PPT

1. VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY,
JAUNPUR-222003, (U.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY,
FACULTY OF RAJJU BHAIYA INSTITUTE OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCES FOR STUDY AND RESEARCH
Master of Science
(CHEMISTRY)
Presentation on
“RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN SOLAR ENERGY”.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF: PRESENTED BY:
Dr. Nitesh Jaiswal (Assistant Professor) SHIKHA MISHRA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ROLL NO: 23001623050
M.Sc (Chemistry) (IV Sem.)
ENROLMENT NO:
PU20/003984

2. Why Solar?
6.44 0.23
93.34
World Petroleum Consumption by Sector
World Coal Consumption by sector
Commercial
Industrial
Electric
Power
Sector
18.91
13
30.36
3.42
34.39
World Natural Gas Consumption by Sector
Residential
Commercial
Electric Power Sector
Transportation
Industrial
70.65
24.15
1.62.89 0.72 Transportation
Industrial sector
Electric Power Sector
Residential
Commercial
Source: U.S Energy Information Administration
● Power sector: 41.47% of tfte total fossil fuel
consumption in tfte world.
● 16 billion metric tonnes of CO2 pumped into
atmospftere every year!
● Global temperature to rise by 3.6 degree by 2040
witft emission rise of 20%.
● Power Sector must be decarbonized upto 25% to
saturate tfte rise to 2 degree centigrade.

3. ● Fossil fuels account for 61% of the electric power generated in world.
● Decarbinsation of power sector upto 25% - Increase in use of Renewable Energy Sources from 13% to 38% by
2040.
● Solar Energy is one of the cleanest sources of energy.
● Harnessing 5% gives 3000 Trillion kWft – 150 times existing demand of 20 Trillion kWft
● Solar Panel costs are now 154 times cfteaper tftan tftey were in 1970!
38.74
0.75
27.41
0.28
19.47
6.32
13.19
Power Generation witft various fuels
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Otfter Gases
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Hydroelectric Pumped
Storage
Renewable Energy
Why Solar?
47.93
11.92
3.08
3.39
33.68
Renewable Energy Sources
Percentage used for power
generation
Hydro
Biomass
Geotftermal
Solar/PV
Wind

4. Clean Disruption
“By 2030, tfte industrial
age of energy and
transportation will be
over, and will be swept
away completely by
exponentially improving
tecftnologies sucft as
solar, electric vefticles
and self-driving cars”
- Tony Seba
Stanford University
Facts and Projections as laid down by Tony Seba in ftis book “Clean
Disruption of Energy and Transportation”
●
Since 2000, tfte oil Industry's investments have risen three fold by
180%, translating into a global oil supply increase of just 14%.
● Tfte production costs of solar pftotovoltaic panels fall by 22% witft doubling
in infrastructure.
● Globally installed capacity of solar PV grown from 1.4 GW in tfte year
2000 to 141 GW at tfte end of 2013: a compound annual growtft rate of
43%.
●
Solar panel costs are now 154 times cfteaper tftan tftey were in 1970.
●
Solar ftas improved its cost basis by 5,355 times relative to oil since 1970!
● Globally installed solar capacity will reacft 56.7 terrawatts in tfte next 15
years.
● Sftould solar continue its current trajectory, tfte energy infrastructure will be
100% solar by 2030

5. 58
% 18
%
12
%
2
%
1
%
9
%
Sources of Power Generation in India (2013)
Coal
Hydro
RES
Nucle
ar
Diesel
Gas
Power Source Installed Capacity
Thermal 1,30,221 MW
Hydro 39,491 MW
RES 27,542 MW
Gas 20,110 MW
Nuclear 4,780 MW
Diesel 1202 MW
Total 2,23,344 MW
Power Generation in India
● India - Fourtft largest primary power
consumer in tfte world.
● Installed power generating capacity -
2,23,344 MW.
● 70% of total coal consumption is by
Power Sector.
● India is projected to oversftoot USA to
second place in terms of coal
consumption by 2020. [3]
Cftina USA Russia India Japan Africa Germany Canada Brazil Soutft Korea
100
80
60
40
20
0
95.06
31.52
23.92 20.31
17.34 13.47 13.35 12.1 11.52
Total Primary Power Consumption (Quadrillion Btu)
120
105.88

6. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
The mission adopted a 3-phase approach:
● Phase 1: 11tft
Plan and 1st
year of 12tft
plan (2010-2013)
Phase 2: Remaining 4 years of 12tft
plan (2013-2017)
Phase 3: 13tft
Plan (2017-2022)
●
●
# Segment Target for Pftase 1
Cumulative target for
Pftase 2
Cumulative target
for pftase 3
1
Utility Grid Power
including rooftop
1100 MW 10,000 MW 20,000 MW
2 Off Grid Solar Applications 200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW
3 Solar Collectors 7 million sq. mt 15 million sq. mt 20 million sq. mt
JNNSM Capacity Addition Target
Pftase I was divided into two Batcftes:
●
In Batcft-1, capacity addition of 150 MW of grid connected Solar PV plants and 500 MW of solar tftermal
plants was envisaged.
In Batcft-II, Tfte remaining targeted capacity of 350 MW was awarded.
●

7. National Action Plan on Climate Change
Launcfted on 30tft
June 2008. Has 8 missions
1. National Solar Mission
2. National Mission for Enftanced Energy Efficiency
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
4. National Water Mission
5. National Mission for sustaining tfte Himalayan Ecosystem
6. National Mission for a “Green India”
7. National Mission for sustainable agriculture
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate cftange
Aim of National Solar Mission:
a) Deployment of commercial and near commercial solar tecftnologies.
b) Establisfting a solar researcft facility.
c) Realizing integrated private sector manufacturing capacity for solar material, equipment, cells and
modules.
d) Networking of Indian researcft efforts witft international initiatives.
e) Providing funding support for tfte activities foreseen under (a) to (d).

8. 1961 1966 1969 1974 1979 1980 1985 1990 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012
2013
Per capita consumption growtft - 45.9 kWft in 1961 to 917.2 kWft in 2013!
GDP growtft rate of 5.02% as seen in 2013 [4].
IMF estimates tfte growtft to rise to 6.72% by 2019 [5].
IEA projects India and Cftina to ftave lion's sftare of Asia's energy demand
growtft tftrougft 2035 [3].
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Per Capita Consumtion (kWft) gdp growtft rate (%)
Per
capita
consumption
in
kWft
%GDP
growtft
rate
●
●
●
●
Per Capita Consumption in kWh

9. Potential of solar energy
in India
Image Courtesy: Solar Energy Centre, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
●
Located in Equatorial belt.
● Has 300-330 sunny days a year, wfticft is
equivalent to 5000 Trillion kWft.
●
Average solar incidence stands at a robust 4-7
kWft/sq.meter/day.
● Tfte annual global radiation varies from 1600
to 2200 kWft/squared meter
●
JNNSM – 20 GW by
2022
● Upgraded to 100 GW by 2022
● Great Entrepresneurial opportunities
●
5tft position in terms of Renewable Energy
Country Attrativeness Index as publisfted by
Ernst and Young in Marcft 2015[6].

10. Potential of solar energy in India
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Coal Imports from 2000-2012
Year
Metric
Tonnes
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Oil Imports from 2000-2010
Year
Tftousand
Barrels
per
day
● Increase in demand to due to increased per-
capita consumption.
● Mucft of tfte fuel is imported: Greater geo-
political risk.
●
Harnessing Solar Energy reduces
dependancy and increases energy
security.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Gas Imports from 2004-2012
Dry Natural Gas Liquified Natural Gas
Year
Billion
Cubic
Feet

11. Challenges
Technical:
Efficiency:
Crystalline Silicon
PV Cell (c-Si)
Thin Film PV cell Concentrating PV cell
● Constitutes 85% of market.
● Cut from single crystal Silicon
Ingots.
● Processed to create field via
pn junction.
● Positive and negative contacts
added to convert into PV cell.
● Efficiency: 14%-16%
● 100 times tftinner tftan c-Si.
● Very flexible in nature.
● Made by depositing PV material
on substrate sucft as glass,
plastic or metal.
● Efficiency:
● CdTe: 9%-12%
● a-Si (Amorpftous): 6%-9%
● CIGS: 8%-14%
● Tftey use mirrors or lenses to
concentrate sunligftt onto ftigftly
efficient, multi junction PV cell.
● Capable of mucft ftigfter
efficiency since eacft junction is
designed to absorb different
frequency in tfte spectrum.
● Efficiency: Upto 43.5%

12. Challenges
Technical:
Power Grid Integration:
Solar: Unpredictable source giving rise
to variability.
Tftree important cftallenges:
1. Non-Controllable Variability
2. Partial Unpredictability
3. Location Dependancy
Non-Controllable Variability:
● Output of tfte plant is variable.
●
Fluctuation in Voltage and Frequency from seconds to minutes.
● AGC, Spinning reserve, AVRs and FACTS to compensate for small
varations.
●
Increased penetration = Large variations
●
Integration over large area reduces variability
Partial Unpredictability:
● Inability to predict witft exactness wftetfter or not sun will be
available for energy production.
● Process of unit commitment and calculation of reserves becomes
more complex.
●
Advanced unit commitment methods must be adopted.

13. Challenges
Technical:
Power Grid Integration:
Solar: Unpredictable source giving rise
to variability.
Tftree important cftallenges:
1. Non-Controllable Variability
2. Partial Unpredictability
3. Location Dependancy
Location Dependancy:
●
Remotely located solar resources.
Need to build sufficient T&D infrastructure.
Influenced by regional politics making tfte development of
transmission for Renewable Energy complex.
Vision of micro-grid for distributed generation.
●
●
●
●
●
●
Solutions for integrating large-capacity RE:
Grid friendly RE generation: Prioritise reliability and stability over
Maximum Power Generation.
Improved Flexibility in conventional generation
Transmission expansion: Geograpftic diversity can be exploited to
reduce variability.

14. Challenges
Technical:
Storage:
● Unpredictable nature of energy
source.
● Variable power output.
● Need to convert grid to storage
intensive.
●
Two Challenges to be tackled:
● Increase storage capacity
Reduce Storage expense
●
●
●
●
●
Battery storage tecftnology can provide solution upto 50GW
h. Pumped Hydro Stations: Upto 50 Gwh; limited by terrains
To acftieve grid parity, cost of generation and storage must be
comparable to conventional sources.
Conventional battery storage is very expensive and tfterefore
not economical.
Some of the existing storage technologies are:
● Pumped Hydro
Compressed air
Flywheels
Lead acid
batteries
Litftium-ion batteries
Capacitors
SMES
Flow batteries
●
●
●
●
●
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●

15. Solar Policies
RPO (Renewable Purchase Obligation) : Mechanism by which the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
are obliged to purchase a certain percentage of power from RES.
●
A number of State Solar Policies announced in addition to JNNSM.
Gujarat: Announced Solar policy in 2009, aftead of JNNSM.
●
●
1000 MW during tfte first Phase of JNNSM
5000 proposal tuning to Rs. 90 billion.
824 MW installed as on 9tft
Marcft 2013 accounting for 57.2% of installed capacity in India.
Much of tfte success credited to Solar Parks.
●
●
●
●
Revised solar policy of Karnataka launched in 2014.
Addition of 2000 MW by 2022 in phased manner: 1600 MW - Grid connected, 400 MW – Rooftop.
Surplus energy injected paid by the ESCOMs at tariff determined by KERC.
Encouragement for farmers to adopt Solar Powered Irrigation Pump sets.
●
●
●

16. Summary
●
Need for sftift towards Green Energy.
Solar energy – Posseses enougft potential to meet entire energy needs.
Technical Challenges: Efficiency, Power Grid Integration, Storage.
Economic Challenges: LCOE much higher than other sources, need for subsidies to reach grid parity.
JNNSM: 20 GW by 2022
Solar Policy: Gujarat sets benchmark with its policy aiming 1000 MW in first phase.
Karnataka to establish 2000 MW by 2022.
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17. Thank You!