The document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of different emotions and stressors on respiratory resistance in asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals. 24 asthmatic and 24 non-asthmatic participants viewed film clips designed to induce various emotions and completed active and passive stressful tasks while respiratory resistance was measured. The study found that emotions and stress can increase respiratory resistance in asthmatics more than non-asthmatics, with passive stressful tasks tending to elicit a stronger response. Sympathetic mechanisms and baroreflex regulation may help explain differences in airway responses to stress between the two groups.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para realizar varias tareas de mantenimiento básico de una computadora, incluyendo escanear para errores, limpiar el historial del navegador, eliminar archivos temporales, desfragmentar el disco duro y usar el programa Ccleaner para eliminar archivos innecesarios. Las instrucciones están acompañadas de imágenes para guiar al usuario paso a paso a través de cada proceso.
Este documento presenta la metodología de una investigación sobre un tema que influye en la sociedad. Se utilizará un diseño de corte transversal y un enfoque explicativo y experimental mediante encuestas y cuestionarios para probar la hipótesis. El estudio tendrá un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo mixto y utilizará un método probabilístico de muestreo aleatorio simple. Las técnicas de investigación incluirán encuestas y entrevistas. La muestra constará de 263 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamente de
El documento habla sobre los tipos de software que se pueden instalar en una computadora. Menciona que el software incluye programas y datos almacenados que controlan las tareas del computador. Explica que hay tres tipos principales de software: software de sistema, software de aplicaciones y software de desarrollo.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de aula sobre salud ocupacional. Se enumeran 6 integrantes y el objetivo de promover y evaluar el estado de salud de los trabajadores para ubicarlos en puestos acordes a sus condiciones. Se brinda información sobre una empresa con números de empleados por área y se definen riesgos laborales. Finalmente, se mencionan normas de seguridad ocupacional.
El documento describe un equipo formado por Sergio Alejandro Gonzalez Jaramillo, Julian Quintana, Oscar Alejandro y David Stiven para estudiar el sistema financiero y los flujos de dinero. Define el sistema financiero como el conjunto de instituciones que canalizan el exceso de dinero de las unidades con superávit hacia las unidades con déficit. Además, señala que el sistema financiero es dinámico y está en constante evolución, por lo que la descripción actual es sólo un momento en el tiempo.
The document discusses web 2.0 tools that can be used in education, outlining categories for evaluating tools, examples of tools, and potential benefits of tools including increased learning, student interaction, and satisfaction while being cost effective. It provides criteria for evaluating tools including instructional value, cost, access, usability, privacy and security, and engagement. Specific tools highlighted that meet the criteria are Voicethread, Infogram, Popplet, Educreations, and Storybird.
Este documento describe un proyecto de un circuito impreso de un regulador realizado por estudiantes para ampliar sus conocimientos sobre electrónica. Explica los componentes clave como diodos rectificadores, MOSFET y temporizadores 555. El proyecto tiene el objetivo de mejorar las habilidades prácticas de los estudiantes en soldadura y fabricación de circuitos impresos, así como reforzar sus conocimientos teóricos sobre los componentes y su funcionamiento.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para realizar varias tareas de mantenimiento básico de una computadora, incluyendo escanear para errores, limpiar el historial del navegador, eliminar archivos temporales, desfragmentar el disco duro y usar el programa Ccleaner para eliminar archivos innecesarios. Las instrucciones están acompañadas de imágenes para guiar al usuario paso a paso a través de cada proceso.
Este documento presenta la metodología de una investigación sobre un tema que influye en la sociedad. Se utilizará un diseño de corte transversal y un enfoque explicativo y experimental mediante encuestas y cuestionarios para probar la hipótesis. El estudio tendrá un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo mixto y utilizará un método probabilístico de muestreo aleatorio simple. Las técnicas de investigación incluirán encuestas y entrevistas. La muestra constará de 263 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamente de
El documento habla sobre los tipos de software que se pueden instalar en una computadora. Menciona que el software incluye programas y datos almacenados que controlan las tareas del computador. Explica que hay tres tipos principales de software: software de sistema, software de aplicaciones y software de desarrollo.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de aula sobre salud ocupacional. Se enumeran 6 integrantes y el objetivo de promover y evaluar el estado de salud de los trabajadores para ubicarlos en puestos acordes a sus condiciones. Se brinda información sobre una empresa con números de empleados por área y se definen riesgos laborales. Finalmente, se mencionan normas de seguridad ocupacional.
El documento describe un equipo formado por Sergio Alejandro Gonzalez Jaramillo, Julian Quintana, Oscar Alejandro y David Stiven para estudiar el sistema financiero y los flujos de dinero. Define el sistema financiero como el conjunto de instituciones que canalizan el exceso de dinero de las unidades con superávit hacia las unidades con déficit. Además, señala que el sistema financiero es dinámico y está en constante evolución, por lo que la descripción actual es sólo un momento en el tiempo.
The document discusses web 2.0 tools that can be used in education, outlining categories for evaluating tools, examples of tools, and potential benefits of tools including increased learning, student interaction, and satisfaction while being cost effective. It provides criteria for evaluating tools including instructional value, cost, access, usability, privacy and security, and engagement. Specific tools highlighted that meet the criteria are Voicethread, Infogram, Popplet, Educreations, and Storybird.
Este documento describe un proyecto de un circuito impreso de un regulador realizado por estudiantes para ampliar sus conocimientos sobre electrónica. Explica los componentes clave como diodos rectificadores, MOSFET y temporizadores 555. El proyecto tiene el objetivo de mejorar las habilidades prácticas de los estudiantes en soldadura y fabricación de circuitos impresos, así como reforzar sus conocimientos teóricos sobre los componentes y su funcionamiento.
Dropbox es un servicio gratuito de almacenamiento en la nube que permite a los usuarios acceder y compartir fácilmente archivos entre dispositivos. Los usuarios instalan Dropbox en sus computadoras y teléfonos, y cualquier archivo agregado a la carpeta Dropbox se sincroniza automáticamente entre todos sus dispositivos y en la web. Esto permite a los usuarios acceder fácilmente a sus archivos desde cualquier lugar y continuar trabajando donde lo dejaron.
Este documento discute varios temas relacionados con la gestión de escuelas y políticas educativas. Explora los desafíos actuales que enfrenta la educación, como promover la calidad sobre la cobertura cuantitativa. También examina cómo las escuelas pueden lograr mayor autonomía dentro de un marco de políticas nacionales que establecen pautas mínimas y evalúan los resultados. El objetivo principal es mejorar la enseñanza a través de una gestión educativa enfocada en la calidad más que en la expansión sin calificaciones
El documento presenta un diagrama circular que muestra los principales componentes de la economía y cómo están relacionados entre sí. En el centro se encuentra la palabra "ECONOMÍA" y alrededor se enumeran factores como la deforestación, la vivienda, la educación, el agua, la escasez, los impuestos, la salud, la vialidad, los bienes, el sector público y privado, las empresas y las exportaciones, que todos generan beneficios para la economía.
Objective and Study Design: Stress is considered as physiological response to the mental, emotional, or physical challenges. Most of the times mental stress provokes body’s “fght or flight” response called as acute stress
response. But prolonged or chronic stress can affect numerous physiological functions, such as growth, immune system, metabolism, reproduction and circulation. The Autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system is most commonly affected by stress and is assessed
by means of heart rate variability (HRV)
Material and Methods: The aim of this study is to establish mental stress and cardiovascular autonomic Nervous System response to mental stress assessed by combining different physiological parameters using HRV and Stroop test as tool. We compared the mean RR interval, Blood pressure and indices of HRV during the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT).A total of 50 normal healthy subjects were participated in this study. Results: Statistically signifcant change in heart rate, RR interval and BP was observed during the stress as compared to resting condition. All the components of HRV (SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, PNN50, LF, HF, LF/HF) were sensitive to stress in all the healthy individuals. Males were more prone to stress when compared to females.
Conclusion: The results suggest that there was increased sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic activity in HRV performed
during the Stroop test and showed statistically signifcant difference among the genders. Both physical and mental stress influence risk factors that may increase risk for cardiovascular diseases and autonomic imbalance
This is a presentation made on stress and related problems related to physiological aspects of it. It also explains General Adaption Syndrome i.e our bodies response to stressor hormone like Oxytocin and cortisol in basic 3 stages, also some of the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions. It gives you general idea about the "Stress curve" .
AQA ALevel Psychology A Unit 2 Stress revision guideShannon Begley
Stress is both a psychological and physiological response to demanding situations. When the body detects a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. This increases heart rate and inhibits non-essential functions to mobilize the body for action. Prolonged stress can negatively impact the immune system and increase risks for diseases over time through direct biological effects, maladaptive coping behaviors, and emotionally-mediated impacts on health habits.
The document discusses various aspects of stress, including:
1. The physiology of stress including the general adaptation syndrome, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, and sympathomedullary pathway.
2. The role of stress in illness and how it can lead to immunosuppression and cardiovascular disorders.
3. Sources of stress such as life changes, daily hassles, and workplace stress. Research on measuring stress through self-report scales and physiological measures is also examined.
psychological aspects of Bronchial asthma.Hiba Ashibany
this lecture ( psychological aspects of bronchial asthma) has been presented by Dr. Heba ashebani/ Abusetta chest center, in the event of Global asthma day 2018.
This document provides an overview of measuring autonomic nervous system regulation through various physiological tools. It begins with background on the autonomic nervous system and its role in the stress response. Tools that can measure aspects of the autonomic nervous system like cardiac, skin conductance, respiratory, and vascular activity are identified. A decision tree is provided to help choose the best tools depending on setting, purpose, ease of use, and validity. The goal is to use these tools to measure changes in autonomic nervous system activation from techniques like mind-body skills and monitor ability to return to homeostasis after stress.
Analytical repertory Of the symptoms of mind -Constantine HeringSalini Mandal
This document provides an overview of the Analytical Repertory by Charles G. Raue. It describes the structure and organization of the repertory, which contains 48 chapters covering physical and mental symptoms. The repertory arranges symptoms according to organs and parts of the body. It also describes the grading system used to indicate levels of provings and clinical verification. Overall, the document gives a high-level description of the layout and approach used in Raue's Analytical Repertory.
The document summarizes key aspects of stress, including:
1. Stress occurs when there is a perceived mismatch between demands placed on an individual and their ability to cope.
2. There are two main pathways by which stress responses occur in the body - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway and the hypothalamic-autonomic nervous system-adrenal medulla pathway.
3. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway involves the hypothalamus signaling the pituitary gland to release ACTH, activating the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids into the bloodstream, producing physiological effects like increased heart rate.
The document provides an overview of sensation and perception, including:
1. It discusses the historical approaches to studying perception from Greek philosophers to modern computational models.
2. It describes the stages of the perceptual process from distal stimuli to recognition and action.
3. It reviews methods for studying perception including behavioral, physiological, and psychophysical approaches.
Stress was traditionally conceptualized as a response to external demands beyond an individual's control. However, more recent research argues that external circumstances only produce stress when an individual perceives demands as exceeding their ability to cope. Several theories aim to explain the mechanisms of stress. Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome model describes the body's non-specific response to stressors. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard's emergency theory proposes that emotional responses occur simultaneously with physiological arousal in response to stressors. Research also examines stress management techniques to help individuals control chronic stress levels and promote well-being.
This document discusses what is known about emotions and feelings from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions as physiological responses to stimuli that are universal, while feelings are personal mental reactions acquired through experience. One study found that manipulating participants' cognitive appraisal of an anxiety-provoking film significantly impacted their physiological stress reactions, supporting the theory that cognition influences emotion. While the study had low ecological validity, other research has found appraisal also impacts emotions in real-life situations. Overall, the document discusses that both cognitive and biological factors interact to produce emotions and feelings.
Stress is the body's response to any demand placed on it and can be caused by both external and internal factors. The body responds to stress through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which trigger the release of hormones like cortisol and neurotransmitters like epinephrine that prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response. While stress responses evolved to be helpful in the short term, prolonged stress over time can negatively impact health and increase risks of diseases and unhealthy behaviors. Managing stress through exercise, meditation, relaxation techniques, and maintaining social support networks can help mitigate stress's harmful effects.
Dropbox es un servicio gratuito de almacenamiento en la nube que permite a los usuarios acceder y compartir fácilmente archivos entre dispositivos. Los usuarios instalan Dropbox en sus computadoras y teléfonos, y cualquier archivo agregado a la carpeta Dropbox se sincroniza automáticamente entre todos sus dispositivos y en la web. Esto permite a los usuarios acceder fácilmente a sus archivos desde cualquier lugar y continuar trabajando donde lo dejaron.
Este documento discute varios temas relacionados con la gestión de escuelas y políticas educativas. Explora los desafíos actuales que enfrenta la educación, como promover la calidad sobre la cobertura cuantitativa. También examina cómo las escuelas pueden lograr mayor autonomía dentro de un marco de políticas nacionales que establecen pautas mínimas y evalúan los resultados. El objetivo principal es mejorar la enseñanza a través de una gestión educativa enfocada en la calidad más que en la expansión sin calificaciones
El documento presenta un diagrama circular que muestra los principales componentes de la economía y cómo están relacionados entre sí. En el centro se encuentra la palabra "ECONOMÍA" y alrededor se enumeran factores como la deforestación, la vivienda, la educación, el agua, la escasez, los impuestos, la salud, la vialidad, los bienes, el sector público y privado, las empresas y las exportaciones, que todos generan beneficios para la economía.
Objective and Study Design: Stress is considered as physiological response to the mental, emotional, or physical challenges. Most of the times mental stress provokes body’s “fght or flight” response called as acute stress
response. But prolonged or chronic stress can affect numerous physiological functions, such as growth, immune system, metabolism, reproduction and circulation. The Autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system is most commonly affected by stress and is assessed
by means of heart rate variability (HRV)
Material and Methods: The aim of this study is to establish mental stress and cardiovascular autonomic Nervous System response to mental stress assessed by combining different physiological parameters using HRV and Stroop test as tool. We compared the mean RR interval, Blood pressure and indices of HRV during the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT).A total of 50 normal healthy subjects were participated in this study. Results: Statistically signifcant change in heart rate, RR interval and BP was observed during the stress as compared to resting condition. All the components of HRV (SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, PNN50, LF, HF, LF/HF) were sensitive to stress in all the healthy individuals. Males were more prone to stress when compared to females.
Conclusion: The results suggest that there was increased sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic activity in HRV performed
during the Stroop test and showed statistically signifcant difference among the genders. Both physical and mental stress influence risk factors that may increase risk for cardiovascular diseases and autonomic imbalance
This is a presentation made on stress and related problems related to physiological aspects of it. It also explains General Adaption Syndrome i.e our bodies response to stressor hormone like Oxytocin and cortisol in basic 3 stages, also some of the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions. It gives you general idea about the "Stress curve" .
AQA ALevel Psychology A Unit 2 Stress revision guideShannon Begley
Stress is both a psychological and physiological response to demanding situations. When the body detects a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. This increases heart rate and inhibits non-essential functions to mobilize the body for action. Prolonged stress can negatively impact the immune system and increase risks for diseases over time through direct biological effects, maladaptive coping behaviors, and emotionally-mediated impacts on health habits.
The document discusses various aspects of stress, including:
1. The physiology of stress including the general adaptation syndrome, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, and sympathomedullary pathway.
2. The role of stress in illness and how it can lead to immunosuppression and cardiovascular disorders.
3. Sources of stress such as life changes, daily hassles, and workplace stress. Research on measuring stress through self-report scales and physiological measures is also examined.
psychological aspects of Bronchial asthma.Hiba Ashibany
this lecture ( psychological aspects of bronchial asthma) has been presented by Dr. Heba ashebani/ Abusetta chest center, in the event of Global asthma day 2018.
This document provides an overview of measuring autonomic nervous system regulation through various physiological tools. It begins with background on the autonomic nervous system and its role in the stress response. Tools that can measure aspects of the autonomic nervous system like cardiac, skin conductance, respiratory, and vascular activity are identified. A decision tree is provided to help choose the best tools depending on setting, purpose, ease of use, and validity. The goal is to use these tools to measure changes in autonomic nervous system activation from techniques like mind-body skills and monitor ability to return to homeostasis after stress.
Analytical repertory Of the symptoms of mind -Constantine HeringSalini Mandal
This document provides an overview of the Analytical Repertory by Charles G. Raue. It describes the structure and organization of the repertory, which contains 48 chapters covering physical and mental symptoms. The repertory arranges symptoms according to organs and parts of the body. It also describes the grading system used to indicate levels of provings and clinical verification. Overall, the document gives a high-level description of the layout and approach used in Raue's Analytical Repertory.
The document summarizes key aspects of stress, including:
1. Stress occurs when there is a perceived mismatch between demands placed on an individual and their ability to cope.
2. There are two main pathways by which stress responses occur in the body - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway and the hypothalamic-autonomic nervous system-adrenal medulla pathway.
3. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway involves the hypothalamus signaling the pituitary gland to release ACTH, activating the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids into the bloodstream, producing physiological effects like increased heart rate.
The document provides an overview of sensation and perception, including:
1. It discusses the historical approaches to studying perception from Greek philosophers to modern computational models.
2. It describes the stages of the perceptual process from distal stimuli to recognition and action.
3. It reviews methods for studying perception including behavioral, physiological, and psychophysical approaches.
Stress was traditionally conceptualized as a response to external demands beyond an individual's control. However, more recent research argues that external circumstances only produce stress when an individual perceives demands as exceeding their ability to cope. Several theories aim to explain the mechanisms of stress. Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome model describes the body's non-specific response to stressors. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard's emergency theory proposes that emotional responses occur simultaneously with physiological arousal in response to stressors. Research also examines stress management techniques to help individuals control chronic stress levels and promote well-being.
This document discusses what is known about emotions and feelings from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions as physiological responses to stimuli that are universal, while feelings are personal mental reactions acquired through experience. One study found that manipulating participants' cognitive appraisal of an anxiety-provoking film significantly impacted their physiological stress reactions, supporting the theory that cognition influences emotion. While the study had low ecological validity, other research has found appraisal also impacts emotions in real-life situations. Overall, the document discusses that both cognitive and biological factors interact to produce emotions and feelings.
Stress is the body's response to any demand placed on it and can be caused by both external and internal factors. The body responds to stress through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which trigger the release of hormones like cortisol and neurotransmitters like epinephrine that prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response. While stress responses evolved to be helpful in the short term, prolonged stress over time can negatively impact health and increase risks of diseases and unhealthy behaviors. Managing stress through exercise, meditation, relaxation techniques, and maintaining social support networks can help mitigate stress's harmful effects.
Exercise and Stress Reactivity in Humans and Animals: A Meta AnalysisErnesto Ramirez
This meta-analysis examined the effect of exercise on stress reactivity in both human and animal studies. For human studies, 47 randomized controlled trials were identified and 30 were included in the analysis, totaling over 1,200 participants. The overall weighted effect size was -0.31, indicating that exercise led to a moderate reduction in stress reactivity. For animal studies, 34 studies were identified and 27 were included, totaling over 400 animals. The overall weighted effect size was -0.33, also showing that chronic free-wheel running led to a moderate reduction in stress reactivity as measured by neuroendocrine markers. The findings provide support for using exercise programs to reduce stress responses and for studying potential mechanisms in animal models.
This document provides an overview of stress, including its definition, types, causes, biological mechanisms, effects, and management. It defines stress as the body's reaction to excessive demands or pressures, and notes there are three main types: acute, episodic, and chronic stress. The biological mechanisms of stress involve the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activating a stress response through the release of cortisol and other hormones. Prolonged stress can negatively impact physical and mental health. Effective stress management includes identifying stressors, adapting coping strategies, and accepting what cannot be changed.
This document provides an introduction to the field of psychophysics. It defines psychophysics as involving the determination of psychological reactions to physical stimuli. Some key concepts discussed include absolute and difference thresholds, as well as classical psychophysical methods like the method of limits and staircase method. The method of limits involves gradually increasing or decreasing a stimulus until the observer reports detecting it. The threshold is calculated as the average point where detection responses change. Weber's law is also summarized, which is that the just-noticeable difference increases with increases in the standard stimulus magnitude.
Kiran and Kawalinder K. Girgla, Richa Ghay and Anterpreet K Arora
International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences (http://www.cibtech.org/jms/htm), 2011 Vol. 1 (1) September-December, 139-143
Neuroscience behind mindfulness seminole state collegeRomila Mushtaq
This document discusses the neuroscience behind mindfulness and mindful living. It describes how mindfulness meditation can help reduce stress and anxiety by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increasing levels of GABA in the brain. Studies show mindfulness techniques like yoga breathing, relaxation response, and mindfulness-based stress reduction can lower test anxiety and improve test performance in students. The document provides an overview of mindfulness programs and techniques.
Neuroscience behind mindfulness seminole state college
Seminar presentation
1. SEMINAR PRESENTATION
Presented By : Amna Maqsood
Roll No : 16
Presented To : Ma’m Umm e Rubab
2. RESEARCH ARTICLE
EMOTIONS AND STRESS INCREASE
RESPIRATORY RESISTANCE IN ASTHMA
THOMAS RITZ , ANDREW STEPTOE ,STEPHEN DEWILDE
AND MARCO COSTA
3. Abstract
Objectives: Clinical reports suggest that
various emotions and types of stress can
precipitate asthmatic symptoms,but there
is little experimental evidence to
substantiate this claim.
We studied the impact of different emotional
states and stress on respiratory resistance
in asthmatic and nonasthmatic individuals.
4. T Abstract Cont…
Participants (24 asthmatic and 24 nonasthmatic)
viewed
short film sequences selected to
induce seven emotions
completed two stressful tasks
Methods
mental arithmetic
medical slides
5. Asthma
Asthma is a disease affecting
the airways that carry air to and
from your lungs.
Emotion
Respiratory resistance
Any strong feelings of
love, hate ,fear etc
It is also called airway resistance. accompanied by certai
It describes the resistance of the Key Words n physiological change
respiratory tract to airflow during s, as increased heartb
respiration and expiration. eat or respiration etc
Stress
We generally use the word "stress" when we feel
that everything seems to have become too much -
we are overloaded and wonder whether we really
can cope with the pressures placed upon us.
6. Literature Review
• The study of psychological influences on pulmonary function has been a
pervasive topic in asthma research throughout the years and a considerable
body of experimental work has been published on it.
• It has also been suggested that distinctive emotional states, such as
sadness or depression, are particularly linked to an aggravation of
symptoms in persons with asthma.
• Similarly, experimental studies have shown that different emotional
states, such as anxiety, anger, and joy, are equally capable of eliciting
increases in airway resistance in asthmatics.
• However, no systematic comparison of a broader range of emotional states
has yet been attempted, and comparisons between states of positive and
negative valence are rare.
7. Literature Review Cont..
Lehrer (1993) proposed that the active vs. passive coping demand of
the task could be a useful distinction in explaining airway
response to stress.
Active tasks
such as mental arithmetic or a reaction time task, should lead to
decreases in airway resistance whereas
Passive tasks
such as viewing distressing films or noise stimulation, should lead to
increases in airway resistance.
.
8. Literature Review Cont..
• Increases in airway resistance can more readily be explained in
stressful situations that are unavoidable or inescapable for the
individual, demanding a passive coping response.
• A number of studies have confirmed this idea, with stressful films
or noise stimulation leading to elevated airway resistance levels.
• Studies comparing nonasthmatic and asthmatic groups in their
response to aversive films are not fully consistent,with some
showing a stronger response in asthmatics and others showing no
differences.
Mathe´ and Knapp
reported evidence of a blunted
response of the hypothalamic-
medullary axis during stress in
asthmatics
9. Literature Review Cont..
Baroreftex stronger
Sensitivity BRS was
• BRS has With observed in
been studied
as an index of respect to a subgroup
vagal system asthma, of
functioning in asthmatics
. the cardiac
system patients
In addition,sympathetic effects
contribute to BRS to only a limited
degree ,particularly during the “up
sequences of the BR action,when
cardiac slowing is triggered by blood
pressure increases
10. Literature Review Cont..
Given these conflicting results and uncertainty
about the mechanisms of airway responses to stress,
additional investigation of active vs. passive coping
tasks is indicated. In this study, we investigated sympathetic
mechanisms and BR regulation as potential
mediators of airway response to stress, particularly
their contribution to a potentially stronger responsiveness
of asthmatics to stressful tasks.
14. All participants
were non -smokers
Non asthmatic group had Free of
no respiratory diseases psychiatric
illnesses
.
No family history of respiratory Free of Cardiovascular
diseases other than Asthma diseases
No family history of
CVD
15. In asthmatic patients degree of severity was Mild to
Moderate
Mean age of onset was 11.4 years (0-29 years) all but
three reported onset before the age of 18 years
Mean duration of Asthma was 16.9 years
Patients continued to take their prescribed asthma medication,
which consisted mainly of b-adrenergic bronchodilators or
inhalers
Asthmatic patients were tested during symptom free periods and were
instructed to take the last dose of their b-adrenergic bronchodilators (if
necessary) at least 8 hours before arriving at the laboratory.
16. Methods Cont…..
• Experimental Films and Tasks
Participants viewed seven film sequences that were pre evaluated
for eliciting certain emotional states, such as
Anxiety
Anger Sadness
Happiness
Elation
Contentment
Neutral
states
17. Experimental Films and Tasks Cont…..
After a pilot test was conducted, two
sketches of a British comedian were
chosen for induction of happiness and
elation to match cultural preferences
The duration of the film clips ranged
from 90 to 290 seconds
(mean = 224 seconds).
The order of the films was randomized
between participants
x2 tests revealed no significant order
effects for individual clips (p .>.68 –.99).
18. Experimental Films and Tasks Cont…..
A mental arithmetic task was presented to elicit active coping
behavior.
A colored slide with seven lines of 14 one- and two-digit numbers
was projected onto a screen. Participants were instructed to
add up as many numbers as possible in 3 minutes. They were
informed that the correctness of their results would be checked
Participants were instructed to add up as many numbers as
possible in 3 minutes. They were informed
that the correctness of their results would be checked.
Participants were instructed to calculate
“in their mind” and not to move their lips, whisper, or “speak
silently” during calculating.
19. Experimental Films and Tasks Cont…..
For passive coping behavior, nine medical slides depicting
injuries, mutilation, and corpses were presented
in a continuous series for 3 minutes (20 seconds per slide).
Participants were instructed to watch the
screen and keep their eyes open
during the whole presentation.
20. Equipment 1-Physiological
and Measures
Measures
Total respiratory resistance was
measured by forced oscillations using the
Siemens Siregnost
FD5 with a fixed oscillation frequency of
10 Hz.
.
Skin resistance level was measured with Ag-AgCl electrodes
Beat-to-beat HR, SBP, and DBP were monitored continuously
with a Finapres ( Biomedical Instrumentation.)
For each individual sequence, a correlation coefficient
was computed, and sensitivity was expressed as the
change in pulse interval per change in SBP
21. Equipment and Measures Cont . . .
2-Psychological Measures
Self-reports of shortness of breath and
emotion were given using visual analog scales
Self-reports were given for list of seven emotions
Nine-point Self Assessment Manikins of pleasure and
arousal were administered.
For ease 1 was assigned to” Displeasure”
And 9 was assigned to “Pleasure”
.
To compare both groups in terms of habitual affectivity and
defensiveness, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale
and Social Desirability Scale were administered before the
experiment
22. Procedure
All laboratory sessions were scheduled individually in the afternoon
or early evening.
Participants were then trained in the use
of the mouthpiece and nose clip for the respiration measurements..
.
The lights were dimmed, and participants were
instructed to keep their eyes open during all stages of the experiment
23. Statistical Analysis Hypothesis
1) Increases in Ros would be
found in
asthmatics during negative
Statistical Methods emotional states compared with
the neutral
1-X2
state
2-Correlation
. 3-ANOVA 2) increases in Ros would be
found in both groups
during positive and negative
emotional states as compared with
the
neutral state.
24. Results
Film Baseline Task
Effects Differences Effects
Self- Physiological
reported
Measure Measures
s
Self- Physiological
reported
Measures
Measures
25. Results Cont..
1-Baseline Differences
No group differences in baseline physiological measures
or ratings were found
2-Film Effects
a) Self-Reported Measures b) Physiological Measures
Ros was increased during all emotional and
Each negative film reliably elicited negative films compared with neutral
the respective target emotion but films in asthmatics
positive (F(1,46)=39.66
films were not fully successful Non asthmatics F(1,46)=32.89
26. Results Cont..
3-Task Effects
a) Self-Reported Measures b) Physiological Measures
Task administration had a
strong impact on emotion and
shortness of breath ratings in asthmatics,
as revealed by Substantial increases were found in
MANOVA (F(20,21) 5 120.4, p , .001). Ros,HR, SBP, DBP, and SCL during
Post hoc test revealed higher ratings Tasks and films in asthmatics
of anxiety in asthmatics
30. Research Research
Discussion
Effects of emotional films on Airways
All emotional conditions showed increases in Ros compared with the
neutral condition.
Effects of Stress Tasks on the Airways
We found significant increases
in Ros in both groups for the active coping task and in
asthmatic patients for the passive coping task.
SBP and DBP both increased in response to
mental arithmetic, and an even stronger response was
seen in asthmatics during viewing of the medical
slides.
31. Conclusion
Uniform increases in oscillatory resistance
were found in all emotional states compared with the neutral state and during
mental arithmetic in both groups.
Asthmatic patients showed stronger reactions to the medical slides than healthy control
subjects, with significant increases in oscillatory resistance, blood pressure,
skin conductance level, and minute volume, as well as higher
levels of self-reported depression, arousal, and shortness of breath.
Various emotional states and stress increase
oscillatory resistance largely independently of
concurrent increases in autonomic or ventilatory activity.
32. Suggestion
Additional research is needed to elucidate
the psychological importance and autonomic
dynamics associated with passive coping, particularly with
blood and injury-related stimuli, in asthma.
33. Critical Evaluation
Positive Evaluation Negative Evaluation
In abstract ,every point is written in • In start ,no specific heading
headings of Abstract is given
Abbreviations are explained • X2 and Correlation are also
precisely
used for statistical analysis
Two-way ANOVA is clearly
explained but they are not clearly
Measured emotion list is mentioned
mentioned • No study design is
Results are graphically presented mentioned
very well in bar and line chart • Gender ratio is not equal
Further research is suggested in
future
• Key words are not defined
Researchers have published their • No reliability method is
thanks to advisors and supporters mentioned
34. Critical Evaluation
Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation
• Sampling method is Literature review is
different for both relevant
participants Terms used in research
are written separately
with abbreviations
Hypothesis is mentioned
Result tables are
precisely explained