye's major works and contributions, including his critique of theories about the relationship between caste and race in India.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher and economist who is considered a founding father of sociology. He believed that societal changes are driven by class struggle that results from contradictions within economic systems. Marx argued that societies progress through modes of production such as primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, and capitalism. He analyzed capitalism and believed it would be overthrown through revolution of the working class, leading to a socialist system and then eventually communism with a classless society. Marx emphasized the importance of understanding economic structures and processes to explain how societies function and change over time.
Human beings have existed on Earth for approximately 500,000 years, but civilization has existed for only around 6,000 years. While social change has always occurred, the pace of change has dramatically accelerated in recent centuries. In particular, the most rapid social change has taken place in just the last 50-100 years. Technological developments, economic transformations, political upheavals, and cultural shifts have all contributed to unprecedented levels of social change in the modern world.
1. Participant observation is a key research method in sociology where researchers immerse themselves in the community they are studying by living among the people and participating in their daily lives.
2. This allows researchers to learn about the whole way of life of the community from an insider's perspective rather than just observing as outsiders.
3. Early anthropologists helped establish this method as important by conducting long term field work living with communities, learning their languages and customs, rather than just relying on secondary sources.
This document discusses the concept of culture from a sociological perspective. It begins by defining culture as the common understanding and way of life learned through social interaction. Culture exists within different social contexts and settings. Humans live in diverse natural environments that influence the development of different cultures as people adapt different strategies for coping. Cultures are always changing and cannot be ranked, but judged based on their ability to cope with environmental strains. The document then examines cognitive, normative, and material dimensions of culture.
This chapter introduces sociology as the systematic study of society, distinct from philosophical reflections and common sense observations. It discusses how sociology examines the relationship between individuals and society using the concept of the sociological imagination. Sociology studies both how social forces influence individuals and how individuals can influence society. The chapter also discusses how sociology uses empirical observation and develops concepts, methods, and data to understand society, rather than relying on naturalistic or individualistic explanations.
The document is a report by the Working Group on Labour Laws and Other Labour Regulations for the Planning Commission of India. It provides historical context for India's labour policy and laws, noting their origins in the country's independence movement and constitution. It then summarizes the key labour laws in India, dividing them into those solely enforced by the central government, and those enforced jointly by central and state governments. The report aims to inform labour law reforms and India's 11th Five Year Economic Plan.
The Haryana Dairy Development Co-operative Federation was established in 1977 based on the Anand model of dairy cooperatives. It operates with a three tier system of milk producers societies at the village level, milk unions at the district level, and the state federation as the apex body. The federation's aim is to promote economic interests of milk producers, particularly weaker sections of villages, by procuring, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It oversees the operations of milk unions across Haryana and works to maintain quality standards and best practices.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Fluoride has a long history in dental care and is known to strengthen tooth enamel. Systemic fluorides are ingested or injected forms that allow fluoride to be distributed throughout the body and incorporated into developing teeth and bones. Common systemic fluorides include fluoride tablets, drops, and supplements as well as professionally applied gels and foams.