This document is a seminar paper on psycho-social factors involved in begging in Bangladesh. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives to explore the typology, psychological reasons, and social reasons for begging. It then discusses different types of beggars found in Bangladesh, including the destitute, disabled, religious, seasonal, and child beggars. The paper also examines various psychological reasons for begging such as frustration, unwillingness to work, social isolation, the view that begging is not a crime, a tendency toward quick income, mental illness, and an inherited attitude toward begging.

1. 1
A Seminar Paper
Entitled
Psycho-Social Factors Involved in Begging: The Case of Street Beggars in Bangladesh
Supervised by:
Dr. Fozle Khoda
Professor
Institute of Social Welfare and Research
University of Dhaka
Prepared by:
Group I
BSS 8th
Semester (Session 2014-15)
Course No: 805
Course Title: Seminar
19th
of January, 2019

2. 2
8th Semester Seminar Group-I
Supervised by
Dr. Fozle Khoda
Professor
Institute of Social Welfare and Research
University of Dhaka
Serial
no
Name of
Students
Exam
Roll
Phone
number
Email ID Pictures
01 Md. Sharif
Hossain
6043
01521211575
01840149759
sharifhafiz71@gmail.
com
02 Mithunur
Rahman
6054
01716956131
01521243389
kazimithun.du@gmai
l.com
03 Md
Shohel
Rahman
6077 01521440181
01722914216
shohelrahman18@g
mail.com
04 Antar
Kumar
Das
6083
01828340688 antardas09@gmail.co
m
05 Mst.
Manira
6115
01798718967 maniramst@gmail.co
m
06 Romana
Akter
6122
01920167782 Romanadhaly@gmail
.com

3. 3
Table of Content:
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………04
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….04
Objectives………………………………………………………………………………04
Methodology……………………………………………………………………………05
Begging and Overview in Bangladesh …………………………………………...……05
Types of Beggars…………………………………………………………………..……..06
Psychological Reasons of begging………………………………………………….…08
Social Factors of Begging …………………………………………………….…....….11
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...………15
References………………………………………………………………………………17

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Abstract
This study is about to examine the psycho-social factors that are responsible for begging in
Bangladesh with a conceptual discussion of various kinds of beggars available in our country.
This paper tries to find out true psycho-social reasons why some people are choosing begging
as a profession when they have enough opportunity to be self-sufficient. This study is
conducted based on surveying various documents that are relevant with objectives of the paper.
Some research papers examines the social reasons of begging and some conduct their research
on psychological factors. In fact, some research paper shows overall reasons of begging. We
collected necessary information that helped to clarify our objectives and we came to a findings
regarding of the objectives of the paper. To this extent, the study fills a gap in the current
literature on the psycho-social understanding of street begging.
Introduction
Begging is one of the most endemic multifaceted social problems with great magnitude, but it
is less understood in all its dimensions. The begging in Bangladesh has always been an object
of ephemeral attention of charity, the problem of beggary as such has not become a subject for
an in depth scientific enquiry. The phenomenon of begging is a result of a number of factors,
such as poverty, physical disability, culture, frustration, unwillingness to work, tendency
towards social isolation, ‘it is not a crime’ tendency, tendency to quick income, mental illness,
inherit attitude towards begging, religious superstition, religious misinterpretation. Begging is
a common scenario of Bangladeshi society like other developing countries of the world. In
view of its increasing pervasiveness and visible presence on the streets of both small and large
metropolitan area, this psycho-social phenomenon merits further investigation. The thorough
knowledge of causes of begging is essential for framing national policies to uproot the menace
of begging from the society. Moreover, the study of the psycho-social causes of begging is also
equally important for solving their problems.
Objectives
The main objective of the paper is to find out the reasons that lead the poor in begging. The
specific objectives of the paper are
i. To explore the typology of begging
ii. To explore the psychological reasons of begging
iii. To explore the social reasons of begging

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Methodology
By using document discussion method this paper has been prepared. It has used from different
secondary data sources like books, research papers, and websites. At first, we made conceptual
discussion of various types of begging. Then, we collected various data from various websites,
books, and journals to find out and explain the psycho-social causes of begging in Bangladesh.
Then we gathered all psychological factors that provokes people to beg professionally .Social
factors that lead a person towards begging have also been gathered from different literatures
on begging and root causes.
Begging and Overview in Bangladesh
A poor person who lives by asking others for money or food, asks for charity, in general we
call them beggar. A beggar is a poor person who asks others, or begs, for money or food.
Another word for a beggar is a "panhandler," although both terms are vaguely offensive. No
one wants to be called a beggar (Adedibu, 1989).
Begging (also panhandling or mendicancy) is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor,
often a gift of money, with little or no expectation of reciprocation. A person doing such is
called a beggar, panhandler, or mendicant (Fawole, 2009).
Beggars have existed in human society since before the dawn of recorded history. From the
ancient history of mankind in Greece to the modern world, there are beggars everywhere.
Beggary is an age old social phenomenon in our subcontinent. In the medieval and earlier times
begging was considered to be an acceptable occupation which was embraced within the
traditional social structure. This system of begging and alms-giving to mendicants and the poor
is still widely practiced in Bangladesh, with over 400,000 beggars in 2015 (Adedibu, 2011).
All beggars beg for their livelihood, it is a common phenomenon. The homeless, old or young
street children becomes beggar or ask for help for their daily life. But nowadays the theory has
been changed a lot. Begging is now considered as a profitable business. There is no way but
begging to earn money without any kind of work (Adugna, 2006).
Everywhere in Bangladesh there you can find beggars, in fact the diplomatic zone of the state
which are declared as “beggar free zone” also not free from beggars. Airport, Rail station, Bus
terminals, Mosque, shrines, School, Roads, Residential area to Commercial area no places are
free from them, although our Minister of finance told recently that there is no beggar in

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Bangladesh! Begging has become business in Bangladesh. According to the reports of non-
government organizations, there are more beggars in Bangladesh which is approximately 12
lack (Amman, 2006).
Types of Beggars:
Beggars have become such a common phenomenon in our society that we now meet them
everywhere we go; certain time meeting with beggar everyday have become part of our daily
routine. Beggars have devised very creative tricks to survive; we can’t help but notice some of
their trendy techniques from one street to the next. Like every smart businessman; beggars
work hard to improve their business adding drama and depth to make it flourish. Here are some
of the different types of beggars you’re bound to see while you’re out and about on the streets
of Dhaka (Maganga, 2008).
1) The Destitute Beggar
This is the classic beggar. The destitute beggar is the dirty, haggard, impoverished and pitiable
soul lodged on the roadsides or under the bridges without a home or source of living. These set
of people are unable to participate and compete in the workforce, and do not have anyone
providing their welfare. Worse, they have no clue on where to go to for help, and so resort to
handout from strangers for survival. It is usually difficult to pass by these people without
dropping a coin or note; however, you can do better by pointing them to organizations (charities
and churches) that can offer them long term restoration. (Fawole, 2009).
2) The Disabled Beggar
Have you ever been trapped in traffic of mega city like Dhaka or Delhi and a tap on your side
window reveals a physically disabled citizen asking for sustenance. The experience is usually
heart wrenching as you are most times compelled to wonder. The disabled beggar is another
classic, and usually includes an amputee or someone infested with an extensive or terminal
disease. Sometimes, these beggars sit in groups and usually have their ‘pimp’ not too far away.
You really should not turn your back on these people (Fawole, 2009).

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3) The Classic Religious/Homeless Beggar:
This is the most common type of beggars and the oldest in the game. It’s usually a man with a
misleading beard (you wouldn’t really know if he’s religious or homeless) who offers
continuous prayers from the moment he sees you until you walk away (name of Allah, reciting
Kalima etc). His prayers are usually accompanied with a resentful look forcing you to hand
him any change on you or else you will be cursed for eternity (Fawole, 2009).
4) The Chocolate/Flower seller:
This is mostly seen in the urban area or in university campus, where the beggars are mostly
children, but aged peoples specially women follow this technique of begging. They come to
people asking to buy their flower or chocolate so that they can have money for their food. They
always says that they are hungry and didn’t have food for days! This beggar usually offers
goods you don’t need and keeps begging you to buy them. The goods vary from completely
useless to extremely weird, from flowers and lemons to whips and batons (Adedibu, 2011).
5) The Polisher and cleaner
This type usually holds a piece of cloth, and the moment you reach his zone he starts polishing
your windshield. He will polish anything and everything; the body of the car, the mirror, your
face, your cheeks or anything he can reach until you give him money so that he would go away
(Adedibu, 2011).
6) The Addict
This type is relatively rare and only exists in areas where the police is absent. This beggar
usually works while sniffing/smoking his drugs and usually has balance problems. If you do
not close your car windows while he’s around, he will probably fall inside your car. Sometimes
these addict people do extreme crimes to get money (Adedibu, 2011).
7) The Intern
This beggar is usually a young kid who is new to the business; he is still trying to find his way
around and experiments with different strategies. He is usually accompanied by his mentor and
you will find him confused in his new role. Mainly their parent s are beggars and they become
member of beggar syndicate by birth. Women uses babies to get money and eventually the
baby becomes beggar and whole life goes with begging. The child beggar is the child on the

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street that runs after you, tugging at your clothing, asking for handouts or financial assistance.
Usually their parents sit not too far keeping a watchful eye while they go about begging. It is
hard to ignore these children as their chants have a way of appealing to almost all kinds of
people (Adedibu, 2011).
8) Seasonal Begging:
Certainly, you have noticed a surge in the number of beggars in the capital? It's because they
are hired from every corner of the country. And a section of Dhaka dwellers brought these
beggars in the city, targeting this season-the holy month of Ramadan-when people became
sympathetic to the distressed. Interestingly, these hired people are employed on contractual
begging. This vested quarter allegedly collect these unwanted people mostly from the areas hit
by famine-like situation and natural disasters like cyclone ahead of Ramadan every year and
engage them in begging in the city of 16 million population (Adedibu, 2011).
Psychological Reasons of Begging
Ever wondered why people beg on streets when they can be looking for a job. Ever think why
are there so many people begging for money, it seems to be like these numbers are increasing
rapidly.
According to Stones (2013), there are several reasons people beg such as welfare benefits
whereby begging provides quick cash income for immediate needs for survival, it is a more
acceptable means to gain an income than resorting to criminal activity, it results from earlier
life experiences such as mental illness, social exclusion and homelessness, many prefer not to
work because they have become complacent with their begging lifestyle, some have a lack of
skills, some have lost their identity documents and cannot find a job and many have not
received formal education. So now that we have come to terms with why people beg and how
to understand them psychologically according to the social learning theory, we can move on to
begin to understand what is being done to help these street beggars (Jelili, 2006).
1) Frustration
When any goal directed activity is blocked/ the normal individual experiences a psychological
reaction which continues as long as the need remains unsatisfied. That is called frustration.
Frustration brings in personal disorganization in the society which leads to begging. In a study

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it is found that 2.00 per cent of cases have started begging due to frustration out of which 1.00
per cent have lost their jobs and the rest of them have lost their parents. Also due to the forceful
encroachment of the paternal property by the villagers they have become frustrated and have
started begging. Most of them do not stay in their homes. They are found begging at the railway
station and bus-stand area where they also take rest (Maganga, 2008).
2) Unwillingness to Work
Sitting in one place and watching a new day break and dawn on the street corner is sheer
laziness. Beggars have a mentality that they will receive everything on a silver platter. ‘Man
eateth where he worketh’ is a popular saying that is backed by the fact that, ‘God blesses the
works of our hands.’ There are several jobs that can be taken on by these beggars but they
simply choose not to work because they are too lazy (Fawole, 2009).
Even if you offer them any job to work and earn, you can never be successful to make him join
the job. Because they are totally unwilling to work rather getting money sitting beside the road
or begging on street. Most of them have no willingness to work because of lack of interest.
Although most of them are healthy, they are mentally not prepared to do any work. They are
very lazy. In the present study they are found sitting near the diseased beggars at the temple
sites and market places to get more sympathetic response from the public. They change their
places of begging very rarely. Because from the very beginning they think begging as an easy
profession and simplest way of earning their livelihood (Jelili, 2006).
3) Tendency toward Social Isolation
In the society the nature of individual differs from each other. Some of them have attachment
towards society. But some others have a feeling of isolation. So social isolation sometimes
leads to begging. In the present study 1.50 per 85 cent of people take to begging due to their
tendency of isolation. Few of them have left their villages as they are deprived of any facility
due to the feeling of inferiority complex before other high caste people. Because they belong
to the untouchable castes. Many of them have been cheated often by their family members,
which brings hatred towards them. So they have left their homes and have started begging
(Adedibu, 1989).

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4) It is not a crime
“People beg on the streets not because they wish to, but because they need to. Begging is their
last resort to subsistence,” acting Chief Justice Gita Mittal and Justice Hari Shankar of
Bangladesh wrote in the 23-page order. They added, “Criminalizing begging is a wrong
approach to deal with the underlying causes of the problem (and) violates the fundamental
rights of some of the most vulnerable people (Maganga, 2008).
These kinds of acts and orders gives the ethical validity to the beggars that they are not doing
any crime or violating law of the state. Many of the beggars told that they are earning money
asking people, they aren’t stealing money of others. This gives them a strong platform for
arguing in favor of their begging (Tombawall, 2010).
5) Tendency to Quick Income
Begging originated from the mentality of earning money easily by using human sympathy. It
can be used to make big amount of money without any kind of investment through begging.
(Adedibu, 1989).
6) Mental Illness
Many time people with mental disabilities become burden of the family or they leave their
home because of madness. Since they are not in the situation of working or don't have any
capability to work, they have to make their living by begging. (Fawole, 2009).
7) Inherit Attitude toward Begging:
Many people accept the begging as ancestral occupation. These people are grown up with
parent's begging and may grow up in the street or slums. To them begging does not looks so
disrespectful.
8) Religious Superstition:
There have a proverb that if any person falk in serious sick and then if he sacrifice his life in
begging profession, Allah will recover him.so they got involved in begging. People also think
ousting or rejecting any beggar is a sin. In this way begging has been promoted as a profession.
(Adedibu, 1989).

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9) Religious Misinterpretation
The phenomenon of begging is mostly related to religion and culture. Religious mendicancy is
not only tolerated by a large section of Hindus, and Muslims, but even supported on religious
grounds. That is why religious mendicants are often exempted from the operation of general
laws prohibiting begging. Alms-giving, embedded in systems of religious belief and duty, was
common in many early Christian societies.
Obligatory alms-giving or zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam and incumbent upon all
Muslims. From an Islamic standpoint, zakat narrows the gap between the wealthy and the poor,
and rehabilitates the poor. While Islamic and Christian cultures have long been noted for the
importance given to alms-giving, the analysis of this practice and its religious articulation is
also emphasized in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. This shows the obligation to give alms
as a religious virtue, inadvertently maintaining the tradition of begging.
Many people, including Muslims themselves link and associate, erroneously, begging with
Islam. To those minds, Islam encourages the adoption of any form of begging as a profession.
They believe that Islam is not only associated with begging, but appears to encourage it. This
is a clear misconception, the fact remains that the meddling of some cultural and socio-
economic factors with Islam as regards begging goes a long way in making such an impression
(Maganga, 2008).
The fact that Muslims, especially some leading Muftis provided it with a fertile ground to thrive
is another factor. Virtually all religions of the world encourage alms giving. However, the
degree by which this is entrenched in their doctrines may vary from religion to religion Social
reasons of begging (Jelili, 2006).
Social Factors of Begging
The problem of begging, like other social problems is multidimensional. Its roots are found in
the diverse patterns of its intertwined and interlocked social fabrics. It’s very hard to give
specific reason or establish any reason for the organization of beggary. There can a set of reason
like physical, social, and psychological. Social reason which occupy an important place among
the causes of begging. Among the social cause are:

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1) Hereditary Occupation
Occupation which can be passed down from an older generation to a younger generation is
called hereditary occupation. Begging has also become a hereditary occupation in some areas
of our country. In the present study, it has been found out that less number of persons take to
begging as hereditary occupation. Those who stay in begging more than one and half decades,
their family members follow the same profession. Already. They have become idle and got
used to begging. The able bodied persons who have no interest in work and who have
considered begging as a simple and easy way of earning livelihood, take to begging without
any hesitation. Some are also forced to take begging as a profession because of their poor socio-
economic condition. (Fawole, 2009).
2) Family Disorganization
Family is an integral part of our social relationship which influences our pattern of behavior
and activities. Any disturbances in the home condition especially in the case of the poor one
leads to break down of family which in turn give rise to beggary. Due to family quarrels, some
leave their families forever and they do not want to further contact with their families. Even
there are some beggars who stay in the town at different places, but don't contact with their
families residing in the same town. (Adedibu, 1989).
Divorce is one of the final stages of the disorganization of family as well as personal
disorganization. Some women have taken begging as a source of income as they have been
driven out by their husbands. (Adedibu, 1989).
3) Breaking Joint Family System
Joint family has been a very vital social institution for the management and control of beggary.
The individual secures substantial support from the family in the event of economic or other
form of social hardship. Member who failed to fend for themselves for any reason, could fall
back upon the joint family lap. However the breakdown of joint family institution on account
of large scale migration, weakening of the traditional family structure and the emergence of
individualistic considerations seems to have changed the situation considerably. The absence
of joint family and other social institution to share and provide support forces quite a few
persons in crises situation to a life of beggary. In the joint family, the handicapped, orphans,

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blind etc. get the family support but owing to break -up of the joint family system such persons
are often thrown in the streets and in order to survive to indulge in begging (Morish, 2001)
4) Cultural Conflict
The anxieties, insecurities and the anonymous mode of urban existence engender a condition
of anomie for the rural migrant, who rarely suffer from any inhibitions and succumbs to the
temptations of beggary easily. Furthermore in some instances beggary and allied pattern of
existence might be a reflection of cultural conflict. The beggars might be acting in consonance
with their cultural pattern or they might have considered deviant activity like begging as the
best way out under the situation. Often the feudal cultural ways of life come in clash with the
urban commoditized way of existence where even pavement space for shelter has to be
purchased for a price. The logic of strange environment impairs the rural migrant’s sense of
difference between obtaining money through hard work or through beggary. (Adedibu, 1989).
5) Social Disorganization
Social disorganization is yet another cause of begging. Social change and industrialization have
been responsible for considerable disorganization in the social institution and structures. The
institution relating to orphans, infirm and aged, lepers, lunatics, widows and other socially
handicapped categories are in a state of disarray on account of lack of resources and uncertainty
of the policy. This also leads to an increase in the number of beggars (Namawata, 2010).
6) Social Custom
Those who are either physically unable or mentally disinclined to do any work and will only
beg are called professional beggars. Because of social custom in certain communities they
consider begging as hereditary profession. Among these may be included: Nats, Bajigars,
Sains, Jugglers, Bhats and Kanjans. They do not attach any social stigma to this profession and
take to it from their very childhood. To some of them use their as an asset who can excite more
pity in human heart and can earn more and support their parents. They are often migratory in
character (Agunkn, 2009)
7) Widowhood
In the city and rural area also, the number of widows is more. The widows are unable to do any
work. Most of them belong to such kind of family where they have no able bodied relatives to
maintain them and sometimes they are badly treated by their family members. In most of the

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cases, it is found that they have left their home due to ill treatment by their family members.
Many of the widows have well established parental homes. But due to family conflict, they
have no contact with their families. In these situation, they have taken begging as their earning
source for maintaining livelihood. (Adedibu, 1989).
8) Lack of Parental Control
In the industrial center, the parents do not have the control necessary for their children, but
mother also often go to factories to work. That's why they do not give enough time to their
children. As a result, children can switch to energy in any direction. In most of the case, it is
found that children fall into bad company in absence of their parents and they can develop love
of travel which later drive them to beggary (Tombawall, 2010).
9) Natural Calamities
Our environment is full of obstacles which impede our progress. Our physical environment
may frustrate us drastically at times through famines, earthquake, droughts, floods, cyclones,
river erosion. Sometimes all these natural calamities cause serious damage at property and
agriculture and compel people to leave their homes and compel them to begging to overcome
pangs of hunger (Fawole, 2009).
Flood and river erosion are the common disaster of our country. They brings untold suffering
on the people of low lying plains. Thousands are rendered homeless and the damage of property
is incalculable. Floods affects the health of the people as well as totally devastating their social
and economic life. As they have no other means to live or none to help them, they have started
begging. (Tombawall, 2010).
10) Following the Caste
The most important cause of begging is caste. Fakir in Muslims and Banjara and Nat in Hindus
generally depends on alms. It is well known that Bangladesh population is classified into
different social groups from the time immemorial and this caste system affect the social as well
as economic condition of population. This effect was more pronounced in rural population as
compared to urban counterpart. Most of the people involve in begging due to their parental
work (Adugna,2006).

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11) Migration
During the rainy season poor people of flood affected rural areas came to Dhaka for begging
alms. They had miserable life. At the bus stands, market place, in the traffic signals old beggars
and beggar children stretch their hands for money. People from different parts of the country
throng the capital with the hope of earning more money. Most of them have bankable skills or
are physically challenged and unable to do any work. Thus many turn to begging. (Adedibu,
1989).
12) Illiteracy
Another major cause of begging is illiteracy which accounted for 8.3 percent beggars whose
main occupation is begging. Some are ignorant about begging that it is not a dignified
profession. They don't think that people consider it as a shameful job. Lack of education
contributes to the existence of begging, since the adult beggars cannot value to educate their
children while he or she did not go to school. That's why they use their children as a guide in
begging process as a strategy to attract more sympathy from people (Adugna, 2006).
13) Lack of caring Relatives
Lack of caring relatives also contribute to the existence of begging phenomenon. Mainly
orphans who have lost their fathers in early age and mother fail to sustain them. And also some
child who have lost his father and mother both and live to a grandparent who might be visually
impaired adult and poor. All of these lead the child in begging. Widow women who are driven
out by their family members and have no one to maintain herself, are bound to take begging as
a source of earning (Adugna, 2006).
Conclusion
The existence and expansion of begging in our country is a clear reflection of state failure, as
indicated by prevailing economic, political, and social conditions. Based on current trends,
begging is likely to grow and flourish; criminal begging groups are becoming more
sophisticated, as they network and merge with other illegal enterprises, and incorporate other
organized criminal activities into their operations. The social factors are mostly visible, mainly
connected with the economic disparities and other social issues. In this paper we have tried to
find out the hidden psychological causes too, which we identified as the main cause of begging.

16. 16
Although our research area was not so vast, but what we found is closely the same as the other
findings of renowned researchers and organizations. Across places, cultures the psycho-social
causes of begging are almost the same. Although we raise many questions regarding begging,
but we should focus on the issue that begging indicates our societies larger inequity.

17. 17
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