3. INFECTION
⚫ Microbial phenomenon characterised by an inflammatory
response to the presence of micro organisms or the invasion
of normally sterile host tissue by these organisms.
BACTEREMIA
⚫ Presence of bacteria in the blood, as evidenced by positive
blood culture.
4. SEPSIS AND SIRS
• The harmful host response to infection, systemic
response to proven or suspected infection.
• Systemic response to infection manifested by ≥ 2 of:
– Temp > 38oC or < 36oC
– HR > 90 bpm
– RR > 20 bpm or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg
– TLC > 12 x 109/L, < 4 x 109/L
5. SEVERE SEPSIS
⚫Sepsis plus some degree of organ hypofunction, i.e
1. Cardiovascular: SBP ≤90 mmHg or MAP ≤70 mmHg
that responds to administration of IV fluids.
2. Renal: Urine output <0.5 mL/kg per hour for 1 hour
despite adequate fluid resuscitation.
3. Respiratory: Pao2/Fio2 ≤250.
4. Hematologic: Platelet count <80,000/μL or 50% decrease
in platelet count from highest value recorded over previous
3 days.
5.Metabolic acidosis: A pH ≤7.30 or a base deficit ≥5.0
mEq/L and a plasma lactate level >1.5 times upper limit.
6. SEPTIC SHOCK
⚫ Sepsis with hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation
for atleast 1 hr, with perfusion abnormalities .
Or
Need of vasopressors to maintain the blood pressure .
REFRACTORY SEPTIC SHOCK
⚫ Septic shock that last for 1 hour and does not respond to
fluid or pressor administration.
7. Diagnostic Criteria for Sepsis, Severe
Sepsis, and Septic Shock
SEPSIS (DOCUMENTED OR SUSPECTED INFECTION PLUS ≥1 OF THE
FOLLOWING)
GENERAL VARIABLES
• Fever (core temperature, >38.3°C) Hypothermia (core temperature, <36°C)
• Tachycardia (>90 beats per min or >2 SD above the upper limit of the normal range for age)
• Tachypnea
• Altered mental status Substantial edema or positive fluid balance (>20 ml/kg of BW over a 24-hr
• Hyperglycemia (plasma glucose, >120 mg/dl in the absence of diabetes
INFLAMMATORY VARIABLES
• Leukocytosis (white-cell count, >12,000/mm3)
• Leukopenia (white-cell count, <4000/mm3)
• Normal white-cell count with >10% immature forms
• Elevated plasma C-reactive protein (>2 SD above the upper limit of the normal range)
• Elevated plasma procalcitonin (>2 SD above the upper limit of the normal range)
HEMODYNAMIC VARIABLES
• Arterial hypotension (SBP, <90 mm Hg,; MAP <70 mm Hg; or dcrease in SBP>40 mm Hg in adults or
to >2 SD below the lower limit of the normal range for age)
• Elevated mixed venous oxygen saturation (>70%)
• Elevated cardiac index (>3.5 liters/min/square meter of body-surface area)
8. ORGAN-DYSFUNCTION VARIABLES
• Arterial hypoxemia (ratio of the PaO2 to FIO2, <300)
• Acute oliguria (urine output, <0.5 ml/kg/hr or 45 ml/hr for at least 2 hr)
• Increase in creatinine level of >0.5 mg/dl (>44 μmol/liter)
• Coagulation abnormalities (INR, >1.5; or APTT >60 sec)
• Paralytic ileus (absence of bowel sounds)
• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count, <100,000/mm3)
• Hyperbilirubinemia (plasma total bilirubin, >4 mg/dl [68 μmol/liter])
• UREMIA
TISSUE-PERFUSION VARIABLES
• Hyperlactatemia (lactate, >1 mmol/liter)
• Decreased capillary refill or mottling
SEVERE SEPSIS (SEPSIS PLUS ORGAN DYSFUNCTION)
SEPTIC SHOCK (SEPSIS PLUS EITHER HYPOTENSION [REFRACTORY TO
INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS] OR HYPERLACTATEMIA)
9.
10. Newer definition and criteria
⚫Sepsis is defined as life- threatening organ dysfunction
caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
⚫Organ dysfunction can be identified as an acute change
in total SOFA score 2 points consequent to the
infection.
⚫ SOFA score 2 reflects an over all mortality risk of
approximately 10% in a general hospital population
14. causes
contamination of woumds from
1) from hospital enviorment
2) from patients skin
3) from patients git tract
4) from patients urine
5) commensals of repiratory tract
6) from iv lines
7) from cvp
8) from foleys tract
9) from ventilatory tubings
10 ) from attendants visiting patient
15. Type of infections ?
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gram pos Gram neg Fungal
Early
Late
Cohen et al, J Infect Dis 180:116
22. ⚫ Cultures should be sent before starting antimicrobial
therapy .
⚫ At least 2 sets of blood cultures (both aerobic and
anaerobic bottles) should be obtained before antimicrobial
therapy with at least 1 drawn percutaneously and 1 drawn
through each vascular access device, unless the device was
recently (<48 hrs) inserted .
25. INITIAL RESUSCITATION
Goals during the first 6 hrs of resuscitation:
a) Central venous pressure (CVP) 8–12 mm Hg
b) Mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg
c) Urine output ≥ 0.5 mL/kg/hr
d) Central venous (superior vena cava) or mixed venous
oxygen saturation 70% or 65%, respectively
e) In patients with elevated lactate levels targeting
resuscitation to normalize lactate.
27. GOAL-- To administer effective intravenous antimicrobials
within the first hour of recognition of septic shock and severe
sepsis .
a) Initial empiric anti-infective therapy should include one or
more drugs that have activity against all likely pathogens and that
penetrate in adequate concentrations into tissues presumed to be
the source of sepsis.
b) Antimicrobial regimen should be reassessed daily .
c) Use of low procalcitonin or other biomarkers to assist in the
discontinuation of antibiotics in patients who initially appeared
septic, but have no subsequent evidence of infection.
28. a) Combination empirical therapy for neutropenic
patients with severe sepsis, MDR pathogens such as
Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp.
b) Patients with severe infections associated with
respiratory failure and septic shock, combination
therapy with an extended spectrum beta-lactam and
either an aminoglycoside or a fluoroquinolones.
c) Empiric combination therapy should not be
administered for more than 3–5 days.
29. De-escalation to the most appropriate single
therapy should be performed as soon as the
susceptibility profile is known .
Duration of therapy typically 7–10 days; longer
courses may be appropriate in patients who
have a slow clinical response, undrainable foci
of infection, bacteremia with S. aureus; some
fungal and viral infections or immunologic
deficiencies, including neutropenia .
30. Antiviral therapy should be initiated as early
as possible in patients with sepsis of viral
origin.
Antimicrobial agents should not be used in
patients with severe inflammatory states
determined to be of noninfectious cause.
31. Source control
1) Source control should be sought as rapidly as
possible, and intervention should be undertaken for
source control within the first 12 hr after the
diagnosis is made.
2) When infected necrosis is identified as a source of
infection, definitive intervention is delayed until
adequate demarcation of viable and nonviable
tissues has occurred .
3) If intravascular access devices are a possible source
of sepsis, they should be removed after other
vascular access has been established .
32. Site
Sinusitis
Pneumonia
Empyema thoracis
Mediastinitis
Peritonitis
Cholangitis
Pancreatic infection
Urinary tract
Catheter-related bacteremia
Endocarditis
Septic arthritis
Soft tissue infection
Interventions
Surgical decompression of the sinuses
Chest physiotherapy, suctioning
Drainage, decortication
Drainage, debridement, diversion
Resection, repair, or diversion of
ongoing sources of contamination,
drainage of abscesses, debridement of
necrotic tissue
Bile duct decompression
Drainage or debridement
Drainage of abscesses, relief of
obstruction, removal or changing of
infected catheters
Removal of catheter
Valve replacement
Joint drainage and debridement
Debridement of necrotic tissue and
drainage of discrete abscesses
Source control methods for common ICU infections
33. FLUID THERAPY OF SEVERE SEPSIS
• Crystalloids are preferred as the initial fluid of choice.
• Albumin is used in fluid resuscitation when patients
require substantial amounts of crystalloids .
• Initial fluid challenge in patients with sepsis-induced
tissue hypoperfusion with suspicion of hypovolemia to
achieve a minimum of 30 mL/kg of crystalloids.
Fluid challenge technique should be applied and is
continued as long as there is hemodynamic improvement
either based on dynamic (eg, change in pulse pressure,
stroke volume variation) or static (eg, arterial pressure,
heart rate).
34.
35. VASOPRESSORS
1) Target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 65 mm Hg.
Norepinephrine should be the first choice of vasopressor.
2) Epinephrine is used when an additional agent is needed to
maintain adequate blood pressure. Vasopressin 0.03
units/minute can be added to norepinephrine (NE) with intent
of either raising MAP or decreasing NE dosage.
3) Dopamine as an alternative vasopressor agent to
norepinephrine should be only in selected patients ( patients
at low risk of tachyarrhythmias or relative bradycardia.)
36. VASOPRESSOR
⚫Phenylephrine is not recommended in the treatment
of septic shock except in circumstances where
(a) norepinephrine is associated with serious
arrhythmias,
(b) cardiac output is known to be high and blood
pressure persistently low or
(c) as salvage therapy when combined
inotrope/vasopressor drugs and low dose vasopressin
have failed to achieve MAP target .
37. INOTROPIC THERAPY
A dobutamine infusion up to 20 micrograms/kg/min be administered or
added to vasopressor in the presence of
(a) myocardial dysfunction as suggested by elevated cardiac filling
pressures and low cardiac output .
(b) ongoing signs of hypoperfusion, despite achieving adequate
intravascular volume and adequate MAP.
39. BLOOD PRODUCT ADMINISTRATION
⚫ Once tissue hypoperfusion has resolved and in the absence of
extenuating circumstances, such as myocardial ischemia, severe
hypoxemia, acute hemorrhage, or ischemic heart disease, we
recommend that red blood cell transfusion occur only when
hemoglobin concentration decreases to <7.0 g/dL to target a
hemoglobin concentration of 7.0 –9.0 g/dL in adults .
⚫ Not using erythropoietin as a specific treatment of anemia associated
with severe sepsis .
⚫ Fresh frozen plasma not be used to correct laboratory clotting
abnormalities in the absence of bleeding or planned invasive
procedures .
⚫ Not using antithrombin for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic
shock .
⚫ Administer platelets when counts are <10,000/mm3 in the absence of
apparent bleeding. We suggest prophylactic platelet transfusion when
counts are < 20,000/mm3 if the patient has a significant risk of
bleeding. Higher platelet counts ≥50,000/mm3 are advised for active
bleeding, surgery, or invasive procedures .
40. CORTICOSTEROIDS
I/V hydrocortisone should not be used to treat adult septic
shock patients if adequate fluid resuscitation and
vasopressor therapy are able to restore hemodynamic
stability.
In case this is not achieved, i/v hydrocortisone alone at a
dose of 200 mg per day is used.
ACTH stimulation test should not be used in adults with
septic shock who receive hydrocortisone.
In treated patients hydrocortisone should be tapered when
vasopressors are no longer required.
Corticosteroids should not be administered for the
treatment of sepsis in the absence of shock, if
hydrocortisone is given, use continuous flow.
41. EXTERNAL COOLING
⚫ Controlling fever during severe sepsis and septic shock has
potential benefits and adverse effects. the net effects of
which are uncertain.
⚫ External cooling consists of using either an automatic
cooling blanket, or ice-cold bed sheets and ice packs, to
achieve a core body temperature of 36.5 to 37ºC for 48
hours
⚫ RCT- was performed to compare the effects of external
cooling with no external cooling.
Patients in the external cooling group had lower 14-day
mortality (19 versus 34 percent) and were more likely to
have their vasopressor dose lowered by 50 percent (54
versus 20 percent
42. PROTOCOL BASED TREATMENT
⚫ Greater like lihood that the initial antibiotic regimen if not
targeted the culprit microorganisms it controls other
microganisms from making the condition severe , till the culture
comesand right antibiotic combination is started .
⚫correct fluid resuscitation
⚫keeping an eye on Rfts and Lfts
43. Current controversies
⚫Low dose steroids ? / Not confirmed
⚫Intensive insulin therapy ? / Not
confirmed – safety concerns
⚫Activated protein C Licensed but ?
requires confirmation
⚫Goal directed therapy ?/ Requires
confirmation
44. Thiamine as a Metabolic Resuscitator in
Septic Shock
⚫Conclusion: Administration of thiamine did not improve
lactate levels or other outcomes in the overall group of
patients with septic shock and elevated lactate.
⚫ In those with baseline thiamine deficiency, patients in the
thiamine group had significantly lower lactate levels at 24
hours and a possible decrease in mortality over time.
45. Treating Septic Shock: The VANISH Trial
⚫Neither of the two tested doses of AVP reliably produced a
clinically important improvement when administered with
the aim of preventing kidney failure in patients with septic
shock.
46. Take home message…
⚫Identify sepsis early
⚫More and faster fluid
⚫Send cultures early
⚫Antibiotic Fast <1 hr, consider early
antifungals, use biomarkers to deescalate or
stop
⚫Earlier Inotropes, Use norepineprine
⚫PROTOCOL Based treatment.
