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Hälsoekonomi relaterad till gång och cykling

       Föreläsning vid Transportforum den 11 januari, 2012




                       Peter Schantz
                       dr med sc, professor
research project

 physically active
  commuting in
Greater Stockholm


www.gih.se/pacs
WHO:s definition av hälsa 1948:


”Hälsa är ett tillstånd av fullständigt 
fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt välbefinnande 
och ej endast frånvaron av sjukdom 
eller skröplighet”
Tre aspekter av verkan av fysisk aktivitet 
samt miljöer där fysisk aktivitet äger rum 
som man kan sätta ett ekonomiskt värde på: 


• Sjukdomar
• Förtida mortalitet
• Välbefinnande
välbefinnande
        fysiskt – mentalt – socialt

                   högt




                                      förekomst av
                                       sjukdomar/ 
                                         grad av 
ingen                                   sjuklighet

                                        många/
                                         hög




                   lågt
miljöbetingelser som 
    bidrar till ett 
   välbefinnande




                        nivå av 
                        fysisk 
                        aktivitet




miljöbetingelser som 
    motverkar ett 
   välbefinnande
transporter   fysisk aktivitet




ohälsa                                    hälsa
avgaser
buller
skador
stress

ohälsa     hälsa



           fysisk 
          aktivitet
Om den sammantagna effekten av 
  fysisk aktivitet och trafikmiljöer

30.000 slumpmässigt utvalda personer, ålder 
20‐93, i Köpenhamnsregionen, följdes under 
14.5 år.
Effekten av att cykla till och från arbetet i    
sig (i snitt 3 tim/vecka) var att den förtida 
mortaliteten minskade hos män med 28%.




Källa: Andersen et al. Arch Intern Med 160:1621‐1628, 2000.
avgaser
buller
skador
stress

ohälsa     hälsa



           fysisk 
          aktivitet
Number of trips per day
Mean trip length (km)
Home                         Work
                             place




         = commuting route
       drawn by commuters
Distance

Perception of distance varies with environment
and the degree of usage of a route
antal cykelturer per vecka

10
 9
 8
 7
 6
 5
                                             Cyklister
 4                                           medianvärden
 3
 2
 1
 0
     jan    mars   maj   juli   sept   nov
distans per cykeltur
                              Schematisk beskrivning av grunderna
           X                     för WHO:s hälsoekonomiska
antal cykelturer per dag          beräkningsmodell för cykling


               x


antal cykeldagar per år
                              beräknad ekonomisk besparing genom
           ÷
                               reducerad dödlighet bland cyklister
    medelhastighet


               =


                           relativ risk för dödlighet för cyklister baserad
     antal timmar              på en jämförelse med den reducering av
     cykling per år         risken för dödlighet i Köpenhamn (0.72) som
                           noterats vid 3 timmar cykling per vecka under
                                  uppskattningsvis 36 veckor per år
health economics and physically active commuting


 mortality risk
  reduction




0.72




1.00
           0      1       2      3       4       5
                  hours/week of bicycling commuting
health economics and physically active commuting


 mortality risk                                       morbidity risk
  reduction                                            reduction




1.00                                                            1.00
           0
                  hours/week of bicycling commuting
startpunkt         målpunkt




         färdväg




                      kollektivtrafik
startpunkt = bostad           målpunkt = arbetsplats




Exempel:


Stor-Stockholm
1 miljon vuxna med arbete
5% arbetspendlare per cykel
4 km färdväg mellan bostad och arbetsplats
124 cykeldagar per år
startpunkt = bostad           målpunkt = arbetsplats




Exempel:


Stor-Stockholm
1 miljon vuxna med arbete
5% arbetspendlare per cykel
4 km färdväg mellan bostad och arbetsplats
124 cykeldagar per år
462.3 miljoner SEK per år
Tre aspekter av verkan av fysisk aktivitet 
samt miljöer där fysisk aktivitet äger rum 
som man kan sätta ett ekonomiskt värde på: 


• Sjukdomar
• Förtida mortalitet
• Välbefinnande
Referenser

Andersen, L.B., Schnohr, P., Schroll, M. & Hein, H.O. 2000. All‐Cause Mortality Associated With Physical Activity 
During Leisure Time, Work, Sports, and Cycling to Work. Arch Intern Med. 160:1621‐1628.

Matthews, C.E., Jurj, A.L., Shu, X., Li, H.‐L., Yang, G., Li, Q., Gao, Y‐T & Zheng, W. 2007. Influence of Exercise, 
Walking, Cycling, and Overall Nonexercise Physical Activity on Mortality in Chinese Women. Am. J. Epidemiol., 
165: 1343 ‐ 1350.

Sælensminde, K. 2004. Cost‐benefit analyses of walking and cycling track networks taking into account 
insecurity, health effects and external costs of motorized traffic . Transp Res Part A Policy Pract. 38(8):593‐606.

Schantz, Peter. 2007. Cyklisterna får hjulen att snurra. Understreckare i Svenska Dagbladet den 28 november. 

Schantz, P. 2008. WHO sätter ekonomiskt värde på cykling. Svensk Idrottsforskning 3:47‐51

Schantz, P. & Stigell E. 2009. A criterion method for measuring route distance in physically active commuting. 
Med Sci Sports Exerc 4 (2): 472–478 

Stigell, E. & Schantz, P. 2011. Methods for Determining Route Distances in Active Commuting – Their Validity
and Reproducibility. Journal of Transport Geography 19 (4): 563–574 

WHO 2011. Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling. Methodology and user guide. 
Economic assessment of transport infrastructure and policies. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe

www.gih.se/rhm
Tack för er uppmärksamhet




     www.gih.se/rhm


  peter.schantz@gih.se

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Session 32_1 Peter Schantz