Green Terminal Operations

2. Overview
• Review of characteristics of terminals in Asia vs. US West
Coast
• Asian Automation Examples
• US automation plans
• How to decide the best plan for a particular terminal
Page 2

3. Characteristics of Asian Terminals
• Expensive land encourages high density operations
• Moderate/high levels of transhipment, either barge or
mainline
• Low level of rail
• Relatively low labor cost
• Relatively low concern over environmental impact
Page 3

4. Asian Terminals Have Historically used Aggressive
Conventional Means to Achieve Industry Leading
Statistics
• Tall RTGs and empty handlers
• 24/7 operations
• Mid-harbor barge/ship work
• Multi-pick spreaders
• Off-terminal container depots
• High number of cranes per vessel
Page 4

5. Port of Singapore
Page 5

6. TEU per Hectare (1 Ha = 2.47 acres)
90
* Includes 6M TEUs performed
80 midstreams and at other wharves not
included in total container terminal area
70
2010 TEU/Ha in Thousands
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Dubai
Rotterdam
Antwerp
Hong Kong
Port Klang
Long Beach, CA
Vancouver
Los Angeles, CA
Hamburg
Shenzhen
Shanghai
Singapore
Tanjung Pelepas
Page 6

7. 2010 TEU / Berth m
0
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
500
Shanghai
Singapore
Hong Kong
Shenzhen
Dubai
Lifts per Meter of Berth
Rotterdam
Port Klang
Page 7
Antwerp
Hamburg
Los Angeles, CA
Tanjung Pelepas
Long Beach, CA
Vancouver

8. Containers Being Handled without a Berth or Container Yard!
Page 8

9. Ten Cranes on One Ship in China!
Page 9

10. Asian Innovation and Automation
• Historically density driven: very tall RMGs or Bridge cranes
• Recently aided by advanced in crane control and sensors
• High fuel cost is driving switch to electric yard cranes
• Medium/low labor cost has kept horizontal transport
manual
Page 10

11. Example Automated Terminals in Asia
Tokyo
Pusan
Kaohsiung
Singapore
Page 11

12. Pusan Newport, Korea

13. Evergreen Kaohsiung, Taiwan

14. Truck Positioning Guide on RMG in Pusan
Page 14

15. 1-over-8 Bridge Cranes in Singapore
Page 15

16. Bridge Crane Operating Room
Page 16

17. Stacking frame for Reefers in Japan w Solar Panels on
Roof
Oct 2011 World Cargo News
Page 17

18. Characteristics of US West Coast Terminals
• Expensive labor encourages low density operations
• Historic abundance of land
– Ocean fill
– Conversion of breakbulk or military terminals
• Very little transhipment
• High level of rail
• Relatively low concern over environmental impact prior to
early 2000s
• High current level of environmental concern
• Powerful unions have delayed implementation of
automation
Page 18

19. APMT Pier 400 Los Angeles
Page 19

20. USWC Automation Issues
• Mix of greenfield and retrofit projects
• Phasing is important
• Ultra high density is not necessarily critical
• High labor costs make end-loaded systems appealing
because horizontal transport can be automated
Page 20

21. AMPT Norfolk Landside Operation

22. APMT Norfolk Wharf
Manned shuttles are used for transport

23. Euromax Rotterdam

24. AGVs

25. TraPac Los Angeles Layout
ASCs either parallel or perpendicular to wharf
2 ASCs per row

26. Terminal Planning and Analysis Goals
• Match berth and backland capacity and landside transfer
capacity
• Understand equipment cost vs. productivity
• Compare overall costs of options considered
• Compare emissions and other environmental impacts of
options considered
• Communicate planning process to decision makers via
drawings and simulation animations
Page 26

27. Thank You
Page 27

28. Contact Information
• Mark Sisson, PE
AECOM
2101 Webster Suite 1900
Oakland CA, 94612
Phone: 510-844-0549
Email: mark.sisson@aecom.com
Web www.aecom.com
Page 28