Downloaded 20 times
Uploaded byRadhaKrishna Arvapally
Smart meters smartgrids-smartcircuitbreaker-v1.3
The document discusses power generation, consumption, and solutions to mismatches between supply and demand. It notes that power generation is mostly constant while consumption fluctuates. This can lead distribution companies to institute power cuts in some areas during peak hours. It proposes using smart meters to charge higher rates during peaks, incentivizing consumers to reduce non-priority usage and alleviating the need for power cuts. This would help match supply and demand better while reducing costs for consumers who have relied on expensive backup generators or inverters during outages.
Smart meters smartgrids-smartcircuitbreaker-v1.3
- 1. “Power Cut” Vs“Power Consumption cut” il. c om ma ly @g circuit breakers’ A discussion about ‘Smart Energy meters’land ‘smart pa r va hn a. a ris aK dh Ra -RadhaKrishna Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com Ver 1.3 +91-99010 79268 2010-Oct-28 Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 2. Power Generation bypower plants Power Generation is almost constant (an exception to this are renewable Green Power generation like wind/tidal/wave/solar/osmotic/biomass/ geothermal power generation, whose output varies with time. c om Hydroelectric/gas/Coal/Petroleum/bio-fuel/Bloom/Nuclear power stations output will be constant unless modified intentionally). il. . g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn x MW ha K Supply Rad Time Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 3. Power consumption byconsumers Power consumption is very fluctuating il. c om g ma al ly@ ap x MW a. arv Supply hn Demand K ris ad ha R Time Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 4. Problem faced byDistribution companies Problem area is shown below il. c om g ma al ly@ ap x MW a. arv Supply hn Demand K ris ad ha R Time Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 5. Solutions What does thedistribution companies do during this period? com as their 1) purchase from other states l. What if the other state is also unable to supply duringithat period ma peak hours also matching? lly@g pa 2) Power CUT to some regions .a r va na some areas using all Kr ish This has a serious problem of ha lights/fans/AC/heater/amusement and other regions living in dark without power forad (mobile charging) and critical equipment like operation R basic theatres in hospitals. Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 6. Power Cut How Powercut works? Divide AP in to power zones and assign priorities. c om Hospitals area, Industrial area, schools area, domestic area will be given different priorities. il. Cut the power to non priority power zones during g mahours. lly @ peak pa r va hn a. a ris aK dh Ra Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 7. Connects to NationalPower Grid How Power Grid looks like State wide Distribution il. c om g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 8. When Power Cutto a power-cut zone… il. c om Some zones g ma becomes dark al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 9. What the powercut leads to When the power is cut, all high priority works (like operation theatre, s/w companies, lifts in 100storied buildings) need alternatives. This leads to market for UPS, Invertors, Generators il. c om g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 10. Impacts These solutions arevery expensive. One time costs: c om An Inverter for a household costs 10K Rs/- l. A backup generator for lift in a small apartment costs iaround 250K A diesel generator for a small shop costs 150K g ma ly@ al5k staff) costs 20M ap arv A diesel generator for IT organization (of Running Cost: na. Kr More than 15 Rs/KWH ish ad ha R Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 11. Alternatives??? During power-cut: households,shops, IT organizations, hospitals don’t run all electrical equipment on Inverters/generators. They only run priority items due to high running cost. c om If every one in all regions uses only priority items and turn-OFF non-priority il. ma items during peak hours (problematic hours), we don’t need to cut power to some regions. g al ly@ priority items? ap But how do we make every one turn off their non How do we make a house wife user v a washing machine in non peak hours? na. their electric cars during non-peak hours? Kr ish How do we make people recharge ad ha How do we make corporates turn off some lights during peak hours? R All of them are being followed when they are running backup generators. Why don’t they follow same when power is supplied without cut? Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 12. Alternatives???? Reason that drivespeople is money. When the regular power is 3 Rs/Unit, we use more. When the backup generator costs 15 Rs/Unit, we tend to conserve. il. c om Why can’t we make people pay more during peak hours? So that people will become conservative? ma lly @g pa r va hn a. a ris aK dh Ra Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 13. Technology limitations Current mechanicalelectric meters does not bill depending on time of use. comshould be We need new technology for doing this. We need smart electric meter to do this for us. This smart. ail meter gm able to record the power consumption during each point of time. So that we can bill as per the usage time al ly@ p too. r va hn a. a ris aK dh Ra Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 14. Result Power consumption nowwill be scaled down depending on price at peak hours m coprice) il. I will scale the graph with x (scaling factor x is proportional to ma lly @g pa r va hn a. a ris aK dh Ra Time Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 15. Result x MW Power consumption now will be scaled depending on price at peak hours I will scale the graph with x il. c om ma Price Time lly@g va pa Time a. ar rishn x MW ha K Rad Time Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 16. Repeated Correction Still haveDemand-Supply Gap? Let me change the price again to further scale down the consumption … Price il. c om 2.0 * Base Price g ma ly@ 1.5 * Base Price al 1 * Base Price ap arv Time hn a. K ris ha x MW Rad Time Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 17. Technology How do weachieve this? We need a smart energy meter (will be called SEM from now onwards in this document) to do this. This meter should be able to record power consumption c om against time (instead of recording cumulative energy consumption). il. ma This energy meter need to be communicated from the central station, who g ly@ does this dynamic stats analysis and price determination. al ap arv This can be easily achieved if we use a GSM/CDMA modem in each meter. a. Central station can send control (either in control channel or SMS) to smart hn ris meter and get ack back for confirmation. ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 18. Technology Do we havesuch smart meters? Yes. m coto central il. ma against time. ICSA does have a smart energy meter which can communicate @g station, but not sure if it can record energy consumption lly pa http://www.icsa-india.com/Solutions/sem.html r va hn a. a ris Google powerdh aKcan record energy consumption against time. R a meter http://www.google.com/powermeter/about/about.html But not sure if it can communicate to central station. Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 19. Advantages? We don’t needto buy power from other states. No “Power Cut”… It is only “power consumption cut”. il. c om ma Disadvantages? g Won’t it be costly to use such meter? al ly@ ap arv Yes. They are costly compared to regular mechanical meter. But a house hold a. will prefer to buy this instead of buying an Inverter. So it is inexpensive hn ris compared to an inverter. ha K An apartment prefers this instead of Lift backup generator. It is cheaper Rad compared to back up generator for lift. A corporate company will buy this for 4K to save his 20M diesel generator. Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 20. Death of oldproducts This solution leads to death of many products now. Inverter fan (Fan with built in inverter) http:// www.clickindia.com/detail.php?id=4785198 Emergency Lights il. c om ma @g Inverter LED Light (LED bulb with built in 4 hours backup) lly UPS pa r va Diesel generators hn a. a ris aK dh Ra Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 21. Implementation practical problems Thiswill be good to install these meters in every house, say in new power distribution installations to a village. But what about the existing installations? What if every one is not ready for replacement, which may cost 4K to replace conventional meter? il. c om g ma So can’t we work out this? al ly@ ap a. arv rishn Nop. We can still work out this. ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 22. Backward compatibility &Migration feasibility Let me take a power-cut zone. This may have max of 10 distribution transformers? (correct me if I am wrong)… il. comCircuit Let me make a new type of circuit breaker, let us call it as Smart Breaker (let use SCB to represent this…). g ma This circuit breaker will have a GSM modem ly a @smart meter does have. al as ap the central station instruction of arv price. This circuit breaker cuts off the power when billing is more than 1.0 timesa. base n of Kr ish ad ha circuit breaker: one is household capacity. Another R transformer capacity. Two variants of this distribution Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 23. Backward solution &Migration feasibility Let me first place these smart circuit breakers with each distribution transformer of a power-cut zone. SCB SCB i c om l. SCB g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad X If an individual x requested for smart meter for “no power cut”. Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 24. Backward solution &Migration feasibility Now I will remove main circuit breaker to that distribution transformer, and place small circuit breaker to other houses in that distribution transformer. So in that power cut zone, there will be houses with power cut, and will be c om houses without power cut. il. g ma al ly@ We don’t need SCB here ap a. arv rishn •We don’t need SCB K for a house with SEM ad ha R SCB SCB SEM X Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 25. Optimization Till now wediscussed about transformer circuit breaker and house circuit breaker. How to make this solution little less cost? . com one pole, iluse a single pole This is by using Pole circuit breaker. If 10 houses are connected to ma then instead of using 10 household circuit breakers, I will circuit breaker. lly@g pa r va hn a. a ris aK dh Ra Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 26. Backward compatibility –Cost optimization il. c om g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K ad •For smart meters R For old meters X Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 27. Optimization Sending SMS toeach SEM every time price changes is expensive. How to address this? We can have data communication over power lines. But we miss an advantage of different tariff change for each customer type. il. c om ma Eg: during peak hours, house hold tariff can become 1.5 times and g commercial tariff can become 1.8 times. al ly@ ap arv Where as data communication over na.(like per customer type and not per SMS allows high flexibility per customer. Kr ish power lines gives less flexibility customer) ad ha R Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 28. Birth of newproducts Okay, now we introduced new products like house-SCB (smart circuit breaker), pole-SCB, distribution-transformer-SCB. il. com birth to Let us discuss about other new problems with this proposal and give other products ma lly @g pa r va hn a. a ris aK dh Ra Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 29. Bill Problem Now an apartment went for a smart meter instead of lift backup generator. But How to cut some corridor lights during high tariff hours which changes dynamically? il. So we need our smart energy meter help us. Because he is the only one who c om ma knows the current billing rate (if it is more 1.0 times of base price) g Line al ly@ Any price. Always ON ap arv P1 (Priority 1) DO-1 DO-2 hn a. P2 Tariff < x * base price L1 (say lift) Smart K ris DO-3 ha P3 < y * base price ad L2 (say some lights) Energy meter R DO-4 Pr = base price L3 P-1 For loads when tariff < base price Lr (Regular Loads) L-1 (say car recharge) Neutral SEM Attachment Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 30. Priorities of electricequipment L1 (Load 1) are the items which we need to run all the time irrespective of billing rate (say lift of an apartment, pump in a fish tank) L2 are the items if the billing rate is below x times of base price (say 1.5) L3 are the items if the billing rate is below y times of the base price (say 1.25) il. These thresholds are configurable by energy-consumer and not fixed. c om ma Lr are the regular Loads which only work for base price. And we don’t care for power g ly@ 0.9 times of base price), so cut. L-1 are the items I want to run during cheaperal A farmer can water his fields in mid night a p Ipricerecharge my electric car during mid (below v and can And that is automatic, I don’t ar price times … na. night when the billing is only 0.7 times are base price. ish really need to worry about tracking high/low ha Kr demand is R adlower than supply. Now distribution companies can give discounts. Okay, we introduced a new concept of cheaper electricity. This is the time when the much (like a broadband connection). Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 31. Discourage higher usage InIndia, as on today, distribution companies uses telescoping billing. This makes low energy users billed at lesser tariff. How do we implement that along with time based billing? . c om ail gm al ly@ ap Price per Unit arv na. ish 1.8 * base price Kr ad ha 1.3 * base price R 1 * base price Units consumed per month Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 32. New billing Calculate theadditional bill the user have to pay for extra usage than base price tariff limit. Add this to time-based calculated bill. il. c om g ma al ly@ ap Price per Unit a. arv Add this to time rishn 1.8 * base price based calculated bill ha K ad 1.3 * base price R 1 * base price Units consumed per month Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 33. New Applications ofSEM As we have a communication channel from central monitoring station, we can use this channel for information sharing with energy consumers. Planned outage for maintenance Bill amount and Due date il. c om g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 34. High level view High level view is given below Line Neutral il. c om ma Central Monitoring & Communication Center ll @g y SEM SCB va pa a. ar hn Control Signals ris Conventional ha K EM Rad SEM Attachment Lr N L1 L2 Lr L-1 N Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 35. High level blockdiagram of SEM Line Neutral GSM/CDMA Current Measurement c om •Serial Communication Modem Current Measurement (RS232) uC il. LCD Display LCD Driver g ma To fool proof with “line reversal and earth return” al ly@ ap •UI for threshold setting arv DOs (Digital Outputs) a. Voltage hn measurement K ris ad ha R Control signals to SEM Attachment Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 36. High level blockdiagram of SCB Line Neutral GSM/CDMA c om •Serial Communication il. Modem (RS232) uC g ma al ly@ ap arv DOs (Digital Outputs) hn a. K ris CB ad ha R Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 37. Market How much marketdoes this SEM, SCB business does have? c om Indian population 110 crores. If we consider 4 people per house, 27.5 crore houses. il. + Industries + corporates + commercials + malls + g ma lly @… pa r va aasa today. so approx houses = 1.7 billion n . on world market (as per http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html ish world population is 6.8 billion houses) ha Kr R ad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 38. FAQ Q: Why doespower distribution company interested in this? A: He is able to sell the power in peak hours for higher price. c om Q: why a consumer would be interested? il. ma A: He can get power for his mobile charging ( ). g ly@ Q: why would I need to pay more for the peaks that others are creating? al ap A: Connect all your load to Pr, so your regular power cut is simulated. You will a. arv not have power in peak hours (as earlier), you don’t need to pay more. ris Q: I don’t want to pay morehnin peak hours. I am happy with power cut. What aK dh makes me go for this SEM? Ra A: In mid night, if the price is below base price (say 0.8 times of your base price), you can save power by running energy intensive equipment like washing machine, dish washer, electric vehicle charging, invertor charging. Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 39. FAQ contd… Q: whatif the spike (peak) shifts to other time. A: it is upto central monitoring station to analyze the statistics it is collecting and dynamically change tariff and send to all SME. com times il. station Eg: If the tariff is 1.5 times for 8AM-9AM today, it can change to 1.8 ma 8:30-10:00 tomorrow. Decision is taken by central monitoring ly@g monitoring daily stats. That algorithm is not covered in this doc. Seasonal lwhich drives price, which drives pa usage also drives usage, which drives stats, usage ;) r va hn a.aSME? ris people to go for SME. If they don’t want power Q: How to educate people on this A: we don’t need aK cut, they will d h tofor SME with distribution company. This is how the people educate Ra applyinverters and generators. got to know about Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 40. FAQ contd… Q: Howto make people understand L1, L2, L3 loads… A: Today, who ever wants inverter, they don’t connect all their loads to inverter. They are selective. On similar grounds, people will be selective on what to connect on L1 connection, what on L2 and L3. il. c om Q: what if the average usage increase. g ma al ly@ A: This solution is only for the f(t) problem. This does not address for the ap arv total consumption increase. Generation companies need to increase generation. na. hone power-cut zone wants SME for the additional Q: what if some peopleis r inare not? aK dh cost involved, and others Ra A: SMEs will be installed only for those who want “no power cut”. Others will still have power cut. Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 41. FAQ contd… Q: Ispower cut that big problem to address? A: Yes. c om http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20021111/newsan1.shtml il. ma http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/fabrics-news/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=63592 @g lly with inverter. pa Q: Do we really have market? I did not see houses a .a rvcity. Houses in towns and villages use A: You must be living in some metro Inverters due to higher raten apower cut. Every shop in town will have a diesel generator. Kri sh of ad ha R http://www.olivetelecom.in/mobile-phone/V-G2300-AAA-battery-mobile/ Q: How to recognize the Demand & supply gap? A: If the demand is more than supply, frequency drops (say less than 49.5Hz). If the demand is less, frequency increases (say more than 50.5Hz) Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 42. FAQ contd… Q:What other advantages this SEM/SCB brings me? A: Turning ON Power after a power cut period puts sudden load on line. We can control to turn ON each SCB one after other (say turning the whole load over a 5 sec interval instead of a few micro-seconds il. c om Q: List a few companies who will have impact? g ma A: al ly@ • http://www.microtekdirect.com ap arv na. • http://www.apc.com/ • http://kirloskarapps.kirloskar.com/kirloskar/ProductIndexPageCategorywise.jsp?CategoryCode =215&offset=20 Kr ish ha • http://www.dieselgenerator.in/ ad • http://dg-newline.en.made-in-china.com/product/beqmGEDruLkx/China-Prime-1000KVA-Diesel-Generator-P R Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 43. Utility (power distribution)companies world wide • http://www.xcelenergy.com • http://www.ndpl.com/ il. c om g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 44. Energy Meter Manufacturingcompanies world wide • http://www.blackmersmartenergy.com • http://www.silabs.com/applications/industrial/Pages/SmartMeters.aspx • http://www.greenplug.us/ • http://www.iwantmygreenplug.com c om • http://www.securetogether.com/ il. • http://www.lntebg.com ma • http://www.arrowasia.com.hk/ g ly@ • http://www.mnenergysmart.com ap al a. arv rishn ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 45. Invertor/Generator/… (Potential Losersby smart grids) world wide • http://www.su-kam.com/ • http://www.apc.com/IN/ • http://www.luminousups.com/ • http://www.kirloskar.com c om • http://www.dieselgenerator.in/ il. g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 46. Bibliography • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources • http://www.dieselserviceandsupply.com/Sizing_A_Generator.aspx •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid • http://www.smartgridreality.com/ c om • http://www.embedded.com/225200108?cid=NL_embedded il. • http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Products/Pages/Going-Green-Bluetooth-Technology.aspx • http://www.silabs.com/applications/industrial/Pages/SmartMeters.aspx g ma ly@ • http://www.eetimes.com/design/embedded/4209515/Robust-design-principles-for-home-smart-grid-metering?cid= NL_Embedded&Ecosystem=embedded ap al arv • http://www.eetimes.com/design/smart-energy-design a. • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-blogs/power-management-designline-blog/4035739/Smart-meters--the-next-political-sid hn NL_Embedded ris • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4198537/Email-Will-the-Smart-Grid-be-worth-the-costs-?cid= NL_Embedded ha K • http://www.eetimes.com/design/embedded-internet-design/4019095/RF-meets-power-lines-designing-intelligent-smart-grid-s Rad NL_Embedded&Ecosystem=embedded • http://www.eetimes.com/design/power-management-design/4008897/Getting-basic-utility-meter-designs-ready-for-the-Smar NL_Embedded&Ecosystem=embedded • http://www.eetimes.com/design/power-management-design/4013588/Smart-Metering-Technology-Promotes-Energy-Efficiency NL_Embedded&Ecosystem=embedded • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4084945/Engineers-plug-into-draft-smart-grid-specs?cid=NL_Embedded Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 47. Bibliography Contd … •http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4085350/Plug-and-play-forum-launches-smart-grid-group?cid= NL_Embedded • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4087095/IEEE-creates-Web-portal-on-smart-grids?cid=NL_Embedded • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4085904/Video-Duke-Energy-CTO-calls-for-open-smart-grids?cid= NL_Embedded c om • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4088166/Smart-grid-group-reaches-out-to-consumers?cid=NL_Embedded il. • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4204800/Meeting-global-smart-grid-groups?cid=NL_Embedded ma • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4084451/Group-bids-to-spend-178M-on-smart-grids?cid=NL_Embedded g • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4084939/Wanted-Power-engineers-for-smart-grids?cid=NL_Embedded NL_Embedded al ly@ • http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-products/electronic-product-reviews/rf-microwave-products/4199292/f0d1b96d-c3b0-4b ap arv • http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-training/webinars/4209498/Issues-and-Best-Practices-for-successful a. NL_Embedded hn • http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-training/tech-papers/4209322/Architecting-New-Age-Smart-Utility-M ris NL_Embedded ha K • http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-training/tech-papers/4132245/Smart-Metering?cid= ad NL_Embedded R • http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-training/tech-papers/4129260/Reducing-Household-Energy-use-thro NL_Embedded • http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-training/tech-papers/4208936/Smart-Grid-and-Metering?cid= NL_Embedded • http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-training/tech-papers/4209390/Securing-Smart-Grid-Devices?cid= NL_Embedded Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com
- 48. Bibliography Contd … •http://innovationobservatory.com/reports/latesttitles?q=reports/smartgrids • http://www.gridweek.com/2010/ • http://www.gridweek.com/2010/#track_428 • http://www.arcweb.com/Domains/SmartGrid/default.aspx?gclid=COzt9JTr3qQCFcWQ3wodAzO2LQ il. c om g ma al ly@ ap a. arv rishn ha K Rad Radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com