paper writing

1. ART OF WRITING A SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH PAPER
ORGANIZED BY
MIET KUMAON HALDWANI
PRESENTED
BY
MRS. LALITA BISHT NEGI
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS

2. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PAPER
 Scientific research paper provides researchers a way to
communicate with other researchers about the result of their
research.
 The true value of any research is only realized when the results
are subject to peer review and then published in journals.

3. A standard format is followed for writing a research paper, in which the author
presents the research in an orderly and logical manner.
The format is:
 Title.
 Authors
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials & Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgement
 Reference(Literature cited)
FORMAT FOR WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

4. TITLE
 Should be specific enough to describe the contents,
not so technical that only specialists will understand.
 Should be appropriate for intended audience.
 The title usually describes the subject matter of the
article.
 Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective.
 Should be eye catching.

5. AUTHORS
 The person who did the work and wrote the paper is generally
listed as first author of a research paper.
 For published articles other people who made
substantial contribution to the work are
listed as co-authors.

6. ABSTRACT
 An abstract or summary, is published together with a research article,
giving the reader a preview of paper.
 Allow scientists to quickly scan the large scientific literature, and
decide which article they want to read in depth.
 Should be little less technical then the article itself.
 Should be one paragraph, of 100-250,which summarizes the purpose,
methods, results and conclusion of the paper.

7. INTRODUCTION
 Summarizes the relevant literature so that the reader will
understand why researcher was interested in the question he/she
asked.
 One two four paragraphs should be enough.
 End with a sentence explaining the specific question researcher
asked in the experiment.

8.  There should be enough information here to allow another scientist to
repeat the experiment.
 Diagrams , flowcharts and tables may be included to explain the
methods used.
 Includes preliminary results that may be used to design the
main experiment that is being reported.
 Relevant ethical consideration must be included.
 The scientific approaches which are followed must be clearly
mentioned.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

9. RESULTS
 Use graphs and tables if appropriate ,but also summarize main
finding in the text.
 Do not discuss results or speculate as to why something happened ;
that goes in discussion
 No need to manipulate data.
 For graphs x and y axis should be clearly mentioned.

10. DISCUSSION
 Highlight the most significant results, but don’t just repeat what
has already been written in the results section.
 How do the obtained results relate to the original question? Do the
data support the hypothesis? Are the results consistent with what
the other investigators have reported?
 If the results were unexpected, try to explain why? Is there
another way to interpret your result. What further research would
be needed to answer the questions raised by the result?
 End with a one sentence summary of the conclusion, emphasizing
why it is relevant.

11. ACKNOWLEGEMENT
 This section is optional to thank those who either helped with the
experiments, or made other important contributions like replying
the questionnaire, provided the information required in one way or
the other.

12. REFERENCES(LITERATURE CITED)
 In the text, cite the literature in the appropriate places
Cyber bullying is commonly defined as an intentionally violent or
aggressive behaviour using electronic media carried out by an individual
or a group targeting a victim online [1]. This action involves repeated
online insulting, harassing, or attacking a target verbally [2].
 In the reference section list citations in alphabetical order
References:
1. Bu, S.J.; Cho, S.B. A hybrid deep learning system of CNN and LRCN to
detect cyber bullying from SNS comments. In Proceedings of the
International Conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems,
Oviedo, Spain, 20–22 June 2018; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp.
561–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 3 319 92639 1_47.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
2. Moreno, M.A. Cyber bullying. JAMA Pediatrics 2014, 168, 500.

13. IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
 Language is the primary source of communication.
 English plays a dominant role in almost all fields in the present
globalized world.
 The entire world has become narrow, accessible, sharable and
familiar for all people as English is used as a common language.
 It allows people to study internationally or read the scientific
works right after they are published.

14. THE 14 PUNCTUATION MARKS
1. THE PERIOD.
2. COMMA,
3. SEMICOLON;
4. COLON:
5. EXCLAMATION MARK!
6. QUESTION MARK?
7. DASH –
8. HYPHEN-
9. PARENTHESES ()
10. BRACKETS []
11. CURLY BRACES {}
12. QUOTATION MARKS “”
13. APOSTROPHE ‘
14. ELLIPSES…

15. CHOOSING SPECIFIC WORDS
 I came to the realization that
 Concerning the matter of
 During the course of
 In the event that
 In the process of
 Regardless of the fact that
 Due to the fact that
 In all cases
 At that point in time
 Prior to
 Keeping in mind
 I realize that
 About
 During
 If
 During, While
 Although
 Because
 Always
 Then
 Before
 Considering
Longer phrase The concise word

16. WORD CHOICE IN ACADEMIC WRITING:
TIPS TO AVOID COMMON PROBLEMS
 Words with Unwanted Connotations or Meanings
 Using Complex Words Instead of Simpler Words
 Awkward Word Choices
 Incorrect Use of Words with Similar Meaning
 Use of Jargon
 Use of Clichés
 Wordiness
 Choosing Specific Words

17. IMRAD FORMAT
I = Introduction, what question was studied
M = Methods, how was the problem studied
R = Results, what are the findings
A = and
D = Discussion, what do these findings meanProject identification
is a process in the initiating phase of project life cycle for
identifying a need, problem, or opportunity. Once identified, a
project is initially documented objectively defining what was
identified.

18. SIX NORMS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
 Valid research design – takes into account relevant theory,
methods, and prior findings
 Competence of researcher - capable to carry out the procedures
 Identification of consequences - assessment of risks and
benefits
 Selection of subjects – appropriate to the purposes of the study,
representative of the population
 Voluntary informed consent - obtained before study begins,
without undue threat or inducement, with enough information,
and agreement to participate
 Compensation for injury – responsibility for what happens to
the subject

19. RESPONSIBILITIES OF SCIENCE
 Reason is the instrument of societal development.
 Scientific investigation may be the ultimate expression of human
reason.
 Public supports science to better understand nature and help
humanity.
 Society’s increasing dependence on scientific inquiry for advances
and for policymaking.
 In carrying out its public trust, science operation in the realm of
human duty i.e. in ethics.

20. RESEARCH ETHICS
Basically, there are two types of ethics,
 Descriptive Ethics which asks what does the culture or society
believe is morally correct?
 The other type of Prescriptive Ethics asks:
How should I behave as a researcher?
What character traits should I cultivate?

21. ETHICS IN RESEARCH: WHY?
 Well being of society.
 Social, environmental, economics, laws & policies.
 Defence Plans, buildings.
 Improved knowledge.
 A lot depends on accuracy of data.

22. ETHICAL ISSUES IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING
 AUTHORSHIP
 PLAGIARISM
 EXPERIMENTATION ON BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
(Animal or Humans)

23. AUTHORSHIP
 Coercion Authorship
 Gift Authorship
 Ghost Authorship
 Mutual Support Authorship
 Denial of Authorship

24. PLAGIARISM
 INTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM
 DUPLICATE PLAGIARISM
 SELF-PLAGIARISM
LEVELS OF PLAGIARISM
 Level 0: Similarities up to 10%- Minor similarities, no penalty
 Level 1: Similarities above 10% to 40%
 Level 2: Similarities above 40% to 60%
 Level 3: Similarities above 60%

25. RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH
 Social responsibility
 Performance
 Reporting
 Mentoring
 Communication
 Conflicts of Interest