Security, Compliance Loss Prevention Part 14.pptx

Security,
Compliance
& Loss
Prevention

Important Dates
▶ Midterm 3/7/2024
▶ Assignment 3/13/2024
▶ Final 3/18/2024
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Attacks on the supply chain are a common
way for cybercriminals to interfere with a
company's manufacturing procedures
using either hardware or software.

Cybercriminals
▶ Supply chain attacks are a
significant concern for companies,
particularly those with complex
manufacturing processes. These
attacks involve infiltrating or disrupting
the systems and processes that
organizations rely on to produce and
deliver their products or services.
Attacks on the supply chain are a
common way for cybercriminals to
interfere with a company's
manufacturing procedures using either
hardware or software.
Given the interconnected nature of
modern supply chains, these attacks
can have far-reaching consequences,
including financial losses, reputational
damage, and disruption of operations.
To mitigate the risk of supply chain
attacks, organizations must implement
robust security measures, such as
conducting thorough vendor
assessments, implementing strong

Considering time frames helps
organizations develop effective
strategies to address risks and
disruptions in a timely manner.

Time Frames
▶ Considering time frames
helps organizations develop
effective strategies to address
risks and disruptions in a timely
manner.
By considering these different
time frames, organizations can
develop comprehensive risk
management strategies that
address immediate threats while
also building long-term
resilience into their supply
chains. This proactive approach
helps organizations anticipate
and mitigate potential risks
before they escalate into major
disruptions.

Effective supply chain risk management
requires a combination of proactive
planning, strong relationships with
suppliers, and the ability to adapt quickly
to changing circumstances.
True

Supply Chain Risk
Management
▶ By combining proactive
planning, strong supplier
relationships, and adaptability,
organizations can effectively
manage risks within their supply
chain and enhance overall
resilience. This holistic
approach enables organizations
to anticipate and mitigate
potential disruptions, protect
against unforeseen events, and
maintain continuity of operations
even in challenging
environments. Effective supply
chain risk management requires
a combination of proactive
planning, strong relationships
with suppliers, and the ability to

Key activities involved in supply chain
risk management include Risk
Identification, Risk Assessment, and
Risk Mitigation/Control/Monitoring

Political risk is the risk an investment's
returns could suffer as a result of political
changes or instability in a country.
True

Political Risk
▶ Political risk refers to the risk that
an investment's returns could be
adversely affected by political
changes, instability, or events in a
country or region where the
investment is made. Political risk
can manifest in various forms and
can impact both domestic and
foreign investments.
Overall, political risk is an important
consideration for investors and
businesses operating in global
markets, and effective risk
management strategies, such as
diversification, hedging, and political
risk insurance, may be employed to
mitigate the impact of political
uncertainties on investment
portfolios and operations. Political
risk is the risk an investment's
returns could suffer as a result of

Recurring Risks of Supply Chain include
quality control issues, economic factors,
and regulatory compliance.

Recurring Risks of
Supply Chain
▶ Supply chains are susceptible to
various recurring risks that can
disrupt operations, impact
profitability, and affect customer
satisfaction. To effectively manage
these recurring risks, organizations
need to adopt proactive risk
management strategies, enhance
visibility and transparency across
the supply chain, strengthen
relationships with suppliers and
partners, invest in robust
contingency planning and
resilience measures, and
continuously monitor and adapt to
changing market conditions and
emerging threats. Recurring Risks
of Supply Chain include quality
control issues, economic factors,
and regulatory compliance.

Supply chains are complex networks that
involve the movement of goods,
information, and resources across various
stages, from raw material suppliers to end
consumers.
True

Supply Chains Are
Complex Networks
▶ Supply chains are intricate
networks that encompass the flow
of goods, information, and
resources across multiple stages
and entities, connecting raw
material suppliers to end
consumers.
Throughout these stages, the flow
of goods is accompanied by the
exchange of information and
resources to facilitate coordination,
decision-making, and optimization
of supply chain operations.
Information flows encompass
communication between supply
chain partners, data exchange
through technologies such as
electronic data interchange (EDI)
and enterprise resource planning

Supply Chains Are
Complex Networks
▶ Furthermore, supply chains
are subject to various external
factors and influences, including
market dynamics, regulatory
requirements, economic
conditions, geopolitical factors,
and environmental
considerations. Managing these
complexities requires effective
coordination, collaboration, and
integration among supply chain
partners, as well as the adoption
of technologies and strategies to
enhance visibility, agility, and
resilience across the supply
chain network. Supply chains are
complex networks that involve
the movement of goods,
information, and resources
across various stages, from raw

Time frame is important in supply chain
risk management because different risks
have varying lead times, potential
impacts, and windows of opportunity for
mitigation and response.

Time Frames
▶ Time frame plays a critical role in
supply chain risk management due
to the dynamic nature of risks and
the need for timely and appropriate
responses.
Time frame considerations are
essential in supply chain risk
management as they provide
insights into the lead times, potential
impacts, and windows of opportunity
for mitigating risks effectively. By
understanding the temporal
dynamics of risks, organizations can
develop proactive strategies,
prioritize resources, and respond
swiftly to emerging threats, thereby
strengthening resilience and
mitigating the impact of disruptions
on supply chain operations. Time
frame is important in supply chain
risk management because different
risks have varying lead times,
potential impacts, and windows of

Terrorism
▶ Terrorism poses a significant
and direct threat to the security
of citizens in NATO countries,
as well as to international
stability and prosperity more
broadly. Here are some key
reasons why terrorism is
considered a major concern:
• Loss of Life and Injury:
Terrorist attacks often result
in the loss of innocent lives
and cause injuries to
civilians. These attacks can
occur in various forms,
including bombings,
shootings, and vehicle
ramming attacks, targeting
crowded places such as

Terrorism
• Psychological Impact: Terrorism instills
fear, anxiety, and insecurity among the
population. The psychological impact of
terrorist attacks can be profound, leading
to heightened levels of stress, trauma,
and psychological distress among
individuals and communities. This can
disrupt daily life, erode trust in institutions,
and undermine social cohesion.
• Disruption of Society and Economy:
Terrorist attacks disrupt normal societal
functioning and can have significant
economic repercussions. They disrupt
transportation networks, disrupt
businesses, and deter tourism and
investment, leading to economic losses
and negative impacts on livelihoods and
prosperity.
• Threat to International Stability: Terrorism
destabilizes regions and undermines
international peace and security. Terrorist
groups often operate across borders,
exploiting weak governance, political
instability, and conflict zones to establish
safe havens and launch attacks. This can
exacerbate existing tensions, fuel

Terrorism
• Global Security Threat: Terrorism is
a global security threat that
transcends national borders and
requires international cooperation
and collaboration to address
effectively. Terrorist organizations
such as ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and their
affiliates pose a threat to global
security, seeking to spread their
ideology, recruit followers, and
carry out attacks on a global scale.
• Impacts on Humanitarian Efforts:
Terrorism impedes humanitarian
efforts and exacerbates
humanitarian crises by targeting aid
workers, disrupting relief
operations, and creating obstacles
to the delivery of essential
assistance to affected populations.
This prolongs suffering, hampers
recovery efforts, and exacerbates
human suffering in conflict-affected
areas.

Increased supply chain
visibility
▶ Increased supply chain
visibility refers to the ability of
companies to track and monitor
their entire supply chain process
in real-time or near real-time.
This visibility allows businesses
to have a clear understanding of
the movement of goods,
materials, and information
across various stages of
production, transportation, and
distribution.

visibility
▶ Increased supply chain visibility refers to the
ability of companies to track and monitor their entire
supply chain process in real-time or near real-time.
This visibility allows businesses to have a clear
understanding of the movement of goods,
materials, and information across various stages of
production, transportation, and distribution.
Here are some key benefits of increased supply
chain visibility:
• Risk Management: With better visibility,
companies can identify potential risks and
disruptions in the supply chain more quickly. This
enables them to implement proactive measures
to mitigate these risks, such as finding alternative
suppliers or adjusting production schedules.
• Improved Efficiency: Visibility into the supply
chain helps optimize processes and reduce
inefficiencies. By identifying bottlenecks or areas
of underutilization, companies can streamline
operations and improve overall efficiency.
• Enhanced Customer Service: Real-time visibility
enables companies to provide more accurate
delivery estimates to customers. This helps in
managing customer expectations and improving
satisfaction levels by ensuring timely delivery of

Risk Minimizing Action
Measures
▶ The adoption of risk-minimizing action
measures is NOT exclusively
recommended for unsystematic risks as
these can be influenced, whereas
systematic risks can also be influenced.
• Systematic Risks: These are risks that
affect the entire market or economy and
cannot be diversified away. They are
also known as market risks or
macroeconomic risks. Examples
include interest rate fluctuations,
inflation, political instability, and
economic recessions. While systematic
risks cannot be eliminated through
diversification, they can still be
influenced or mitigated to some extent
through various measures.
• Unsystematic Risks: Also known as
specific risks or idiosyncratic risks,
unsystematic risks are risks that affect
a specific company, industry, or sector
and can be diversified away through
portfolio diversification. Examples
include company-specific factors such
as management changes, supply chain

Risk Minimizing Action
Measures
▶ Both systematic and unsystematic risks can
be influenced or mitigated through
appropriate actions, although the methods
may differ:
• Systematic Risk Management: While
systematic risks cannot be eliminated
entirely, they can be managed or
mitigated through various strategies. For
example, businesses can use financial
instruments such as derivatives to hedge
against interest rate or currency
fluctuations. Governments can implement
monetary or fiscal policies to stabilize the
economy and reduce the impact of
economic downturns. International
cooperation and diplomatic efforts can
address geopolitical tensions and promote
stability.
• Unsystematic Risk Management:
Unsystematic risks can be minimized
through company-specific measures such
as diversifying suppliers, implementing
robust quality control processes,
maintaining adequate insurance coverage,
or improving internal controls. Investors
can also mitigate unsystematic risks
through portfolio diversification, spreading

Uncertainty
Management
▶ Uncertainty management refers to
the process of identifying, assessing,
and responding to uncertainty in
various aspects of business
operations, decision-making, and
planning. Uncertainty arises from
incomplete information, unpredictable
events, and the dynamic nature of the
business environment. Effective
uncertainty management involves
strategies to mitigate risks, capitalize
on opportunities, and enhance
resilience in the face of uncertainty.
By adopting a proactive and
systematic approach to uncertainty
management, organizations can
navigate volatile and unpredictable
environments more effectively,
minimize adverse impacts, and
capitalize on opportunities for growth

Logistics Sector
▶ The logistics sector plays a crucial role in
supporting public security by assuming
responsibilities traditionally associated with
sovereign duties. Here are several ways in
which the logistics sector contributes to
public security:
• Supply Chain Security: The logistics
sector is responsible for the secure
transportation and delivery of goods and
materials, including those essential for
national security and public safety.
Logistics companies implement security
measures such as cargo tracking,
screening, and secure packaging to
prevent theft, tampering, or diversion of
sensitive shipments.
• Border Security: Logistics providers
facilitate the movement of goods across
borders while ensuring compliance with
customs regulations, trade laws, and
security protocols. They work closely
with government agencies to facilitate
secure and efficient border crossings,
including screening for contraband,
illegal goods, and potential security

Logistics Sector
• Emergency Response and Disaster
Relief: In times of crisis, such as
natural disasters, pandemics, or
humanitarian emergencies, the
logistics sector plays a critical role in
delivering essential supplies, medical
equipment, and relief aid to affected
areas. Logistics companies work with
government agencies, relief
organizations, and first responders to
coordinate logistics operations and
ensure timely delivery of assistance
to those in need.
• Infrastructure Security: Logistics
infrastructure, including ports,
airports, railways, and transportation
hubs, is a vital component of national
security and critical infrastructure
protection. Logistics providers invest
in security measures such as
perimeter fencing, surveillance
systems, access controls, and
cybersecurity to safeguard

Logistics Sector
• Cybersecurity: With the increasing
digitization of logistics operations,
cybersecurity has become a critical
concern for protecting supply chain
networks, transportation systems,
and data against cyber threats and
attacks. Logistics companies invest
in cybersecurity technologies and
practices to prevent data breaches,
ransomware attacks, and other cyber
incidents that could compromise
public security.
• Regulatory Compliance: The logistics
sector is subject to various
regulations and standards aimed at
ensuring public safety, environmental
protection, and security. Logistics
providers adhere to regulatory
requirements related to hazardous
materials handling, transportation
safety, labor practices, and
environmental stewardship to
mitigate risks and maintain

Uncertainty
Management
▶ Overall, the logistics sector
plays an indispensable role in
supporting public security by
facilitating the movement of
goods, resources, and people
while ensuring the integrity,
safety, and security of supply
chain operations and critical
infrastructure. By assuming
responsibilities traditionally
associated with sovereign
duties, the logistics industry
contributes to national security,
resilience, and public safety in
an interconnected and
globalized world.

Management Element
▶ In the context of management,
particularly in project management or
operational management, the element
of "control" involves the selection and
execution of corrective actions to bring
the workflow back in line with the
established work plan or objectives.
Control is a fundamental function of
management that ensures that actual
performance aligns with planned
performance and that deviations from
the plan are addressed promptly and
effectively.
By exercising control over the
management process, organizations can
maintain alignment between planned
objectives and actual performance,
minimize deviations from the work plan,
and ensure the efficient and effective
attainment of goals and objectives.
Control serves as a mechanism for
maintaining accountability, optimizing
resources, and driving continuous
improvement in organizational

Management Element
▶ Here's how control operates within the
management process:
• Monitoring Performance: Control begins
with monitoring and measuring actual
performance against the predetermined
standards, goals, or benchmarks. This
involves gathering data, analyzing
progress, and comparing actual
outcomes with planned expectations.
• Identifying Deviations: Once
performance is monitored, any
deviations or variations from the
planned performance are identified.
Deviations can arise due to various
factors such as resource constraints,
unexpected events, changes in
requirements, or errors in execution.
• Analyzing Causes: After identifying
deviations, the next step is to analyze
the underlying causes or factors
contributing to the deviations. This
involves investigating root causes,
assessing the impact of external
influences, and determining whether
deviations are within acceptable

Management Element
• Selecting Corrective Actions: Based on
the analysis of deviations and their
causes, management selects appropriate
corrective actions to address the
discrepancies and bring the workflow back
in line with the work plan. Corrective
actions may include reallocating
resources, revising schedules, adjusting
processes, providing additional training, or
implementing procedural changes.
• Implementing Corrective Actions: Once
corrective actions are selected, they are
implemented through effective
communication, coordination, and
execution. This may involve issuing
directives, revising plans, allocating
resources, and monitoring the
implementation of corrective measures to
ensure their effectiveness.
• Monitoring and Feedback: Control is an
ongoing process that requires continuous
monitoring of performance and feedback
on the effectiveness of corrective actions.
Management tracks the results of
corrective measures, evaluates their
impact on performance, and makes further
adjustments as necessary to achieve
desired outcomes.

The management
element "notify"
▶ The management element "notify"
involves the creation and transmission
of warnings or notifications about a
detected incident, as well as the
control over the reaction toward those
warnings. This element is crucial for
ensuring timely communication of
important information and facilitating
an appropriate response to mitigate
risks or address issues.
By effectively managing the "notify"
element, organizations can ensure that
incidents are promptly communicated
to relevant stakeholders, enabling
timely response and mitigation of risks.
This helps to minimize the impact of
incidents on operations, safeguard
assets and stakeholders, and maintain
continuity of business activities.
Additionally, proactive notification and
response can enhance organizational
resilience and agility in the face of
unexpected events or emergencies.

The management
element "notify"
▶ Here's how the "notify" element
operates:
• Incident Detection: The first step in
the "notify" process is the detection of
an incident or event that requires
attention. This could include
cybersecurity breaches, safety
hazards, operational disruptions,
quality issues, or other incidents that
pose risks to the organization's
objectives, assets, or stakeholders.
• Creation of Warnings or Notifications:
Once an incident is detected,
management creates warnings or
notifications to alert relevant
stakeholders about the incident.
Warnings may include details about
the nature of the incident, its potential
impact, and any actions that need to
be taken to address it. Notifications
may be issued through various
channels such as email, text
messages, phone calls, alert systems,

The management
element "notify"
• Transmission of Warnings: After
creating warnings or notifications,
management transmits them to the
appropriate recipients in a timely
manner. The transmission of warnings
should be swift and efficient to ensure
that stakeholders receive timely
information and can respond effectively
to mitigate risks or address issues. This
may involve using automated alert
systems, designated communication
channels, or established protocols for
disseminating information.
• Control Over Reaction to Warnings: In
addition to creating and transmitting
warnings, management exercises
control over the reaction to the
warnings. This involves coordinating
response efforts, allocating resources,
and implementing measures to address
the incident or mitigate its impact.
Management may establish procedures,
protocols, or contingency plans to guide
response activities and ensure a
coordinated and effective response

The management
element "notify"
• Follow-Up and Evaluation:
After issuing warnings and
responding to incidents,
management conducts
follow-up and evaluation to
assess the effectiveness of
the response and identify
areas for improvement. This
may involve reviewing
response protocols,
analyzing the outcomes of
response efforts, and
implementing corrective
actions to enhance
preparedness and resilience
for future incidents.

The management
element “optimize"
▶ The management element "optimize"
focuses on improving the overall
efficiency, effectiveness, and
performance of the supply chain as a
whole, as well as its processes and
standard values. This element involves
strategic planning, analysis, and
continuous improvement efforts aimed
at maximizing the value delivered to
customers while minimizing costs,
risks, and inefficiencies. Here's how
the "optimize" element operates in
supply chain management:
• Process Optimization: The
"optimize" element involves
analyzing and optimizing individual
processes within the supply chain to
enhance productivity, reduce waste,
and streamline operations. This
may include identifying bottlenecks,
eliminating non-value-added
activities, and redesigning
workflows to improve flow and

The management
• Resource Allocation: Optimization
efforts focus on allocating
resources, including labor,
equipment, inventory, and
transportation, in the most efficient
and effective manner to meet
demand while minimizing costs and
maximizing utilization. This may
involve capacity planning, inventory
optimization, and demand
forecasting to ensure optimal
resource allocation across the
supply chain network.
• Standardization and Best Practices:
The "optimize" element also
emphasizes standardizing
processes and adopting best
practices to promote consistency,
reliability, and quality throughout
the supply chain. This includes
establishing standard operating
procedures, performance metrics,
and quality standards to guide

The management
• Technology Adoption: Optimization
efforts leverage technology and
automation to streamline operations,
enhance visibility, and improve
decision-making across the supply
chain. This may involve implementing
supply chain management software,
advanced analytics, Internet of Things
(IoT) devices, and other digital
technologies to optimize processes,
optimize processes, and facilitate real-
time monitoring and decision-making.
• Collaboration and Integration:
Optimization initiatives seek to foster
collaboration and integration among
supply chain partners, including
suppliers, manufacturers, distributors,
and customers, to improve
coordination, communication, and
responsiveness. This may involve
sharing information, aligning incentives,
and forming strategic alliances to
achieve mutual goals and optimize the
flow of goods and information across
the supply chain network.

The management
• Continuous Improvement: The
"optimize" element is an ongoing
process that requires continuous
monitoring, measurement, and
refinement to identify opportunities for
improvement and drive operational
excellence. This involves establishing
a culture of continuous improvement,
encouraging innovation, and
empowering employees to identify
and implement changes that enhance
the efficiency and effectiveness of the
supply chain.
By focusing on optimization, supply chain
management aims to achieve strategic
objectives such as reducing lead times,
improving customer satisfaction,
increasing profitability, and gaining
competitive advantage in the
marketplace. Optimization efforts help
organizations adapt to changing market
conditions, customer demands, and
competitive pressures, ensuring that the
supply chain remains agile, resilient, and

The management
element “simulate"
▶ The management element
"simulate" involves the use of
simulation techniques to support
decision-making and develop
potential options for corrective action.
This element allows responsible
actors to model different scenarios,
assess the potential outcomes of
various actions, and evaluate the
effectiveness of potential corrective
measures before implementation.
Here's how the "simulate" element
operates:
• Scenario Modeling: Simulation
techniques allow responsible
actors to create models of different
scenarios based on various
factors, assumptions, and inputs.
These scenarios may include
different combinations of variables
such as market conditions,
resource availability, operational

The management
• Risk Assessment: By simulating
different scenarios, responsible
actors can assess the potential
risks and uncertainties
associated with each scenario.
This includes identifying
potential threats, vulnerabilities,
and opportunities, as well as
evaluating the likelihood and
impact of different outcomes.
• Decision Support: Simulation
provides decision support by
enabling responsible actors to
explore the implications of
different options for corrective
action. By simulating the effects
of potential decisions, actors can
make more informed and
strategic choices that align with
organizational objectives and
priorities.

The management
• Optimization: Simulation can help
identify optimal solutions by
evaluating the performance of
different options against
predefined criteria and objectives.
This allows responsible actors to
identify the most effective and
efficient corrective measures that
maximize benefits and minimize
risks.
• Resource Allocation: Simulation
helps assess resource
requirements and allocation
strategies for implementing
corrective action. By simulating
resource utilization and
constraints, responsible actors can
identify potential bottlenecks,
optimize resource allocation, and
ensure that corrective measures
are implemented effectively and

The management
• Learning and Improvement:
Simulation provides a platform for
learning and improvement by
allowing responsible actors to
experiment with different
approaches, learn from past
experiences, and refine strategies
over time. By iteratively simulating
different scenarios and evaluating
outcomes, actors can identify
opportunities for innovation and
continuous improvement.
Overall, the "simulate" element supports
responsible actors in developing
potential options for corrective action by
providing a structured and systematic
approach to scenario analysis, decision-
making, and risk assessment. By
leveraging simulation techniques, actors
can enhance their ability to anticipate,
plan for, and respond to unforeseen
events, uncertainties, and challenges in
a proactive and effective manner.

visibility
• Cost Reduction: By identifying inefficiencies
and optimizing processes, companies can
reduce costs associated with inventory
management, transportation, and warehousing.
• Compliance and Sustainability: Increased
visibility facilitates compliance with regulations
and standards related to product safety,
environmental impact, and labor practices. It also
enables companies to track the sustainability of
their supply chain and make informed decisions
to minimize their environmental footprint.
• Data-Driven Insights: With greater visibility
comes access to more data. Companies can use
this data to gain insights into supply chain
performance, customer behavior, and market
trends. These insights can inform strategic
decision-making and drive continuous
improvement.
Overall, increased supply chain visibility is
essential for companies looking to operate
efficiently, minimize risks, and meet the ever-
changing demands of customers and markets.
Advances in technology, such as IoT devices,
blockchain, and advanced analytics, play a
crucial role in enabling greater visibility across
the supply chain.

Integrity
▶Integrity, in the context of
information security, refers to the
protection of data from unauthorized,
unanticipated, or unintentional
modification. It ensures that data
remains accurate, consistent, and
reliable throughout its lifecycle.
Maintaining data integrity is critical for
preserving the trustworthiness and
reliability of information, which is
essential for making informed
decisions and conducting business
operations effectively.
By implementing measures,
safeguard their data against
unauthorized, unanticipated, or
unintentional modification, thereby
maintaining its integrity and reliability.
This is crucial for preserving trust with
customers, partners, and
stakeholders and ensuring the

Integrity
▶Here are some key aspects of
maintaining data integrity:
• Preventing Unauthorized Access:
Implementing access controls and
authentication mechanisms helps
prevent unauthorized users from
modifying data. This includes using
strong passwords, multi-factor
authentication, and role-based access
control to limit access to sensitive
information.
• Encryption: Encrypting data both at rest
and in transit helps protect it from
unauthorized modification by ensuring
that only authorized users with the
appropriate decryption keys can access
and modify the data.
• Data Validation: Implementing data
validation checks ensures that only
valid and properly formatted data is
accepted by systems. This helps
prevent unintentional modifications due
to input errors or malicious attempts to

Integrity
• Audit Trails: Maintaining detailed
audit trails allows organizations to
track changes made to data and
identify unauthorized or suspicious
modifications. Audit logs should
record details such as who accessed
the data, when the access occurred,
and what changes were made.
• Version Control: Implementing
version control mechanisms helps
track changes to data over time and
allows organizations to revert to
previous versions if necessary. This
is particularly important for critical
data such as financial records or
regulatory documentation.
• Data Backups: Regularly backing up
data helps ensure that organizations
can recover from data loss or
corruption caused by unauthorized
modifications, whether accidental or
malicious.

Integrity
• Data Integrity Monitoring:
Implementing data integrity
monitoring tools and techniques
allows organizations to proactively
detect and respond to
unauthorized modifications in real-
time. This may include anomaly
detection algorithms, intrusion
detection systems, and security
information and event
management (SIEM) solutions.
By implementing these measures,
safeguard their data against
unauthorized, unanticipated, or
unintentional modification, thereby
maintaining its integrity and reliability.
This is crucial for preserving trust with
customers, partners, and
stakeholders and ensuring the
continued success and security of the
organization.

Portfolio Theory
▶While the traditional portfolio
theory primarily focuses on
optimizing investment decisions
for individual investors or fund
managers, the concept of
portfolio theory can indeed be
extended to various other
domains, including supply chain
management. In the context of
supply chains, portfolio theory
can be applied to understand
and manage the relationships
between principals (such as
companies, suppliers, and
customers) and agents
(individual actors within the
supply chain) to mitigate risks
and optimize performance.

Portfolio Theory
▶Here's how portfolio theory can be adapted
to address supply chain dynamics:
• Risk Management: In supply chains,
various risks can arise due to uncertainties
in demand, supply disruptions, geopolitical
factors, and other externalities. Just like in
financial portfolios, supply chain managers
can diversify their supplier base,
distribution channels, and manufacturing
locations to mitigate risks associated with
any single supplier or location. By
spreading risk across multiple suppliers or
channels, companies can reduce their
vulnerability to disruptions and ensure
continuity of operations.
• Relationship Management: Portfolio theory
can also be applied to manage
relationships between principals and
agents within the supply chain. For
example, companies may have
relationships with multiple suppliers, each
with their own incentives and motivations.
By understanding the dynamics of these
relationships and optimizing the allocation
of resources across different suppliers,
companies can maximize the value they

Portfolio Theory
▶Here's how portfolio theory can be
adapted to address supply chain dynamics:
• Performance Optimization: Just as
portfolio theory aims to maximize returns
for a given level of risk, supply chain
managers seek to optimize performance
by balancing costs, service levels, and
other key metrics. By applying portfolio
optimization techniques, companies can
identify the optimal mix of suppliers,
transportation modes, inventory levels,
and other factors to achieve their supply
chain objectives.
• Information Sharing and Collaboration:
Effective communication and
collaboration among supply chain
partners are essential for optimizing
performance and mitigating risks.
Portfolio theory emphasizes the
importance of information sharing and
transparency in decision-making. By
sharing information about demand
forecasts, inventory levels, and
production schedules, companies can
better coordinate their activities and

Portfolio Theory
▶Here's how portfolio theory can be
adapted to address supply chain dynamics:
• Flexibility and Adaptability: Portfolio
theory encourages flexibility and
adaptability in response to changing
market dynamics. In supply chains, this
means having the ability to quickly
adjust production schedules, shift
sourcing strategies, or reconfigure
distribution networks in response to
unexpected events. By maintaining a
diverse portfolio of suppliers,
transportation options, and
manufacturing facilities, companies can
better adapt to changing conditions and
mitigate risks.
Overall, while the traditional application of
portfolio theory is in the realm of finance,
its principles can be effectively applied to
manage risks and optimize performance in
supply chain management. By treating
supply chain relationships and activities as
a portfolio of assets, companies can make
more informed decisions and better

Preventive Measures
▶Preventive measures aim to minimize
or entirely eliminate the likelihood of a
risk occurring in the first place, rather
than solely focusing on mitigating its
detrimental impact after it has occurred.
These measures are implemented
proactively to reduce the probability of
risk events materializing or to decrease
their potential severity. By identifying
potential risks and taking preventive
action, organizations can avoid or
minimize the negative consequences
associated with those risks.
Overall, preventive measures are
essential for proactively managing risks
and protecting the interests of
organizations. By identifying potential
risks and taking action to prevent them
from materializing, organizations can
minimize the likelihood of costly
disruptions, accidents, or other adverse
events, thereby safeguarding their
operations, reputation, and stakeholders'

Preventive Measures
▶Preventive measures can take various forms
depending on the nature of the risk and the
context in which it arises. Some common
examples include:
• Risk Avoidance: This involves avoiding
activities or situations that pose a
significant risk to the organization. For
example, a company may choose not to
enter into a particular market or engage in
a certain business practice if the
associated risks are deemed too high.
• Risk Reduction: These measures aim to
reduce the likelihood or severity of a risk
event. This could involve implementing
safety procedures, improving
infrastructure, or implementing controls to
prevent unauthorized access to sensitive
information.
• Risk Transfer: Risk transfer involves
transferring the financial consequences of
a risk to another party, such as through
insurance or contractual agreements. By
transferring the risk to a third party, the
organization can mitigate its potential
financial impact.

Preventive Measures
• Training and Education: Providing
training and education to employees
can help raise awareness of potential
risks and empower individuals to take
appropriate action to prevent them. This
may include training on cybersecurity
best practices, safety procedures, or
compliance requirements.
• Regular Maintenance and Inspections:
Regular maintenance and inspections
of equipment, facilities, and systems
can help identify and address potential
issues before they escalate into
significant risks. This proactive
approach can prevent equipment
failures, accidents, or other adverse
events.
• Compliance with Regulations and
Standards: Ensuring compliance with
relevant regulations, industry
standards, and best practices can help
minimize the likelihood of regulatory
violations, legal disputes, or
reputational damage. By following

Preventive Measures
▶Preventive security measures are
designed to reduce the risk of theft at
an overall level by implementing
strategies and controls that deter
potential thieves and make it more
difficult for theft to occur. These
measures aim to protect assets,
property, and information from
unauthorized access or theft.
By implementing preventive security
measures, organizations can
effectively reduce the risk of theft on
an overall level, protect their assets
and resources, and safeguard their
operations and reputation. However,
it's essential to recognize that no
security measure is foolproof, and a
comprehensive security strategy may
also include detective and responsive
measures to address theft incidents
that do occur despite preventive
efforts.

Protection
▶Security protection refers to the
measures and strategies
implemented to safeguard assets,
resources, information, and
individuals from various threats, risks,
and vulnerabilities. These protective
measures aim to prevent
unauthorized access, misuse, theft,
damage, or disruption to critical
assets and operations. Security
protection encompasses a wide range
of practices and technologies
designed to ensure the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of assets, as
well as the safety and well-being of
individuals.
By implementing comprehensive
security protection measures across
physical, information, personnel,
cybersecurity, and business continuity
domains, organizations can effectively
mitigate risks, protect assets, and

Reactive measures
▶Reactive measures refer to actions taken
in response to an event or incident that has
already occurred, with the goal of
mitigating its impact, containing the
damage, and restoring normal operations.
Unlike preventive measures, which aim to
prevent risks from materializing in the first
place, reactive measures are enacted after
an event has occurred to address its
consequences. While proactive preventive
measures are generally preferred, reactive
measures are often necessary to manage
and mitigate the effects of unexpected
events or incidents.
While reactive measures are necessary for
managing and mitigating the
consequences of security incidents and
disruptions, organizations should also
prioritize proactive preventive measures to
reduce the likelihood of incidents occurring
in the first place. By combining preventive,
detective, and reactive measures,
organizations can create a comprehensive
security strategy that effectively addresses
risks and ensures business resilience.

Risk Management
▶Risk management aims to identify,
assess, and mitigate risks to minimize
their impact on an organization's
operations, including the ability to rapidly
restore normal operations in the event of
a disruption. While the primary goal of
risk management is to prevent or reduce
the likelihood of risks materializing, it
also involves planning for effective
response and recovery in the event that
risks do occur.
Overall, risk management plays a critical
role in enabling organizations to rapidly
restore normal operations following
disruptions by identifying and mitigating
risks, implementing preventive
measures, developing response plans,
and ensuring business continuity and
disaster recovery capabilities. By taking
a proactive and systematic approach to
risk management, organizations can
minimize the impact of disruptions and
maintain resilience in the face of

External Risks
▶External risks are threats to an
organization's operations, assets, or
objectives that originate from
outside the organization itself,
typically beyond its direct control.
These risks can arise from various
sources, including the broader
economic environment, regulatory
changes, geopolitical factors,
natural disasters, technological
advancements, and actions of
external parties. Managing external
risks is essential for organizations
to mitigate their impact and
safeguard their interests.
By effectively managing external
risks, organizations can minimize
their exposure to potential threats,
protect their interests, and maintain
long-term resilience and
sustainability.

External Risks
▶ Managing external risks requires
organizations to adopt proactive
measures such as:
•Conducting comprehensive risk
assessments to identify and prioritize
external risks.
•Developing risk mitigation strategies
and contingency plans to address
potential threats.
•Enhancing flexibility and resilience in
operations, supply chains, and business
processes.
•Monitoring external factors and staying
informed about emerging risks and
trends.
•Establishing effective communication
channels and relationships with
stakeholders, regulators, and external
partners.
•Investing in risk management
capabilities, including technology,
analytics, and expertise.

Robustness
▶Robustness, in the context of systems or
networks, refers to their ability to withstand
disruptions, failures, or attacks while
maintaining essential functions and
connectivity. It encompasses the resilience
of a system to sustain the loss of some of
its components, structures, or
functionalities without experiencing a
complete breakdown or loss of
connectivity. Robust systems can adapt to
changing conditions, recover from
disruptions, and continue to perform critical
functions even in the face of challenges.
The concept of robustness is particularly
relevant in complex systems, such as
transportation networks, communication
networks, financial systems, and biological
systems, where failures or disruptions can
have far-reaching consequences.
By incorporating these principles and
strategies, organizations can enhance the
robustness of their systems, networks, and
operations, ensuring their ability to
withstand disruptions and maintain
continuity in the face of adversity.

Robustness
▶Achieving robustness in systems
often involves implementing
redundancy, fault tolerance, and
resilience mechanisms to enhance
their ability to withstand disruptions.
These may include:
• Redundancy: Introducing duplicate
components, resources, or
pathways within the system to
provide backup or alternative
options in case of failure.
Redundancy helps ensure
continuity of operations and
prevents single points of failure.
• Fault Tolerance: Designing
systems to detect, isolate, and
recover from failures automatically
without requiring manual
intervention. Fault-tolerant systems
can continue to operate despite
hardware failures, software errors,

Robustness
▶Achieving robustness in systems often
involves implementing redundancy, fault
tolerance, and resilience mechanisms to
enhance their ability to withstand
disruptions. These may include:
• Dynamic Adaptation: Building
systems that can dynamically adjust
their configuration, behavior, or
resources in response to changing
conditions or failures. Dynamic
adaptation allows systems to
optimize performance, allocate
resources efficiently, and maintain
connectivity in dynamic
environments.
• Resilience Planning: Developing
contingency plans, response
strategies, and recovery procedures
to minimize the impact of disruptions
and expedite the restoration of
normal operations. Resilience
planning involves identifying potential
risks, assessing their impact, and

Global Networks
▶Supply chains have evolved into complex
global networks that span the entire globe.
This transformation has been driven by
globalization, advances in technology,
changes in consumer behavior, and the
increasing complexity of business operations.
Here are some key characteristics and
implications of supply chains as global
networks:
• Geographical Reach: Global supply chains
encompass a vast geographic area,
involving sourcing of raw materials,
production in multiple locations, and
distribution to markets around the world.
Companies often source materials and
components from different countries to
take advantage of cost efficiencies, access
specialized expertise, or mitigate risks.
• Complexity: Global supply chains are
inherently complex, involving numerous
stakeholders, intermediaries, and
touchpoints across different regions and
time zones. Managing this complexity
requires coordination, collaboration, and
communication among supply chain
partners to ensure seamless integration

Global Networks
• Interconnectedness: Supply
chain networks are highly
interconnected, with
dependencies and
interdependencies among
different nodes and entities.
Disruptions or delays in one part
of the supply chain can have
ripple effects throughout the
network, impacting production
schedules, inventory levels, and
customer satisfaction.
• Technology Integration:
Technology plays a crucial role in
enabling the functioning of global
supply chains. Advanced
logistics systems, supply chain
management software, data
analytics, and communication
technologies facilitate real-time
visibility, tracking, and

Global Networks
• Risk Management: Global supply
chains are exposed to various risks
and uncertainties, including
geopolitical tensions, natural
disasters, trade disruptions,
regulatory changes, and
cybersecurity threats. Managing
these risks requires proactive risk
assessment, mitigation strategies,
contingency planning, and resilience-
building measures to ensure
continuity of operations and minimize
disruptions.
• Strategic Considerations: Operating
in a global supply chain context
requires companies to make strategic
decisions about sourcing, production,
and distribution to optimize costs,
quality, lead times, and
responsiveness to customer demand.
This may involve balancing the trade-
offs between centralized versus
decentralized operations, offshoring
versus reshoring, and outsourcing

Global Networks
• Sustainability and Ethical
Considerations: Global supply
chains also raise concerns about
sustainability, environmental
impact, and ethical practices.
Companies are increasingly
under pressure to ensure ethical
sourcing, minimize carbon
footprint, reduce waste, and
promote social responsibility
throughout their supply chains.
Overall, the development of global
supply chain networks has enabled
companies to access new markets,
optimize resources, and achieve
economies of scale. However, it
also presents challenges in terms of
complexity, risk management, and
sustainability that require careful
planning, collaboration, and
innovation to address effectively.

Hybrid Threat
▶ A hybrid threat is one posed by
any current or potential adversary,
including state, non-state and
terrorists, with the ability, whether
demonstrated or likely, to
simultaneously employ
conventional and non-
conventional means adaptively, in
pursuit of their objectives.
Making informed security and
resilience decisions requires a
hybrid threat perspective. State
and non-state actors are
challenging countries and
institutions they see as a threat,
opponent or competitor, through
use of hybrid tactics. With the
success of hybrid activities
targeting critical infrastructure
globally and increased
opportunities for influencing
through information technology,

Hybrid Threat
▶ Hybrid threats are those posed
by adversaries, with the ability to
simultaneously employ
conventional and non-
conventional means adaptively
in pursuit of their objectives. The
range of methods and activities
is broad and multidimensional:
cyberattacks on energy
systems, influencing
information, exploiting supply
chains and resource
dependencies; undermining
international institutions;
terrorism and transnational
organized crime. Hybrid
activities target vulnerabilities of
the opponent with the intent of
remaining below the threshold of
war; however, these conflicts
can escalate into warfare
involving conventional military

What is Supply Chain
Management
▶ Supply chain management
(SCM) is the active
management of supply chain
activities to maximize
customer value and achieve
a sustainable competitive
advantage. It represents a
conscious effort by the
supply chain firms to develop
and run supply chains in the
most effective & efficient
ways possible. Supply chain
activities cover everything
from product development,
sourcing, production, and
logistics, as well as the
information systems needed
to coordinate these activities.

Management
▶ The concept of Supply Chain
Management (SCM) is based on two
core ideas:
1. The first is that practically every
product that reaches an end user
represents the cumulative effort of
multiple organizations. These
organizations are referred to
collectively as the supply chain.
2. The second idea is that while supply
chains have existed for a long time,
most organizations have only paid
attention to what was happening
within their “four walls.” Few
businesses understood, much less
managed, the entire chain of
activities that ultimately delivered
products to the final customer. The
result was disjointed and often
ineffective supply chains.
The organizations that make up the
supply chain are “linked” together

Management
▶ Physical Flows
Physical flows involve the
transformation, movement,
and storage of goods and
materials. They are the most
visible piece of the supply
chain. But just as important
are information flows.
Information Flows
Information flows allow the
various supply chain partners
to coordinate their long-term
plans, and to control the day-
to-day flow of goods and
materials up and down the
supply chain.

Cargo Theft
▶ The Escalating Threat of
Cargo Theft
Cargo theft is a multifaceted
menace that transcends industry
boundaries, affecting companies
irrespective of their size.
Criminal entities are
continuously evolving their
tactics, targeting shipments at
various stages of the supply
chain, from pilfering goods
within warehouses to hijacking
trucks in transit. The
repercussions of cargo theft are
severe, including delays in
deliveries, surging insurance
costs, and erosion of profit
margins. Additionally, the ripple
effect extends to consumers in
the form of higher prices and

Cargo Theft
▶ Peering into the Depths of
Organized Retail Crime
The driving force behind cargo
theft is often organized retail
crime (ORC) groups, which
operate with alarming precision
and coordination. These criminal
entities employ a wide array of
tactics, including hijacking
shipments, infiltrating
distribution centers, and
corrupting supply chain
personnel. They exploit
vulnerabilities within the supply
chain to gain the upper hand,
rendering it an arduous task for
businesses to defend against
their sophisticated strategies.
The NRF's estimate of a
staggering $100 billion annual

Cargo Theft
▶ The Urgent Need for
Technological Intervention
As cargo theft persists and
adapts, businesses must rise
to the occasion by embracing
advanced technologies to
bolster their supply chain
security. Among these
innovations, LoadProof
emerges as a standout
solution, providing real-time
monitoring and an array of
security features that are
indispensable in the battle
against cargo theft.

Butterfly supply chain
▶ The "butterfly effect" is a
concept from chaos theory
that suggests small
changes in one part of a
complex system can have
significant and
unpredictable effects on
other parts of the system.
When applied to the supply
chain, the butterfly effect
highlights how minor
disruptions or changes at
any point in the supply
chain network can
propagate and amplify,
leading to significant
impacts on operations,
costs, and customer

Butterfly supply chain
▶ Mitigating the butterfly effect in the supply
chain requires proactive risk management
strategies, including:
• Developing robust risk assessment
processes to identify potential disruptions
and vulnerabilities.
• Implementing supply chain visibility tools
to monitor and track inventory, shipments,
and production processes in real time.
• Diversifying supplier networks and
establishing contingency plans to mitigate
the impact of supplier disruptions.
• Enhancing collaboration and
communication with supply chain partners
to facilitate rapid response and recovery
during disruptions.
• Investing in technology solutions, such as
predictive analytics and artificial
intelligence, to anticipate and mitigate
supply chain risks proactively.
By acknowledging the
interconnectedness and complexity of the
supply chain ecosystem, organizations
can better prepare for and respond to the
butterfly effects of disruptions, enhancing

Supply chain risk
management
▶ Supply chain risk management
(SCRM) involves identifying,
assessing, and mitigating risks
within the supply chain to ensure
continuity and resilience. Here's a
breakdown of a management
approach in SCRM:
• Risk Identification: The first step
is to identify potential risks
throughout the supply chain. This
involves examining each stage of
the supply chain process, from
sourcing raw materials to
delivering finished products to
customers. Risks can include
supplier bankruptcy, natural
disasters, geopolitical instability,
quality issues, etc. Companies can
use various tools such as risk
registers, SWOT analysis, and

Supply chain risk
management
• Risk Assessment: Once risks are
identified, they need to be assessed
based on their probability and potential
impact on the supply chain. This
involves quantifying risks in terms of
likelihood and severity. Risk
assessment techniques such as risk
matrix analysis or probabilistic
modeling can help prioritize risks
based on their potential impact.
• Risk Mitigation Strategies: After
assessing risks, organizations need to
develop mitigation strategies to reduce
their likelihood or impact. Mitigation
strategies can vary depending on the
nature of the risk but may include
diversifying suppliers, dual-sourcing
critical components, implementing
inventory buffers, creating redundancy
in logistics networks, and developing
contingency plans. Collaboration with
suppliers, third-party logistics
providers, and other stakeholders is

Supply chain risk
management
• Continuous Monitoring
and Evaluation: Supply
chain risks are dynamic and
can change rapidly due to
various factors such as
market conditions,
geopolitical events, and
technological disruptions.
Therefore, it's crucial to
continuously monitor the
supply chain for emerging
risks and evaluate the
effectiveness of existing
mitigation measures. Key
performance indicators
(KPIs) and metrics can be
used to track the
performance of the supply

Supply chain risk
management
• Collaboration and
Communication: Effective
communication and
collaboration among supply
chain partners are essential
for successful risk
management. Establishing
open lines of communication
and sharing information
regarding potential risks and
mitigation strategies can help
build trust and facilitate
coordinated responses to
disruptions. Collaborative
efforts such as joint risk
assessments, supplier
development programs, and
shared technology platforms
can enhance the resilience of

Supply chain risk
management
• Investment in Technology
and Data Analytics:
Leveraging technology and
data analytics can enhance
visibility and agility in supply
chain risk management.
Advanced analytics,
predictive modeling, and
real-time monitoring tools
can help identify potential
risks early and enable
proactive decision-making.
Investing in technologies
such as blockchain, Internet
of Things (IoT), and artificial
intelligence (AI) can also
improve traceability,
transparency, and

Supply chain risk
management
• Scenario Planning and
Preparedness: Finally,
organizations should develop
robust contingency plans and
conduct scenario planning
exercises to prepare for potential
disruptions. This involves
simulating various risk scenarios
and testing the effectiveness of
response strategies to ensure
readiness in the event of a crisis.
By proactively planning for different
contingencies, organizations can
minimize the impact of disruptions
and maintain continuity in their
supply chain operations.
By following this comprehensive
management approach, organizations
can effectively identify, assess, and
mitigate risks within their supply chain,
enhancing resilience and ensuring

A complex adaptive
logistics system
(CALS)
▶ A complex adaptive logistics
system (CALS) is a framework for
understanding and managing
logistics processes within a
dynamic and unpredictable
environment. It draws upon
principles from complexity theory
and adaptive systems to address
the challenges of modern supply
chains, which are characterized
by interconnectedness,
uncertainty, and rapid change.
By adopting a complex adaptive
logistics system approach,
organizations can better
understand the dynamics of
modern supply chains and
develop strategies to improve
resilience, flexibility, and

A complex adaptive
logistics system
(CALS)
▶ Key features of a complex adaptive
logistics system include:
• Interconnectedness: CALS recognizes
that logistics processes are highly
interconnected, with various elements of
the supply chain influencing and
interacting with each other. Changes in
one part of the system can have ripple
effects throughout the entire network.
Therefore, it's essential to understand the
complex relationships and dependencies
within the logistics system.
• Emergence: CALS acknowledges that
complex behaviors and patterns can
emerge from the interactions between
individual components of the logistics
system. These emergent properties are
often unpredictable and may not be
directly attributable to any single factor.
By studying emergent phenomena, such
as demand fluctuations or traffic
congestion, organizations can gain

A complex adaptive
logistics system
(CALS)
• Nonlinear Dynamics: CALS
acknowledges that logistics systems often
exhibit nonlinear dynamics, where small
changes in input can lead to
disproportionately large effects on output.
This can manifest as phenomena such as
the bullwhip effect, where small
fluctuations in demand are amplified as
they propagate upstream through the
supply chain. Understanding nonlinear
dynamics is essential for managing and
mitigating the effects of volatility and
uncertainty in logistics systems.
• Information Flow: Information plays a
critical role in CALS, facilitating
coordination, decision-making, and
adaptation within the logistics system.
Real-time data on inventory levels,
transportation schedules, and customer
preferences enable organizations to
respond quickly to changing conditions
and optimize resource allocation. Effective
information flow is essential for enhancing

A complex adaptive
logistics system
(CALS)
• Continuous Learning and
Improvement: CALS emphasizes
the importance of continuous
learning and improvement to
enhance the performance of the
logistics system over time. By
monitoring system behavior,
analyzing performance metrics, and
experimenting with new approaches,
organizations can identify
opportunities for optimization and
innovation. Continuous learning
enables logistics systems to evolve
and adapt in response to changing
market dynamics and emerging
challenges.
By adopting a complex adaptive
logistics system approach, organizations
can better understand the dynamics of
modern supply chains and develop

Traceability Concept
▶ Traceability is the ability to track
and trace the movement of
products or components
throughout the supply chain, from
their origin to their final
destination. It involves capturing
and recording information about
the production, processing,
distribution, and sale of goods,
allowing for visibility and
transparency at each stage of the
supply chain.
Overall, traceability is a critical
concept in supply chain
management, enabling
organizations to improve
efficiency, accountability, and
sustainability while ensuring
product safety, quality, and
compliance with regulatory
requirements. By implementing
robust traceability systems and

▶ Key concepts and components of
traceability include:
• Unique Identification: Each
product or component in the
supply chain is assigned a unique
identifier, such as a serial number,
barcode, or RFID tag. This
identifier is used to track the item
as it moves through the supply
chain, enabling its identification
and traceability at each stage.
• Data Capture and Recording:
Relevant information about the
product, including its origin,
production date, batch or lot
number, and other attributes, is
captured and recorded at various
points in the supply chain. This
data may be collected manually or
automatically using technologies
such as scanners, sensors, and

• Information Sharing and
Visibility: Traceability involves
sharing information about product
movement and status with
stakeholders across the supply
chain, including suppliers,
manufacturers, distributors,
retailers, and consumers. Real-
time visibility into the location,
condition, and history of products
enables better decision-making,
risk management, and
collaboration among supply chain
partners.
• Regulatory Compliance:
Traceability is often mandated by
regulations and standards to
ensure product safety, quality,
and compliance with legal
requirements. For example, in
industries such as food and
pharmaceuticals, regulations may

• Supply Chain Integrity and Risk
Management: Traceability helps
to ensure the integrity of the
supply chain by detecting and
preventing counterfeiting,
diversion, and unauthorized
tampering of products. It also
enables proactive risk
management by identifying and
mitigating potential issues, such as
supply chain disruptions, quality
defects, and ethical concerns.
• Quality Assurance and Recall
Management: Traceability
systems support quality assurance
processes by enabling the rapid
identification and resolution of
quality issues or non-conformities.
In the event of a product recall or
safety alert, traceability data allows
for targeted and efficient recall
management, minimizing the

• Consumer Transparency and
Trust: Traceability provides
consumers with transparency into
the origin, production methods, and
attributes of products, allowing them
to make informed purchasing
decisions based on factors such as
sustainability, ethical sourcing, and
product authenticity. Enhanced
transparency builds trust and loyalty
among consumers, who increasingly
value visibility and accountability in
the products they purchase.
Overall, traceability is a critical concept
in supply chain management, enabling
organizations to improve efficiency,
accountability, and sustainability while
ensuring product safety, quality, and
compliance with regulatory
requirements. By implementing robust
traceability systems and processes,
companies can enhance visibility,
mitigate risks, and create value across

Critical Infrastructure
▶ Critical infrastructures refer
to the physical and cyber
systems, networks, and
assets that are essential for
the functioning of a society
and economy. These
infrastructures provide the
necessary services and
resources that support the
daily operations of
businesses, governments,
and individuals. Critical
infrastructures are vital for
national security, public
safety, economic stability,
and societal well-being.

▶ Infrastructures creates
dependencies and vulnerabilities,
making them susceptible to
various risks and threats,
including natural disasters,
cyberattacks, terrorism,
pandemics, and geopolitical
tensions. Ensuring the resilience,
reliability, and security of critical
infrastructures is essential for
safeguarding national interests,
mitigating risks, and maintaining
societal functions in the face of
challenges and disruptions.
Consequently, governments,
businesses, and organizations
invest in risk management,
contingency planning,
cybersecurity measures, and
infrastructure resilience initiatives
to protect critical infrastructures
and enhance their ability to
withstand and recover from

▶ Examples of critical infrastructures
include:
• Energy: This includes power
generation, transmission, and
distribution systems, as well as oil
and gas pipelines. Reliable and
resilient energy infrastructure is
essential for maintaining essential
services, such as lighting, heating,
transportation, and
communication.
• Transportation: Critical
transportation infrastructures
include roads, bridges, airports,
seaports, railways, and public
transit systems. These
infrastructures facilitate the
movement of people and goods,
supporting economic activity,
trade, and mobility.

• Water and Wastewater: Water
supply and wastewater treatment
systems are critical for public
health, sanitation, and
environmental protection. These
infrastructures ensure access to
safe and clean drinking water
and manage the disposal of
wastewater and sewage.
• Communication:
Communication infrastructures,
including telecommunications
networks, internet infrastructure,
and satellite systems, enable
the exchange of information,
data, and communication
services. These infrastructures
support business operations,
emergency response, and social
connectivity.

• Finance: Financial
infrastructures encompass
banking systems, stock
exchanges, payment networks,
and financial institutions.
These infrastructures facilitate
economic transactions,
investment, and financial
services, underpinning
economic growth and stability.
• Healthcare: Healthcare
infrastructures include
hospitals, clinics, medical
facilities, and public health
systems. These infrastructures
provide essential healthcare
services, medical treatment,
and emergency response
capabilities to support public

• Government: Government
infrastructures, such as
government buildings,
administrative facilities, and
public institutions, support
governance, public
administration, law
enforcement, and emergency
management functions.
• Defense and Security:
Defense and security
infrastructures encompass
military installations, defense
networks, intelligence
agencies, and law enforcement
agencies. These
infrastructures protect national
sovereignty, deter threats, and
ensure public safety and

Departmental Security
Measures
▶ Departmental security measures
refer to the policies, procedures,
and practices implemented within
specific departments or units of
an organization to safeguard
sensitive information, assets, and
resources. These measures are
designed to mitigate risks,
protect against unauthorized
access, and ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of departmental data
and operations.
By implementing these
departmental security measures,
organizations can strengthen
their overall security posture,
protect critical assets, and
mitigate risks associated with
unauthorized access, data

Measures
▶ Here are some common
departmental security measures:
• Access Control: Implementing
access control mechanisms to
restrict access to departmental
resources based on the principle of
least privilege. This may include
user authentication, authorization,
and role-based access control
(RBAC) to ensure that only
authorized personnel can access
sensitive information and systems.
• Physical Security: Securing
physical access to departmental
facilities, equipment, and storage
areas through measures such as
access badges, locks, surveillance
cameras, and security guards.
Physical security measures help
prevent unauthorized entry, theft,

Measures
• Information Security Policies:
Developing and enforcing
departmental information security
policies and procedures that
outline acceptable use, data
classification, handling
procedures, and security best
practices. These policies help
raise awareness, set expectations,
and establish guidelines for
protecting departmental
information assets.
• Data Encryption: Encrypting
sensitive data stored on
departmental systems, devices,
and communication channels to
prevent unauthorized access or
interception. Encryption
technologies, such as Transport
Layer Security (TLS), secure

Measures
• Security Awareness Training:
Providing security awareness
training and education to
departmental employees to
promote a culture of security and
ensure compliance with security
policies and practices. Training
topics may include phishing
awareness, password security,
social engineering, and incident
reporting procedures.
• Endpoint Security: Implementing
endpoint security measures, such
as antivirus software, firewalls,
intrusion detection/prevention
systems (IDS/IPS), and endpoint
encryption, to protect departmental
devices (e.g., computers, laptops,
mobile devices) from malware,
unauthorized access, and other

Measures
• Secure Communication: Using
secure communication protocols
and technologies, such as virtual
private networks (VPNs),
encrypted email, and secure
messaging platforms, to protect
sensitive information transmitted
within and outside the
department.
• Incident Response Plan:
Developing and maintaining an
incident response plan to
effectively respond to security
incidents, breaches, or violations
within the department. The plan
should outline procedures for
incident detection, containment,
investigation, and recovery to
minimize the impact on
departmental operations and

Measures
• Regular Audits and
Assessments: Conducting
regular security audits,
assessments, and compliance
checks to evaluate the
effectiveness of departmental
security measures, identify
vulnerabilities, and address gaps
in security controls.
• Vendor Management:
Implementing security measures
for third-party vendors,
contractors, and service
providers who have access to
departmental systems or data.
This may include conducting
security assessments,
establishing contractual security
requirements, and monitoring

Measures
▶ Disruptions in operating processes
refer to conditions or events that
deviate from the original plan and
can result in partial or complete
interruptions of normal business
operations.
Effective management of disruptions
requires organizations to implement
risk management strategies,
contingency plans, and resilience
measures to anticipate, mitigate,
and respond to potential disruptions.
This may include developing
alternative supply chain routes,
implementing redundant systems,
investing in disaster recovery
capabilities, and enhancing
communication and collaboration
with stakeholders. By proactively
addressing disruptions,
organizations can minimize their
impact on operations and maintain

Measures
▶ These disruptions can occur due
to a wide range of factors,
including:
• Natural Disasters: Events such
as earthquakes, floods,
hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires,
and severe weather conditions
can disrupt operations by
damaging infrastructure,
disrupting supply chains, and
causing power outages or
communication failures.
• Man-Made Disasters: Incidents
such as industrial accidents,
fires, chemical spills, explosions,
terrorist attacks, and
cyberattacks can disrupt
operations by causing physical

Measures
• Supply Chain Disruptions:
Issues such as supplier
failures, material shortages,
transportation delays,
customs delays, or
geopolitical conflicts can
disrupt the supply chain,
leading to disruptions in
production, inventory
shortages, or delivery delays.
• Technological Failures:
Failures or malfunctions of
equipment, machinery,
software systems, or IT
infrastructure can disrupt
operations, leading to
downtime, data loss, or

Measures
• Human Factors: Human
errors, accidents, labor
strikes, protests, or workforce
shortages can disrupt
operations by affecting
productivity, safety, or morale
within the organization.
• Regulatory Compliance
Issues: Changes in
regulations, compliance
requirements, or legal issues
can disrupt operations by
requiring adjustments to
processes, procedures, or
product offerings to ensure
compliance.

Measures
• Market Changes: Shifts in
market demand, consumer
preferences, competition, or
economic conditions can
disrupt operations by
affecting sales volumes,
pricing strategies, or market
positioning.
• Health Emergencies: Events
such as pandemics,
epidemics, or public health
crises can disrupt operations
by causing employee
absenteeism, supply chain
disruptions, or restrictions on
business activities.

Measures
• Environmental Factors:
Environmental factors such
as pollution, climate change,
natural resource depletion, or
sustainability concerns can
affecting resource availability,
regulatory requirements, or
stakeholder expectations.
• Geopolitical Events: Events
such as wars, conflicts, trade
disputes, or political instability
in regions where the
organization operates can
affecting supply chain
logistics, market access, or

Continuity of Supply
▶ Ensuring the continuity of supply
while maximizing profitability are
primary goals across various
corporate disciplines such as
procurement, logistics, production,
and distribution. Here's how each
discipline contributes to achieving
these goals:
• Procurement: Procurement
focuses on acquiring goods and
services from external suppliers. To
ensure continuity of supply,
procurement professionals work to
establish strong supplier
relationships, diversify the supplier
base, and implement risk
management strategies to mitigate
supply chain disruptions. At the
same time, procurement aims to
maximize profitability by negotiating
favorable terms, reducing costs
through bulk purchasing or

• Logistics: Logistics involves the
management of the flow of goods,
information, and resources throughout
the supply chain. To ensure continuity
of supply, logistics professionals focus
on efficient transportation, warehousing,
inventory management, and distribution
to minimize disruptions and ensure
timely delivery of products to customers.
Additionally, logistics aims to maximize
profitability by optimizing transportation
routes, reducing lead times, minimizing
inventory carrying costs, and improving
overall supply chain efficiency.
• Production: Production encompasses
the manufacturing or assembly of goods
from raw materials or components. To
ensure continuity of supply, production
managers focus on maintaining efficient
production processes, optimizing
capacity utilization, and managing
inventory levels to meet demand
fluctuations. At the same time,
production aims to maximize profitability
by improving productivity, reducing
waste, minimizing production costs, and

• Distribution: Distribution involves the
movement of finished goods from
production facilities to customers or
end-users. To ensure continuity of
supply, distribution managers focus on
optimizing distribution networks,
managing transportation logistics, and
implementing inventory management
systems to ensure products are
available when and where they are
needed. Additionally, distribution aims
to maximize profitability by reducing
distribution costs, improving order
fulfillment processes, and enhancing
customer service and satisfaction.
Overall, these corporate disciplines work
together to ensure the continuity of supply
while maximizing profitability by aligning
their strategies, processes, and activities to
achieve common goals. By effectively
managing their respective functions and
collaborating across the supply chain,
organizations can enhance resilience,
efficiency, and competitiveness in the
marketplace.

Distribution Centers
▶ Distribution centers indeed face a
heightened risk of theft due to the
high volume of valuable goods
passing through them, making them
attractive targets for theft and
pilferage. Here are some reasons
why distribution centers are
particularly vulnerable to theft:
• Large Inventory: Distribution
centers typically store large
quantities of inventory, including
valuable goods such as electronics,
apparel, pharmaceuticals, and
consumer goods. The sheer volume
of inventory increases the potential
payoff for thieves.
• High-Value Goods: Many of the
products stored in distribution
centers are high-value items that are
easy to sell on the black market.
This makes distribution centers
attractive targets for organized crime

• Complexity of Operations:
Distribution centers often have
complex operations involving multiple
stages of receiving, storing, picking,
packing, and shipping goods. The
complexity of these operations can
create opportunities for theft to occur
unnoticed.
• Transient Workforce: Distribution
centers often employ a large number
of temporary or seasonal workers,
including temporary agency staff and
subcontractors. The transient nature
of the workforce can make it
challenging to establish trust and
accountability among employees,
increasing the risk of insider theft.
• Remote Locations: Distribution
centers are often located in remote or
industrial areas, making them less
visible and more vulnerable to theft.
Remote locations can also make it
difficult for law enforcement to

• Limited Security Measures:
While some distribution centers
have robust security measures in
place, others may have limited
security infrastructure, such as
surveillance cameras, access
controls, and security personnel.
Inadequate security measures
can make it easier for thieves to
gain access to the facility and
steal goods.
• Supply Chain Vulnerabilities:
Theft can occur at various points
in the supply chain, including
during transportation to and from
the distribution center.
Vulnerabilities in the supply
chain, such as unsecured cargo
or lack of tracking mechanisms,
can increase the risk of theft.

▶ To mitigate the risk of theft at
distribution centers, organizations can
implement various security measures
and best practices, including:
• Security Personnel: Employing security
guards or personnel to monitor access
points, patrol the facility, and respond to
security incidents.
• Surveillance Systems: Installing
surveillance cameras and alarm
systems to monitor activity both inside
and outside the distribution center.
• Access Controls: Implementing access
control measures such as key card
systems, biometric scanners, and
fencing to restrict entry to authorized
personnel only.
• Inventory Management: Implementing
inventory management systems with
barcoding, RFID technology, and real-
time tracking to monitor inventory levels
and detect discrepancies.

• Employee Training: Providing
training and awareness programs to
educate employees about security
risks, theft prevention strategies,
and reporting procedures.
• Background Checks: Conducting
background checks and screening
procedures for all employees,
contractors, and temporary workers
to reduce the risk of insider theft.
• Collaboration with Law
Enforcement: Establishing
partnerships with local law
enforcement agencies to report
incidents, share information, and
coordinate responses to security
threats.
By implementing these security
measures and adopting a proactive
approach to theft prevention, distribution
centers can reduce their vulnerability to

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Hybrid threats and supply
chain safety management
are two distinct but
interconnected concepts that
relate to security and risk
management in various
domains, including
geopolitics, cybersecurity,
and business operations.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Hybrid Threats:
Hybrid threats refer to a
combination of conventional and
non-conventional tactics used
by state or non-state actors to
achieve their objectives. These
threats often blur the lines
between different forms of
warfare, such as conventional
military actions, cyber attacks,
information warfare, economic
coercion, and political
subversion. Hybrid threats
leverage multiple dimensions
simultaneously, making them
difficult to attribute and respond
to.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Key characteristics of hybrid
threats include:
• Multi-Domain Approach: Hybrid
threats operate across multiple
domains, including military,
economic, political, and
informational, to create confusion
and exploit vulnerabilities.
• Ambiguity: The use of multiple
tactics and actors often creates
ambiguity, making it challenging
to identify the responsible party
and appropriate response.
• Deniability: Perpetrators of
hybrid threats may attempt to
distance themselves from their
actions to avoid direct
confrontation.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Key characteristics of hybrid
threats include:
• Information Manipulation:
Information warfare plays a
crucial role, using disinformation,
propaganda, and media
manipulation to shape public
perception and influence
decision-making.
• Asymmetric Strategies: Hybrid
threats often involve weaker
actors exploiting the strengths
and vulnerabilities of stronger
opponents.
• Complexity: The interconnected
nature of hybrid threats requires
comprehensive and adaptable
responses that encompass
various domains.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Supply Chain Safety
Management:
Supply chain safety
management involves ensuring
the security, resilience, and
integrity of supply chains to
prevent disruptions and mitigate
risks. This concept is vital for
both public and private sectors,
as supply chains are susceptible
to various threats, including
natural disasters, cyber attacks,
geopolitical tensions, and even
hybrid threats.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Key aspects of supply chain safety
management include:
• Risk Assessment: Identifying and
assessing potential risks and
vulnerabilities within the supply chain,
considering factors such as suppliers,
transportation, production, and
distribution.
• Resilience Planning: Developing
strategies to minimize the impact of
disruptions, including having backup
suppliers, diversified sourcing, and
robust contingency plans.
• Security Measures: Implementing
cybersecurity protocols, access
controls, and other security measures
to protect digital components of the
supply chain from cyber attacks.
• Transparency and Traceability:
Ensuring transparency and traceability
throughout the supply chain to identify
and address potential issues quickly.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Key aspects of supply chain safety
management include:
• Collaboration: Collaborating with
suppliers, partners, and
stakeholders to share information,
best practices, and resources to
collectively enhance supply chain
safety.
• Regulatory Compliance:
Adhering to relevant regulations
and standards related to supply
chain safety and data protection.
• Continuous Monitoring and
Improvement: Regularly
monitoring the supply chain,
conducting audits, and refining
safety measures based on
emerging risks and changing
circumstances.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ The term HYBRID THREAT, came of
age during the global war on terrorism
that still plays its rough sport today.
Hybrid Threat is used to define threats
that combine both regular and irregular
forces and all other criminal forces all
unified to achieve a mutual goal. Hybrid
threats when used, shows the multiplicity
of different actors and how complex a
conflict especially in this era can be.
Hybrid Threat in supply chain
management, is completely different from
the counter-terrorism hybrid threat that we
all know; however, they both share similar
definitive roots. Over the years,
specialists and analysts in supply chain
risk management have used regular
actors such as hurricanes and all other
forms of natural and man-made disasters
to challenge supply chain risk mitigating
strategies and planning designs.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ There are other regular actors
that threaten most
organization’s supply chains;
some of these threats are:
regional conflicts and foreseen
geo-political landscape
alongside socio-economic
issues. These and many more
are some of the regular actors
that most supply chains have to
endure to get goods and
services from point of origin to
their intended destination.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ In the last 2-3 years, we have witnessed
series of actors or supply chain
adversaries that have simultaneously and
adaptively employed a fused mix of both
regular and irregular threats to disrupt
global, regional and national supply chains
knowingly and unknowingly. Cyberattack
on Maersk which was estimated to cost the
company as much $300 million, Qatar
blockade due to alleged terrorism support,
Brexit, increased ISIS attacks, increased
disputes in international law and
governance, challenge to globalization in
the rise of populism ideology, increase in
maritime disputes, threat to free trade,
NAFTA in limbo, migration issue in Europe
and series of political and economic
uncertainties. All of this mention are just
some miscellany of already existing threats
and new irregular/unconventional threats
that reflect significant impact on movement
of goods and services globally.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ The rise in hybrid threats, shows that
supply chain risk management
framework for all organizations must be
continuously redefined to meet the ever
changing and dynamic vulnerabilities
and threats that works against it daily. It
is one thing for supply chain to build
resiliency in order to efficiently aid the
absorption of some of these threats
which may be inevitable, and it is
another thing to fight against it.
Any supply chain that wants to compete
in the future must have a chain that is
resilient and that can attack some of
these threats as being defensive is not
sufficient to subdue some of these
threats. Proliferation of advanced
technologies and supply chain reliability
are high risk areas that are prone to
attacks as we move into the supply

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ The future of supply chain, shows
heavy reliance on digital footprint and
cyber technologies and this will be areas
of interest for different supply chain
adversaries whoever they may be.
Organizations vulnerabilities are being
exploited daily and most organizations
are not equipped to deal with the
aftermath. An attack on an organization
has a direct impact on the product and
services value as well as its supply
chain. Globalization has facilitated the
long supply chain we experience today
and the longer the chain, the more
complex it is and the more susceptible it
becomes. If product A is manufactured
in Country X for consumption in Country
B, Country Y is not friendly with Country
B but friendly with Country X. Don’t be
surprised if you find your supply chain
be attacked by Country Y.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Since the inception of supply chain
management into the business world,
the modus operandi has been to take
defensive tactics or modes of operation
in aligning themselves within
organizations that address supply chain
risk management. This defensive
operating mind set can be attributed to
how supply chain management came to
being in the business world. A lot of
organizations still do not see supply
chain management as a functional part
of an organization. Today, we are finally
seeing C level positions in a lot of
organizations who address supply chain
management as a core functional part of
its organization. There are still a lot of
organizations out there who are still
lumping supply chain management with
other functional areas within the
organization.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ It is this history of slow integration and
lack of recognition of supply chain
management function within an organization
that has hampered the ability of supply chain
risk managers to mitigate future threats. One
of the main defensive tactics of supply chain
management should be in its reliance on
other functional areas of the organization
before acting. A lot of supply chain systems
are reactionary in nature and with that,
defensive mode of operation is the only
feasible way to operate. It will be extremely
difficult to have an offensive mindset in a
reactionary mode of operation.
The threats to the future of supply chain can
only be challenged with combo of offensive
and defensive approaches. Some
organizations are already on the defensive
and offensive mode of operation while some
don’t see the reason to be. This operational
mindset will determine the competitiveness
of organizations in the future.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ We should ask ourselves this “what
does it mean to be offensive oriented in
your supply chain management?” the
answer is simple really; an offensive
approach in the supply chain
management context is always looking
for ways to position an organization
through supply chain management to
project power; they do this by always
looking for ways to be innovative and
counter any perceive weak point before
being exploited. Every supply chain
has a weak link, ability to protect and
defend the weak link is the difference
maker. An offensive approach will not
be reliant on other core business
functions within the organization and
most importantly, an offensive
approach seeks out ways to
understand and approach challenges

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ The future of supply chain is dense on cyber
technology and with that comes hybrid threats
and challenges which cannot be combated with
todays mitigating strategies. As the population
increases around the world, despite the
populism movement and its protectionist ideas, I
do not see how populism is set to impact the
future of supply chain rather than being an
irregular force. Supply Chain of services and
products will become more complex and human
wants more insatiable, and that is why the need
for supply chain risk managers to be more
proactive and be offensive oriented in their
approach is now.
Recenlty, we learnt that 57 million Uber drivers
and riders information were hacked last year
and this is just of the few reported hacks that
affected related consumers. The traditional
supplier mapping against an overlay of geo-
cultural/political landscapes to determine
propensity of traditional supply chain threats
due to historic events will not be enough to
position any supply chain to challenge any
dynamic hybrid threats that would spring up in

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ Risk assessment and risk management for
hybrid threats are not same as the traditional
threats we have faced before. These
unprecedented mixtures of non-state actors in
terms of threats to the supply chain will continue
to increase in the future, so long as the increase
in demographic shifts continues thereby
encouraging more reliance on resource scarcity.
With these new changes in what is expected of
supply chain of the future in respect to hybrid
threats, supply chain professionals must equip
themselves with additional set of skills to be
able to drive value in making their supply chains
ready for the future and in a bid to further build
and strengthen supply chain resiliency. Supply
Chain professionals are encouraged to seek
new knowledge in areas of economics and
trade, national and international policies, data
mining and data analytics, digital supply chains,
programming and coding to a large extent and
most importantly having a deep understanding
of their own geo-political landscape how it
affects their suppliers and vice versa.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ As the future of supply chain is set to
embrace the use of block-chain
technology, internet of things, machine
learning and all its derivatives, the question
we should be prepared to answer are,
“How are different organization getting their
supply chain ready for the different
vulnerabilities that comes with these new
technologies?, Are proper risk assessment
done to gauge the threat level associated
with supply chain future?, Are the supply
chain professionals within the
organizations equipped to face challenges
that comes with dealing with supply chain
of the future?, Are the risks worth the
effort?, What type of risks are
organizations willing to tackle offensively?,
Is the current supply chain resilient enough
to be defensive?, What is the cost of
allowing some of these threats to fall
through?” These and many other questions
should be raised as organizations prepare

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ There is no template or
cookie cutter approach to
designing a resilient supply
chain as every organization is
different. A high-risk threat to
Company A might be extremely
low risk threat to that of
Company B. Asking the right
questions and equipping
professionals with necessary
tools to aid the identification,
and designing of a supply chain
that fully understands and takes
into account the dynamic
environment with the best
interest of all its stakeholders at
heart.

Hybrid Threats and
Supply Chain Safety
Management
▶ In summary, hybrid threats
introduce a complex and multi-
dimensional security challenge,
while supply chain safety
management addresses the
need to secure critical
processes and systems against
a range of risks, including hybrid
threats. Given the interplay
between these two concepts,
organizations must consider
both when developing
comprehensive security and risk
management strategies.

Security, Compliance Loss Prevention Part 14.pptx

Security, Compliance Loss Prevention Part 14.pptx

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