The document discusses several aspects of the Child Protective Services (CPS) system, including its objectives, processes, services offered, and relationship with outside entities. CPS aims to protect children from abuse and neglect, investigate reports of maltreatment, and help strengthen families. The CPS process involves intake and investigation, determining if intervention is needed, and providing post-investigation services until a case is closed. Risk assessment tools are used to evaluate risk levels and prioritize cases. Recurrence of maltreatment is common, and CPS works with other systems like law enforcement and schools as mandated reporters. A variety of family support services are offered to reduce further abuse and empower parents.
A community based approach to redesigning a placement continuum of careGregory Kurth
Presentated at the Alliance for Children and Families conference in October, 2008. The presentation focused on a comprehensive framework on buiding a child welfare network.
A community based approach to redesigning a placement continuum of careGregory Kurth
Presentated at the Alliance for Children and Families conference in October, 2008. The presentation focused on a comprehensive framework on buiding a child welfare network.
Predicting the future of b2b marketing with NexusCyance
How predictive analytics is transforming b2b marketing by squeezing the value from customer data and driving effective marketing targeting and campaign strategies.
The Renesas YROTATE-IT-RX23T is a complete reference platform based on the 32-bit RX23T MCU, designed to drive any 3-phase Permanent Magnet Motor, with three Power Stages available to drive up to 5KW. The kit can handle up to 48VDC motors, and up to 5Apeak, and is delivered with an intuitive PC GUI to manage the motor speed, display the vector control parameters and provide access to an exhaustive list of parameters: motor intrinsic parameters, PI coefficients, etc. By default, the sensorless Field Oriented Control algorithm uses three shunts for current detection and runs at 16KHz PWM. The PC GUI features auto-tuning and enables self-calibration of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. The complete material of the kits can be downloaded free of charge from: http://www.renesas.eu/motorcontrol
Se analizan la correspondencia del marco legal nicaraguense que regula el trabajo infantil con el marco juridico internacional, las condiciones para realizar una tutela efectiva de los derechos de los noños y adolescentes trabajadores asi como la formulacion de una propuesta de intervencion social para eliminar las peores formas de trabajo infantil .
1Mandated Reporting of Child AbuseStudent’s NameAnastaciaShadelb
1
Mandated Reporting of Child Abuse
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Number and Name
Instructor’s Name
Due Date
Mandated Reporting of Child Abuse
Mandated reporting of child abuse is meant to shield children from the problem. Mandated reporting laws cross disciplines (counseling, psychology, medicine, nursing, education, etc.). Some professionals have criticized these laws on the basis of interfering with their professional relationship with children. Additionally, there are several legal and ethical dilemmas associated with mandated reporting laws, further complicating the professionals’ practice.
Mandated reporting laws are very necessary requirements for a system to protect children. The efforts to find better ways to protect children against maltreatment and neglect by the adults on whom they are dependent began actively during the 1950s. Research by radiologists and pediatricians during the 1950s produced evidence of extensive physical child abuse and killing cases by their caretakers (Duncan, 1994). Kempe et al (1962) , in “Battered-Child Syndrome”, a historic and landmark study, produced valuable empirical evidence on the severity of physical child abuse occurrences by child’s caretakers. The findings in Kempe et al (1962) raised public concerns with the burgeoning child abuse and neglect cases, leading to the quick development and enactment of mandatory reporting of child maltreatment laws in every state in the US (Duncan, 1994).
Specifically, the CAPTA (Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act) directs each State to develop and enact procedures or provisions for mandating specific [group of] individuals to report either suspected or known child abuse and neglect cases. Thus, all USA States, and the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have statutory provisions mandating child abuse reporting by certain professional and other persons to the authorities, with the laws also addressing institutional responsibility in making reports, reporter’s identity’s confidentiality, and report-making standards (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019). The mandated child abuse reporting laws have had a positive impact in the fight against child maltreatment, especially by increasing the number of cases being reported to the authorities for further remedial actions. For instance, thanks to the mandated child abuse reporting law’s enactment in every State, the number of reports experienced a meteoric rise nationally from 10,000 in 1962 to almost over 3 million in 1992. One effect of this positive development is that it has led to the child welfare agencies’ unanticipated transformation into protective services agencies for children. Furthermore, nationwide data also suggests and attributes substantial reduction in child abuse-related fatalities to increased reporting (Duncan, 1994).
However, the mandated child abuse reporting laws have al ...
1Running head CHILD WELFARE IN HUMAN SERVICES PROFESSION8CH.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CHILD WELFARE IN HUMAN SERVICES PROFESSION
8
CHILD WELFARE IN HUMAN SERVICES PROFESSION
Child welfare in human services profession
Liberty University
Azurdee Y. Brown
Dr. Daniel Marston
Introduction to Human Services Counseling/HSCO 500
OUTLINE
It is important to ensure that children under the foster system care receive undying love and care from the people assigned different jobs in the system. There has been lots of research developed on the issue the primary concern being on child welfare in the human profession based on the foster care systems.
Thesis statement: assessment of the child well-being in the personal business based on the foster care systems.
I. Introduction
Being under the care of people in shelters does not guarantee the safety or rather efficient welfare for children since there are challenges they face, and it is equally important to focus on the issues. In that case, the caregivers must assume the role of a mother and meet their responsibilities regardless of the difficulties. However, at times, it is usually contrary from these, and instead, the caregivers make the lives of these children miserable.
II. Child welfare under foster cares systems overview
A. Introduction
i. Individuals involved; The article pays attention to the foster system caregivers and their significant responsibilities to vulnerable children. To offer support and facilitate foster caregivers it is significant to have an insight on ways they perceive and meet their responsibilities. The analysis was conducted through interview conduction on twenty women who have the responsibility to offer care to the children in the foster homes in Australia. From the examination, these women see themselves as mothers to these kids rather than paid employees. The article also reveals the difficulties and challenges participants go through when taking care of these children in the foster systems. The paper offers crucial information on the challenges the employee in the children welfare foster systems go through, and it will help in making comparisons.
ii. Foster system regulations; There are challenges that children in the foster systems go through, and this article points out one of these, which is maltreatment in foster care. The article draws on a crucial review of a study published in America, the UK, and Australia. The evidence that exists on this issue is inconclusive though the limited available information implies that maltreatment may be recorded for up to two percent of the kids in foster systems annually. The primary focus of the article is of the perpetrators and the abuse nature and the substantiation problems. The article is of importance in this research because it outlines the challenges in the foster care system and the factors that increase these risks on the children and what can be done to correct the situation.
iii. Conditions for a child to be under the foster care system; Different reasons make children be pla ...
CHILD PROTECTION AGENCIES INFOGRAPHIC 2
Child Protection Agency
(
Summary of how
the agency’s philosophies support or align with
t
he philosophical tenets promoted by Adoption and Safe Families Act.
One of the principles and philosophy is dedication. This is an important philosophy for the agency especially for the reason that it promotes the hope and opportunity for the people in need. Performance excellence is also supportive philosophy since it exemplifies the innovativeness and solutions that are based on available evidence, transcend borders and built knowhow. On the other hand, professionalism supports the philosophical tenets promoted by ASAF especially for the reason that it affects the quality of service provided by the child protection agency, the attitude they bring, the associations they create and the commitment towards achieving the goals of the agency.
Integrity enhances the ethical mannerisms of each of the employees within the firm as they
extend their services. Stewardship of the resources is an important philosophy especially for the reason that it increases the transparency and accountability of the employees within the Administration for Children and Families
especially while they handle the organizational resources. Respect is also an important in that it enhances team work amongst their colleagues and the partners
("ACF Vision, Mission, & Values", 2020)
.
)
References
ACF Vision, Mission, & Values. (2020). Retrieved 8 April 2020, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/about/acf-vision-mission-values
ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
Vision
"Children, youth, families, individuals and communities who are resilient, safe, healthy, and economically secure"
Mission
"To foster health and well-being by providing federal leadership, partnership and resources for the compassionate and effective delivery of human services."
Principles
Dedication
Excellence
Professionalism
Integrity
Stewardship
Respect
PRIORITIZING CHILD PROTECTION3
Dr. Davis,
Every child should be treasured, protected, and nurtured. When this does not happen, the division of Family and Children Services (DFCS), in partnership with the police and the court system, must step in to ensure the safety of children in compromised situations.
Georgia child abuse and neglect reporting when someone suspect that a child is being abused or neglected, the Office of the Child Advocate (OCA) encourages you to make a report to the Division of Family and Children Services (DFCS). In order to make a report to DFCS, you may: Report by phone, by email and FAX.
Reference
Retrieved from https://dfcs.georgia.gov/services/child-abuse-neglect
Prioritizing Child Protection
Karla,
I am enriched. Although, as child protection becomes a primary global agenda, various agencies have taken the lead role of sensitizing the public on the essence of looking after children's welfare and influencing the relevant government authorities to do the same. The Children's B.
Predicting the future of b2b marketing with NexusCyance
How predictive analytics is transforming b2b marketing by squeezing the value from customer data and driving effective marketing targeting and campaign strategies.
The Renesas YROTATE-IT-RX23T is a complete reference platform based on the 32-bit RX23T MCU, designed to drive any 3-phase Permanent Magnet Motor, with three Power Stages available to drive up to 5KW. The kit can handle up to 48VDC motors, and up to 5Apeak, and is delivered with an intuitive PC GUI to manage the motor speed, display the vector control parameters and provide access to an exhaustive list of parameters: motor intrinsic parameters, PI coefficients, etc. By default, the sensorless Field Oriented Control algorithm uses three shunts for current detection and runs at 16KHz PWM. The PC GUI features auto-tuning and enables self-calibration of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. The complete material of the kits can be downloaded free of charge from: http://www.renesas.eu/motorcontrol
Se analizan la correspondencia del marco legal nicaraguense que regula el trabajo infantil con el marco juridico internacional, las condiciones para realizar una tutela efectiva de los derechos de los noños y adolescentes trabajadores asi como la formulacion de una propuesta de intervencion social para eliminar las peores formas de trabajo infantil .
1Mandated Reporting of Child AbuseStudent’s NameAnastaciaShadelb
1
Mandated Reporting of Child Abuse
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Number and Name
Instructor’s Name
Due Date
Mandated Reporting of Child Abuse
Mandated reporting of child abuse is meant to shield children from the problem. Mandated reporting laws cross disciplines (counseling, psychology, medicine, nursing, education, etc.). Some professionals have criticized these laws on the basis of interfering with their professional relationship with children. Additionally, there are several legal and ethical dilemmas associated with mandated reporting laws, further complicating the professionals’ practice.
Mandated reporting laws are very necessary requirements for a system to protect children. The efforts to find better ways to protect children against maltreatment and neglect by the adults on whom they are dependent began actively during the 1950s. Research by radiologists and pediatricians during the 1950s produced evidence of extensive physical child abuse and killing cases by their caretakers (Duncan, 1994). Kempe et al (1962) , in “Battered-Child Syndrome”, a historic and landmark study, produced valuable empirical evidence on the severity of physical child abuse occurrences by child’s caretakers. The findings in Kempe et al (1962) raised public concerns with the burgeoning child abuse and neglect cases, leading to the quick development and enactment of mandatory reporting of child maltreatment laws in every state in the US (Duncan, 1994).
Specifically, the CAPTA (Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act) directs each State to develop and enact procedures or provisions for mandating specific [group of] individuals to report either suspected or known child abuse and neglect cases. Thus, all USA States, and the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have statutory provisions mandating child abuse reporting by certain professional and other persons to the authorities, with the laws also addressing institutional responsibility in making reports, reporter’s identity’s confidentiality, and report-making standards (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019). The mandated child abuse reporting laws have had a positive impact in the fight against child maltreatment, especially by increasing the number of cases being reported to the authorities for further remedial actions. For instance, thanks to the mandated child abuse reporting law’s enactment in every State, the number of reports experienced a meteoric rise nationally from 10,000 in 1962 to almost over 3 million in 1992. One effect of this positive development is that it has led to the child welfare agencies’ unanticipated transformation into protective services agencies for children. Furthermore, nationwide data also suggests and attributes substantial reduction in child abuse-related fatalities to increased reporting (Duncan, 1994).
However, the mandated child abuse reporting laws have al ...
1Running head CHILD WELFARE IN HUMAN SERVICES PROFESSION8CH.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CHILD WELFARE IN HUMAN SERVICES PROFESSION
8
CHILD WELFARE IN HUMAN SERVICES PROFESSION
Child welfare in human services profession
Liberty University
Azurdee Y. Brown
Dr. Daniel Marston
Introduction to Human Services Counseling/HSCO 500
OUTLINE
It is important to ensure that children under the foster system care receive undying love and care from the people assigned different jobs in the system. There has been lots of research developed on the issue the primary concern being on child welfare in the human profession based on the foster care systems.
Thesis statement: assessment of the child well-being in the personal business based on the foster care systems.
I. Introduction
Being under the care of people in shelters does not guarantee the safety or rather efficient welfare for children since there are challenges they face, and it is equally important to focus on the issues. In that case, the caregivers must assume the role of a mother and meet their responsibilities regardless of the difficulties. However, at times, it is usually contrary from these, and instead, the caregivers make the lives of these children miserable.
II. Child welfare under foster cares systems overview
A. Introduction
i. Individuals involved; The article pays attention to the foster system caregivers and their significant responsibilities to vulnerable children. To offer support and facilitate foster caregivers it is significant to have an insight on ways they perceive and meet their responsibilities. The analysis was conducted through interview conduction on twenty women who have the responsibility to offer care to the children in the foster homes in Australia. From the examination, these women see themselves as mothers to these kids rather than paid employees. The article also reveals the difficulties and challenges participants go through when taking care of these children in the foster systems. The paper offers crucial information on the challenges the employee in the children welfare foster systems go through, and it will help in making comparisons.
ii. Foster system regulations; There are challenges that children in the foster systems go through, and this article points out one of these, which is maltreatment in foster care. The article draws on a crucial review of a study published in America, the UK, and Australia. The evidence that exists on this issue is inconclusive though the limited available information implies that maltreatment may be recorded for up to two percent of the kids in foster systems annually. The primary focus of the article is of the perpetrators and the abuse nature and the substantiation problems. The article is of importance in this research because it outlines the challenges in the foster care system and the factors that increase these risks on the children and what can be done to correct the situation.
iii. Conditions for a child to be under the foster care system; Different reasons make children be pla ...
CHILD PROTECTION AGENCIES INFOGRAPHIC 2
Child Protection Agency
(
Summary of how
the agency’s philosophies support or align with
t
he philosophical tenets promoted by Adoption and Safe Families Act.
One of the principles and philosophy is dedication. This is an important philosophy for the agency especially for the reason that it promotes the hope and opportunity for the people in need. Performance excellence is also supportive philosophy since it exemplifies the innovativeness and solutions that are based on available evidence, transcend borders and built knowhow. On the other hand, professionalism supports the philosophical tenets promoted by ASAF especially for the reason that it affects the quality of service provided by the child protection agency, the attitude they bring, the associations they create and the commitment towards achieving the goals of the agency.
Integrity enhances the ethical mannerisms of each of the employees within the firm as they
extend their services. Stewardship of the resources is an important philosophy especially for the reason that it increases the transparency and accountability of the employees within the Administration for Children and Families
especially while they handle the organizational resources. Respect is also an important in that it enhances team work amongst their colleagues and the partners
("ACF Vision, Mission, & Values", 2020)
.
)
References
ACF Vision, Mission, & Values. (2020). Retrieved 8 April 2020, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/about/acf-vision-mission-values
ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
Vision
"Children, youth, families, individuals and communities who are resilient, safe, healthy, and economically secure"
Mission
"To foster health and well-being by providing federal leadership, partnership and resources for the compassionate and effective delivery of human services."
Principles
Dedication
Excellence
Professionalism
Integrity
Stewardship
Respect
PRIORITIZING CHILD PROTECTION3
Dr. Davis,
Every child should be treasured, protected, and nurtured. When this does not happen, the division of Family and Children Services (DFCS), in partnership with the police and the court system, must step in to ensure the safety of children in compromised situations.
Georgia child abuse and neglect reporting when someone suspect that a child is being abused or neglected, the Office of the Child Advocate (OCA) encourages you to make a report to the Division of Family and Children Services (DFCS). In order to make a report to DFCS, you may: Report by phone, by email and FAX.
Reference
Retrieved from https://dfcs.georgia.gov/services/child-abuse-neglect
Prioritizing Child Protection
Karla,
I am enriched. Although, as child protection becomes a primary global agenda, various agencies have taken the lead role of sensitizing the public on the essence of looking after children's welfare and influencing the relevant government authorities to do the same. The Children's B.
IMPACTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN5Impacts MalikPinckney86
IMPACTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN 5
Impacts of Domestic Violence on Children
Name of the Student
Instructor
Institution
Course
Date
Abstract
The focus of the research will be oneffects of domestic violence on children with particular attention on those children brought up by intimate partners. Exposing children to domestic violence affects children psychologically, physically and emotionally. Literature suggests that domestic violence has lasting effects on children. This research will focus on children who have reached the school-going age from five years to thirteen years.
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
The study is aimed at researching and finding out the effects of domestic violence on children.
Scope of the Study
This study will focus on domestic violence in families from an intimate partner and how the children are affected by either being victims or witnesses.
The rationale of the Study
When children are exposed to domestic violence, their mental health is negatively affected. These are aspects that affect their ability to feel empathy and make them experience social discomfort. To understand the children's emotions, forensic psychologists use their expertise to assess and identify the sources of the problem.
The hypothesis of the Question
H1:Domestic violence affects the physical and emotional well-being of children
H2: Forensic psychologists provide wholesome support to children who experience or witness domestic violence
Key Concepts
Domestic violence: the abuse of power occurs when a partner physically or psychologically abuses or dominates the other.
Intimate partner violence: this is sexual, physical, or psychological abuse
Child abuse: this is emotional or physical harm by a caregiver to the child.
Forensic Psychologist: an expert in forensics and psychology.
Literature Review
Children living in an abusive home are more likely to experience social alienation. They are mentally affected and hence find it difficult to relate with others. According to Lloyd, this is an effect that affects their performance in school due to lack of concentration (2018). These children are also anxious because they can relate to the events taking place at home. Therefore, they perform poorly because of anxiety and fear that is directed towards adults, including teachers.
Maltreatment of the children affects them over a long time leading to emotional and psychological effects. The physiological changes are due to the effects on the child's brain. This leads to the changes that cause emotional stress and depression. According to Mallett and Schall, domestic violence against children is classified as criminal acts under the law (2019). The impacts they have can affect the future and mental stability of the child.
Although domestic violence is known to cause negative impacts on children, there are more cases not being reported. This is primarily due to the intimidation from the perpetrator (Sullivan, 2018). The child ...
(Re) Considering risk assessment and safety planning in child protection work with domestic violence cases.
Angelique Jenney, MSW, PhD.
Director, F family Violence Services,
Child Development Institute
Asst Prof (Status-Only)
Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work
University of Toronto
As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary obj.docxjesuslightbody
As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary objective depends on which element of the criminal justice system you belong to. For example, judicial branch practitioners interpret the law, law enforcement and security officers serve and protect, and correctional, probation, and parole officers provide care, custody, and control.
Write a 900-word report that discusses biological, psychological, or sociological causes of a violent crime of your choice. Address the following in your report:
· Describe your chosen violent crime.
· Discuss biological, psychological, or sociological causes of your chosen violent crime.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a law enforcement agency, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in the judicial system, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a correctional facility, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
BI never knew which way he would swing…:^ Exploring the Roles
of Substances in the Lives of System-Involved Intimate Partner
Violence Survivors
Jennifer E. O’Brien1
& Dania Ermentrout1 & Cynthia Fraga Rizo1 & Wen Li1 &
Rebecca J. Macy1 & Sarah Dababnah2
Published online: 8 July 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract This article reports findings of a mixed-methods
study exploring the role that substances play in the lives of
service-mandated female survivors of intimate partner vio-
lence (IPV). The study sample consists of 22 women who
had completed a court- and/or child protective services
(CPS)-mandated IPV parenting program. Quantitative results
reveal moderate levels of current substance use and higher
levels of past substance use. Qualitative analyses yield three
key areas of participants’ perspectives of substances and vio-
lence: (a) role of participants’ substance use, including coping
and partner influence; (b) role of partner’s substance use, in-
cluding severity and substance preferences; and (c) relation-
ship between substance use and IPV, including effects on
safety and IPV frequency and severity. We find victimization
is a function of a partner’s—rather than a victim’s—substance
use. Future programming should focus on the overlapping risk
factors between substance use and IPV.
Keywords Substance use .Mandated . Court-involved .
Child welfare system-involved . Child protective services
involvement . Treatment-mandated
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public concern
because IPV directly affects nearly 1 million women each
year, and the effects of IPV have a wide ranging ripple-
effect on others within each woman’s life (Black et al.
Running head FUNDAMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHILD WELFARE UNIVERSAL ORGAN.docxwlynn1
Running head: FUNDAMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHILD WELFARE UNIVERSAL ORGANIZATION
Capstone Project Part I
Alexis Lowe
Professor Marnie Carroll
HUMN 6660: Social Change, Leadership, and Advocacy for Human Service Professionals
Walden University
June 16, 2019
Part 1
The Core Values of the Universal Child Care Organization
The universal child welfare value is the intervening ethical end aimed by the entire characteristics of the child welfare part of the practice. Also, it is a source integration of general basic values of social work because, for children, liberty comprises of the likelihood to grow as well as build up without harm as well as exploitation. The justice of children includes right to basic needs along with nurturance. Moreover, a child does not request to be produced, therefore it is children birthright. Additionally, these privileges are present for the reason that children, similar to adults, are also human beings having intrinsic as well as irreducible value. As a final point, if we do possess some selfless obligation to fellow individuals, it is particularly likely for children because we are the ones who create them to be, reliant on us, they are weak, as well as they lack power and influence.
Another important core value of the universal child welfare organization is known as transparency. through the Universal Child Welfare Organization is allowing the character of human service professionals to walk before them, and use their heart to speak boldly, clearly and with confidence on the societal issue of child welfare. Each year, more than thirty billion dollars is spent on a federal, state and local level in order to stimulate the well-being of vulnerable children and their families. However, with the core value of transparency involved in this nonprofit organization, we are able to promote ongoing quality improvement in child welfare. Even with the core value of transparency, there comes some sort of accountability within the child protection system; as the more we increase transparency in our child protection system the more aware the public is about what is taking place in a day-to-day child protection work, the less likely issues within the system will be overlooked until yet another tragedy takes place.
To contribute to the well-being of the people, groups, families, and global communities, the child welfare agency has formed numerous policy and norms to direct practiced activity, for instance, the application of change theory which will be applied by altering the performance of foster care as well as policies employed to foster care along with the community’s opinion of foster children. Also, it shall start with providing the problems to be transformed to the related parties as well as influencing them to create a way for a change in the manner foster children are treated.
What is its mission?
The mission of the Child welfare is to protect, promote, and improve the protection, wellbeing as well as the healt.
This was the result of a group project completed for the Family Policy (6130) Course at UGA. The assignment instructions were to choose a topic and create a policy brief using research, data, and the family impact analysis to present the selected issue. Three of my fellow classmates and I completed this project and presented it to the class. The sections I singly developed include: "What's the Issue?," "Background," and "References."
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectChildren and YoutAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Children and Youth Services Review
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth
Service needs of children exposed to domestic violence: Qualitative findings
from a statewide survey of domestic violence agencies☆
Kristen A. Berg1, Anna E. Bender, Kylie E. Evans, Megan R. Holmes⁎, Alexis P. Davis2,
Alyssa L. Scaggs, Jennifer A. King
Center on Trauma and Adversity at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Intimate partner violence
Child maltreatment
Family violence
Intervention
Trauma-informed care
A B S T R A C T
Objective: Each year, more than 6% of all U.S. children are exposed to domestic violence and require inter-
vention services from agencies that serve affected families. Previous research has examined detrimental biop-
sychosocial consequences of domestic violence exposure during childhood and the importance of effective
prevention and intervention services for this population. However, less research has explored diverse inter-
vention professionals’ own perspectives on the needs of the domestic violence-exposed children they serve.
Method: This study employed an inductive approach to thematic analysis to investigate intervention profes-
sionals’ reflections and advice regarding the service, policy, and research needs as well as overall strategies to
better protect children exposed to domestic violence.
Results: Respondents articulated four primary themes of (a) building general education and awareness of the
effects of domestic violence exposure on children; (b) the need for trauma-informed care; (c) the salience of
cultural humility in serving affected families; and (d) essential collaboration across service domains.
Respondents discussed these themes in the context of four key systems of care: the clinical or therapy, family,
school, and judicial systems.
Conclusions: Future research should integrate the voices of affected children and families as well as examine
models for effectively implementing these recommendations into practice settings.
1. Introduction
More than a quarter of children are projected to witness domestic
violence (also known as intimate partner violence) in the United States
by the time they reach age 18, with an estimated 6.4% of all children
exposed each year (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, & Kracke,
2009). Domestic violence exposure induces substantial economic
burden nationwide, incurring over $55 billion in aggregate lifetime
costs, including increased healthcare spending, increased crime, and
reduced labor market productivity (Holmes, Richter, Votruba, Berg, &
Bender, 2018). Children who have been exposed to domestic violence
are at higher risk for a range of behavioral and mental health problems
compared with non-exposed children (e.g., Fong, Hawes, & Allen, 2019;
Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Vu, Jouriles, McDonald, &
Rosenfi ...
Effect of Child Protective ServicesSystem Factors on ChildEvonCanales257
Effect of Child Protective Services
System Factors on Child
Maltreatment Rereporting
This study examined how child protective
services (CPS) systems respond to initial and
subsequent reports in the context of child
maltreatment rereporting and to what extent
CPS system factors are associated with the
risk of rereporting after controlling for abuse
type and child and family factors. This study
followed 67,243 families who were reported
to the CPS agencies in seven counties in
Florida for child abuse and neglect over a
period of 5.4 years and found that 14,218
families had one or more child maltreatment
rereports. Key findings include that CPS system factors were
significantly different from initial report to subsequent reports.
Five CPS system factors, reporting source, contact by CPS
workers, investigative level at intake, postinvestigation services,
and duration of CPS involvement were significantly associated
with the risk of child maltreatment rereporting. Multivariate
analyses found that CPS system factors were substantially dif-
ferent for three categories of rereporting, unsubstantiated rere-
ports, substantiated rereports, and recurrence reports.
Interpretations and implications for practice are discussed.
Hwa-ok Bae
Gyeongsang National
University
Phyllis L. Solomon
University of Pennsylvania
Richard J. Gelles
University of Pennsylvania
Tammy White
Greater Philadelphia Urban
Affairs Coalition
33Child Welfare • Vol. 89, No. 3
Child protective services (CPS) systems are designed to identifyvictims of maltreatment and protect them from further victim-
ization. One core goal of CPS investigation and intervention is to
prevent reoccurrence of maltreatment. Despite the extensive services
provided by CPS, large numbers of children experience subsequent
maltreatment. A study from National Child Abuse and Neglect Data
System (NCANDS) found that, between 1998 and 2002, approxi-
mately one-third of 1.4 million children reported in nine states
were rereported, and approximately 17% of victims were revictim-
ized within five years (Fluke, Shusterman, Hollinshead, & Yuan,
2005). These large rereport and revictimization rates suggest that CPS
agencies serve the same abused and neglected children repeatedly.
This cycle of rereporting and recurrence results in significant costs for
CPS agencies and creates a major burden on CPS workers, many of
whom are already struggling with heavy caseloads. More importantly,
repeat cases suggest a failure of CPS’ intended mission to adequately
protect children from revictimization. Accordingly, identification of
factors for child maltreatment rereporting may be the logical prereq-
uisite for developing effective interventions for children and families.
Rereporting and Recurrence
Rereporting possibly results in the subsequent identification of recur-
rence (substantiated or indicated maltreatment). Way, Chung,
Jonson-Reid, and Drake (2001) found that more than 10% of those
whose index event was not substan ...
1. Running head: CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 1
Aspects of the Child Protective Services System
Morgan Pearson
North Central University
2. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 2
According to Allison Sinanan (2011), Child Protective Services are in place to help
victims of any type of neglect and abuse and to protect these victims of any further harm. The
primary objective is to stop any further violation done to the victim. The definition of Child
Protective Services according to Newman and Dannenfelser (2005) is a social service specialized
to children and their families that takes in reports, investigates, and gives resources of
intervention in family relations where the child has been abused in any manner. Research done
by Price et al. (2012) states, it is crucial for workers to build a trusting bond with the clients that
will promote family success. Another major objective is to help build a firm foundation within
the family, providing safety and strengthening relationships (Sinanan, 2011). Child Protective
Services is specially trained to help guide families by connecting to different services provided in
the community (Price et al., 2012). Child Protective Services relation with clients consists of the
investigation period where the case intake and disposition occurs and the intervention period
where the case disposition to the closing of the case (Hwa-ok, Solomon, Gelles, & White, 2010).
The Child Protective Service workers cannot take their decision making role lightly and need to
be constantly thinking of the best interest of the child for their future well-being (Baird, Wagner,
Healy, & Johnson, 1999). It is recommended that Child Protective Services workers have a low
amount of caseloads, to about 15 to 25 client situations (Price et al., 2012). The main elements
within Child Protective Services are: the various influences with the system, workers, and the
clients, the process with handling a case, crucial services offered to promote positive change, and
outside services that influence a child’s safety.
Influences
There are many different forces that influence the system as a whole, the workers, and
even the clients in which come in contact with the system. Child Protective Service workers offer
an array of different history and educational backgrounds adding different viewpoints and values
3. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 3
to helping clients in the proper manner (Baird et al., 1999). In the past, caseworkers had solely
used the case study method, trusting on their past experiences, intuition, and interviewing skills
to help them make the best decision for the client (Baird et al., 1999).
Different services and models that Child Protective Services are based off of vary from
state to state (Doueck, English, DePanfilis, & Moote, 1993). Many of the clients and cases are
families and children living in poverty are more likely to be involved with Child Protective
Services (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). According to Janet Rosenzweig (2008), two-thirds of maltreated
child cases reported are closely related to poverty within the family.
Process
Child Protective Services is the first contact when dealing with reports of maltreated
child cases, and then going through the next steps of investigation and possible intervention
(Sinanan, 2011). When any child or family case comes to the attention of the Child Protective
Services system, they are then closely monitored and inspected (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). Once a
Child Protective Service worker makes the critical decision that a reported case needs the aid of
Child Protective Services, the worker must decide whether to start intervention or intensive in-
home family preservation services or to remove the child to out-of-home care (Baird et al.,
1999). The steps of the Child Protective Services involvement are: to report the source, client
contact by a worker, investigative level at intake, post investigation services, and system
involvement (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). The first stages of investigation is that the Child Protective
Service workers contact the child or family that has been reported for maltreatment by phone
calls and home visits (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). It is the duty of the workers to create and maintain
safe care plans early on for families and children at risk, and check in consistently (Price et al.,
2012). Continual contact with children and families are likely to increase by the worker
monitoring the chances of recurrence of maltreatment reoccurring (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). Making
4. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 4
mistakes in the process of a case can have a range of consequences including injury or death if
the case is not handled correctly (Baird et al., 1999). Workers are also to be flexible, being able
to attend where services are provided such as: courts, clinics, jails, homes, treatment facilities,
and children’s services (Price et al., 2012).
Within the Child Protection Services system is the risk-assessment that helps workers rate
the level of risk that the child may be facing and helps the worker evaluate the best decisions
possible for helping the family (Baird et al., 1999). According to Dale Fitch (2006), the Child
Protective Services created risk assessment scales to measure the amount of risk that a child is
facing as a part of their investigation to help make the best decision for the child and their future.
It is noted that sexual abuse cases are put on a high priority investigation compared to other types
of maltreatment (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). Risk-assessment systems fall under two types that are,
consensus-based systems and actuarial systems. The consensus-based systems are made up of
educational judgments by professionals to predict the outcome of future abuse and neglect a
child is facing (Baird et al., 1999). The actuarial system is the use of empirical studies of current
and future Child Protective Services maltreatment cases and from the studies works create an
instrument to rate the risk of the client from high to low (Baird et al., 1999). When the first risk-
assessment is taken and the results are low, the investigation will be on low priority; where as
high risk is put on a more instant priority of investigation (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). The risk
assessment instrument is just one of many different methods to calculate risk, investigate, and to
make the best choices that will influence the child’s future (Fitch, 2006). By calculating the
overall risk to a child by preforming this assessment, it greatly helps agencies know what cases
are the most serious and how high of a priority the case is (Doueck et al., 1993). To calculate if
the risk-assessment or decision-making is correct, two different aspects have to be accounted for:
reading the social histories and all documents in the case files, and creating vignettes (videotaped
5. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 5
interviews) for rating the risk (Baird et al., 1999). Child Protective Services decided to make the
risk assessment instrument to help other systems or personnel that may be involved with the case
(Fitch, 2006).
Recurrences and Rereporting
Rereporting is more likely to happen while the first stages of the Child Protective
Services investigation is taking place, and it decreases throughout the provided services (Hwa-ok
et al., 2010). A study conducted by the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System showed
that from 1998-2002, one-third of 1.4 million children in only nine states were rereported, and
about 17% of the victims were revictimized again within the next five years (Hwa-ok et al.,
2010). With Child Protective Services having high rates of recurrence, agencies are more than
likely working with the same abused child victims (Sinanan, 2011). The main mission of Child
Protective Services is to investigate and intervene to prevent reoccurrence of maltreatment (Hwa-
ok et al., 2010). When the overall Child Protective Services process is repeated (which includes
intake, investigation, disposition, and placement) this outcomes means that costs are increased
and more pressure on Child Protective Services workers (Sinanan, 2011). When rereporting
occurs, it is key to identify main factors that led to the recurrence of child maltreatment (Hwa-ok
et al., 2010). Child Protective Services agencies already have high demanding cases that put a lot
of pressure on workers; however, repeated cases could suggest some type of failure on the
system and the goal of protecting the child’s future from maltreatment (Hwa-ok et al., 2010).
Various studies have shown that families that have received assorted services have a less likely
chance of recurrence rates; however, the rates may differ according to the results from the
maltreatment (Sinanan, 2011). It is proven that rereporting causes an increase in rates of
recurrence (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). Studies have also shown that recurrences increase when there
is follow up Child Protective Services involved (Sinanan, 2011). A theory that is related to cases
6. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 6
of rerepoting maltreatment is that any sort of continued contact with the Child Protective
Services system in any manner (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). Accurately identifying risk factors in cases
and correctly giving interventions to families is what is needed to stop the reoccurrences of
rereporting of child abuse (Hwa-ok et al., 2010).
Services Offered
Interventions offered by Child Protective Services are put in place to help the family that
is involved with the agency, and by decreasing the chance of further maltreatment to the child
(Sinanan, 2011). All workers should have the knowledge have community resources and the
capability to connect clients to what their specific needs are according to their situation (Price et
al., 2012). The various services offered are: family support services, family group decision
making, family preservation services, case management, parent aid, and more in-home family
support (Sinanan, 2011).
The family preservation services, which are offered under Child Protective Services, goal
is: to provide constant safety within the home, help coach families who are reuniting or adopting,
and to also provide other services to accurately meet the cultural needs of families (Sinanan,
2011). Family support services are more focused on developing stress-free parenting skills to
help correctly raise children, along with seeking other community-based support systems that aid
parents to thrive in their role (Sinanan, 2011). Family support services are found to show lower
rates of recurrence (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). The differences between these two services under the
Child Protective Services umbrella is that family preservation services is to keep the family
intact avoiding the end result of the child placed in foster care; therefore, the goal of family
supportive services is to support the child while the parents are receiving various sorts of
services and resources available to them (Sinanan, 2011).
Outside Services
7. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 7
Other diverse professions require the role of being a mandated a reporter. These
professions include: educators, legal and law enforcement personnel, social services personnel,
medical personnel, mental health personnel, child day care providers and foster care providers
(Sinanan, 2011). Well trained professionals in the field know that they sometimes do not have all
the details correct; therefore, it is extremely important to a certain point to depend on other
outside forces for information from various perspectives and collateral sources that the worker
may of missed themselves (Fitch, 2006). A part of Child Protective Services is working together
with other services providers for the well-being of clients; therefore, a strong bond of trust needs
to be created between various networks that Child Protective Services works and collaborates
with (Price et al., 2012). These various staff members from other agencies and Child Protective
Services are to work together to create clear identification, referral, response policies, and
continual training (Price et al., 2012). Various sources that are deemed to be highly creditable
sources are: law enforcement, physicians, nurses, mental health professionals, and teachers
(Fitch, 2006). Reports of sexual abuse are considered a high-investigated rate from school
professionals and other various sources (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). Data from a recent study from the
National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect shows that children who were reported from any
professional from an educational system are at an increase of 25% to be rereported for
maltreatment (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). According to a recent study by the American Humane
Association, the preferred method of investigating reports of child maltreatment is when it is
done in partnership between Child Protective Services and law enforcement (Newman &
Dannenfelser, 2005). Children who were reported by any sort of law enforcement personnel are
9% less likely to be rereported than by social service professionals who first report the
maltreatment (Hwa-ok et al., 2010). Reports from law enforcement systems are taken to be more
of an urgent case compared to other report personnel for reports of physical abuse occurring
8. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 8
(Hwa-ok et al., 2010). It is up to law enforcement to decide if there is enough proof to dictate
criminal charges (Rosenzweig, 2008). Schools and law enforcement systems have an increased
probability to report physical abuse; while medical systems have an increased probability of
reporting sexual abuse; neighbors or friends are more likely to report neglect (Hwa-ok et al.,
2010). It is also noted that working with other outside sources sometimes created a longer time
gap, such as hearing back from other personnel to receive information to help the case move
forward with the means of helping a child at risk (Fitch, 2006).
Personal Comments
Child Protective Services is a system that is close to my heart. I am a youth leader at a
large church and one of the students that I am very close with has a difficult home life. This
student has been a victim of abuse throughout their life and cannot seem to escape it. There have
been a few different instances where leaders from the church have heard reports of maltreatment
occurring, potentially imposing serious life altering consequences to this student and have called
the police. From there the church leaders also contacted Child Protective Services who are in
contact with law enforcement. Child Protective Services is currently in the process of rating this
student’s situation and risk of harm. This situation has become very important to me and in my
attempt to support and help this student, I wanted to find out more about Child Protective
Services and how they operate.
I believe that this system is absolutely beneficial to our society, because it gives children
a voice when they do not think they have one or theirs have been taken from them. Many
children may not ever receive any aid from protecting systems, but there millions who do. Child
Protective Services sees children where they are at in their life and when maltreatment is
occurring they have the authority to intervene into any situation. I also think services like these
are needed to help correct behavior, educate parents on what they are doing wrong and help them
9. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 9
learn the correct, most constructive way to be a parent. I am convinced that workers in this
profession have an extremely difficult job that applies significant pressure on their decisions that
deeply influence the course of a child’s life. It is crucial that Child Protective Services workers
are trained in a highly professional manner allowing them to be effective in their job. Continual
training throughout their careers is invaluable to these professionals, allowing then to remain
sharp and well versed in various their skills levels.
Utilizing Child Protective Services provides a much needed connecting link with other
effective sources of services and systems that the child and family may need to come into contact
with. The Child Protective Services workers are the mediators coordinating these different
services to work together, with keeping the child’s best interest for overall safety at the center of
their work.
Critique of the Literature
The search to find overall literature about the services of Child Protective Services was a
difficult task. There was very few peer-reviewed articles defining the system and why this
services is put into place by the government. There was more information found on the overall
process that takes place when dealing with a case of child maltreatment. Most of the articles
highlighted the process and importance of the investigation stage. More information about the
intervening stage and follow up process would have been beneficial.
Many articles were found regarding the issue of recurrences and rereporting. From the
number of findings, this shows that there is a problem of the success rate after a family has been
in some sort of contact with Child Protective Services in any manner. This is a saddening
observation from the literature and would hope that research is being done to improve the overall
system of how services are executed for the future protection of children. There was many
articles found that included the risk assessment instrument and describe the scale that was used
10. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 10
to measure the risk rate of children’s safety in their situation. Finding information and studies
that showed how this tool is influential on deciphering the level of risk was comforting knowing
that there is an overall standard that is being used.
The articles found informing about services that Child Protective Services offer was
limited. The information that was found just gave a brief summary of different services that are
available to families and mostly parents. More services should be available for the children such
as, various counseling or interactions with potential foster care systems. There was more array of
literature accessible about how other outside systems and personnel play a part of working with
Child Protective Services. The articles found gave a well overview of how these other systems
are important and crucial in protecting children at risk of maltreatment.
Conclusion
Child Protective Services is a system that is crucial to the protection of children from
maltreatment. Various factors influence the system, workers, and even the clients. Investigating
and intervening are crucial steps in the process of working with children and families that have
been reported of signs of maltreatment. Recurrence and rereporting are issues with clients, and if
the system is effective with ending abuse or neglect. Child Protective Services have specific
resources that are in place to provide support to help reconstruct behaviors. Other outside
systems help aid in the overall process of intervening with a child’s case. Personal comments and
critique of the literature was shared. Child Protective Services is key in our society to protect the
well-being of children who cannot speak up for the protection of themselves.
11. CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 11
References
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Services: Consensus and Actuarial Model Reliability. Child Welfare, 78(6), 723-748.
Doueck, H. J., English, D. J., Depanfilis, D., & Moote, G. T. (1993). Decision-Making in Child
Protective Services: A Comparison of Selected Risk-Assessment Systems. Child Welfare,
72(5), 441-452.
Fitch, D. (2006). Examination of the Child Protective Services Decision-Making Context with
Implications for Decision Support System Design. Journal of Social Service Research,
32(4), 117-134.
Hwa-ok, B., Solomon, P. L., Gelles, R. J., & White, T. (2010). Effect of Child Protective
Services System Factors on Child Maltreatment Rereporting. Child Welfare, 89(3), 33-
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Price, A., Bergin, C., Luby, C., Watson, E., Squires, J., Funk, K., & ... Little, C. (2012).
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Program Models. Journal Of Public Child Welfare, 6(2), 149-171.
doi:10.1080/15548732.2012.667730
Newman, B. S., & Dannenfelser, P. L. (2005). Children's Protective Services and Law
Enforcement: Fostering Partnerships in Investigations of Child Abuse. Journal Of Child
Sexual Abuse, 14(2), 97-111. doi:10.1300/J070v14n02•06
Rosenzweig, J. (2008). CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT. Kennedy School Review, 8115-116.
Sinanan, A. N. (2011). The Impact of Child, Family, and Child Protective Services Factors on
Reports of Child Sexual Abuse Recurrence. Journal Of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(6), 657-
676. doi:10.1080/10538712.2011.622354