HOW COMMON IS SICKLE CELL? Sickle cell is most common among populations with ancestry in sub-Saharan Africa; Spanish-speaking regions in the Western Hemisphere (South America, the Caribbean, and Central America); Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy. The CDC estimates that in the U.S. SCD affects 90,000 to 100,000 Americans. So this ppt will provide adequate knowledge to know about the disease sickle cell anemia. Thanks

1. Sickle Cell Anemia
Biology Project by Satya Mishra

2. Intro
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - 2
PREFACE - 3
INTRODUCTION -4
DIOGNISING SICKLE CELL – 8
TREATMENT OF SICKLE CELL – 9
STEM CELL TRANSPLANT – 10
INTERESTING FACT - 11
GLOBAL MALARIA VECTOR – 12
FAMILIES AND SICKLE CELL – 13
REFERENCES – 14
BEHIND THE STORY – 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY – 16

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express special thanks of gratitude to my Biology teacher
Miss Shefali Mam for the guidance and help in completing the project.
◦I would also like to extend my gratitude to my parents who helped me in
finding the information in finding valid points and information to put up in
this project and even helped me to complete it in a limited time frame.
Date:05/09/2022
Satya Mishra
11th A
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4. PREFACE
This project is intentionally made to give the basic idea of what a Sickle Cell is.
There are numerous topics covered describing Sickle Cell.
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5. Introduction
Presentation title 5
What is Sickle Cell?
Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects the production of red blood cells
in the body. Hemoglobin, the protein in blood cells that carries
oxygen, is not produced correctly. This gives affected blood cells a
sickle, or crescent, shape. These blood cells tend to be stiff and
sticky, and they can block blood vessels in limbs and organs. This
can cause pain, organ damage, and increased risk of infections.

6. HOW COMMON IS SICKLE
CELL?
Presentation title 6
 Sickle cell is most common among populations with
ancestry in
sub-Saharan Africa; Spanish-speaking regions in the Western
Hemisphere (South America, the Caribbean, and Central
America); Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries
such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy. The CDC estimates that in
the U.S.
SCD affects 90,000 to 100,000 Americans.

7. WHAT CAUSES SICKLE CELL?
Presentation title 7
 Sickle cell is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin, beta gene,
referred to as the HBB gene. This gene is located on the short
arm of Chromosome 11, and it controls the production of the
protein hemoglobin.
 The HBB gene contains 1,605 nucleotide base pairs,
and the hemoglobin gene is a sequence of 535
amino acids.
 A change in one nucleotide causes a single amino acid in the
protein to change: glutamic acid is replaced with lysine. This
causes the sickle cell
trait.

8. CAUSES OF SICKLE CELL
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9. DIOGNISING SICKLE CELL
Presentation title 9
• Sickle cell disease and the presence of the sickle cell trait
can be diagnosed with blood tests or genetic tests.
• Sickle cell can be diagnosed at any age, but testing of
newborns is preferred, so that treatment can start as early as
possible.
• The disease can be diagnosed before birth by testing amniotic
fluid or placental tissue.
• Parents can be tested for the trait using the same blood
tests in order to determine if they are carriers.

10. TREATMENT OF SICKLE CELL
Presentation title 10
• In the past, people with sickle cell disease often died between
ages 20 and 40. With treatment, people now live to the age of
50 and beyond.
• A bone marrow transplant (a.k.a, stem cell translpant) can
potentially cure children will sickle cell with success rates of
approximately 85% . However, a donor must be available, and
the transplant procedure is risky, resulting fatality in 5-10% of
cases. Therefore, it is typically only used in severe cases.

11. STEM CELL
TRANSPLANT
• Hematopoietic stem-cell
transplantation is the
transplantation of multipotent
hematopoietic stem cells, usually
derived from bone marrow,
peripheral blood, or umbilical cord
blood in order to replicate inside of
a patient and to produce additional
normal blood cells. It may be
autologous, allogeneic or
syngeneic.
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Presentation title
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

12. INTERESTING FACT
Presentation title 12
• People who carry the sickle cell trait are resistant to malaria, a
deadly insect-born disease. Many researchers believe that this
survival advantage accounts for high rates of the sickle cell trait
in populations that descend from areas where malaria was
historically common.

13. GLOBAL MALARIA VECTOR
Presentation title 13

14. FAMILIES AND SICKLE CELL
Presentation title 14
• For a family with insurance, typical medical costs for a family
member with sickle cell disease range from $10,000-15,000 per
year.
• Parents of children with sickle cell disease need to educate
themselves about symptoms and complications of the disease,
and must monitor their child carefully. Children with the disease
will require frequent doctor’s visits.12 •Patients and family
members often benefit from support groups, where they can
share information and coping strategies.

15. REFERENCES
• Barrow, K. (2011, March 07). Pain, persistence, family: Sickle cell
disease. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/08/health/views/08sickle.html?_r=0 2.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Sickle cell data and
statistics. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/data.html
3. Children's Hosoital of Philadelphia. (n.d.). Overview of sickle cell
disease. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from
http://www.chop.edu/service/hematology/our-
programs/sickle-cell-center/diagnosing-and-treating-sickle- cell-
disease.html#when_best 4. Despommier, D., Racaniello, V., & White, J.
(2004).
Malaria. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from
Presentation
http://www.medicalecology.org/diseases/malaria/malaria.htm.
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16. BEHIND THE STORY
• Mutations and malaria: Pauling's adventure in genetics. (2009, January 13). Retrieved
April 15, 2014, from http://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/mutations-and-
malaria- paulings-adventure-in-genetics 11. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary
of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. (2003). Retrieved April 15,
2014, from http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary.com/sickle%2Bcell%2Bdisease
12. National Institutes of Health. (2012, September 28). Living with sickle cell anemia.
Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-
topics/topics/sca/livingwith.html 13. National Institutes of Health. (2012, September
28). What is sickle cell anemia? Retrieved April 15, 2014, from
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca 14. Oregon State University
Libraries Special Collections & Research Center. (2009, January 13). Mutations and
malaria: Pauling's adventure in genetics. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from
http://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/mutations-and-malaria-paulings-
adventure-in-genetics 15. Reproduced pastel drawing of the hemoglobin structure. 15
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17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.slideshare.net/tcwoolf/sickle-cell-anemia-40505038
 http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Sickle-cell-
anaemia/Pages/Causes.aspx
 http://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/mutations-
and- malaria-paulings-adventure-in-genetics
Presentation title 16
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18. Thank you
11th
Satya Mishra
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