The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform for scientists, researchers, and academics to disseminate cutting-edge findings and innovative developments in these fields. Covering a broad spectrum of topics, from molecular biology to bioprocessing, the journal fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and promotes the exchange of knowledge to drive advancements in life sciences and biotechnology. With a commitment to excellence, the Indo American Journal is a valuable resource for professionals seeking the latest insights and breakthroughs in these rapidly evolving fields
Kindly find this paper useful in all fields, you can as well share the resource with friends in all learning institutions. This is entirely the my original work. The paper will also be useful in fields like medicine, law and social science.
Kindly find this paper useful in all fields, you can as well share the resource with friends in all learning institutions. This is entirely the my original work. The paper will also be useful in fields like medicine, law and social science.
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochem...BRNSS Publication Hub
Mukia maderaspatana belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae is an important plant described in Ayurveda. This plant is used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as urinary disorder and cardiac problems. The leaf of M. maderaspatana was extracted with different organic solvents in increasing order of polarity. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of antioxidant activity indicate that the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of M. maderaspatana possess significant scavenging activity against DPPH (ethanolic solvent and methanolic solvent of 300 μg/ml each). This study revealed that the methanolic extracts of M. maderaspatana have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal provides a platform for scientists, researchers, and academicians to share cutting-edge discoveries, innovative methodologies, and significant findings. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, it contributes to the global scientific community by publishing high-quality articles that explore diverse aspects of life sciences and biotechnology, encompassing biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and related disciplines. The journal serves as a vital resource for staying abreast of the latest developments and trends in these rapidly evolving fields.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters (IJPSL) is an international online journal published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles quickly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a scholarly platform dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal provides a forum for scientists, researchers, and academics to disseminate cutting-edge findings, innovative methodologies, and critical insights. With a focus on the Indo-American perspective, the journal fosters international collaboration and promotes interdisciplinary approaches to address contemporary challenges in life sciences and biotechnology. Stay updated on the latest breakthroughs and contribute to the global discourse in these rapidly evolving fields through the Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology. Explore the intersection of biology and technology through high-quality articles that drive advancements and contribute to the scientific community.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters (IJPSL) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal provides a platform for scientists, researchers, and academicians to share cutting-edge discoveries, innovative methodologies, and significant findings. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, it contributes to the global scientific community by publishing high-quality articles that explore diverse aspects of life sciences and biotechnology, encompassing biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and related disciplines. The journal serves as a vital resource for staying abreast of the latest developments and trends in these rapidly evolving fields.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal in English published everymonth. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles rapidly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform for scientists, researchers, and academics to disseminate cutting-edge findings and innovative developments in these fields. Covering a broad spectrum of topics, from molecular biology to bioprocessing, the journal fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and promotes the exchange of knowledge to drive advancements in life sciences and biotechnology. With a commitment to excellence, the Indo American Journal is a valuable resource for professionals seeking the latest insights and breakthroughs in these rapidly evolving fields.
international research journal of engineering and technology.pdfKSAravindSrivastava
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Bio Technology is a scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Providing a platform for scientists, researchers, and academicians, the journal publishes cutting-edge articles, reviews, and original research that contribute to the understanding and application of biological and technological advancements. With a focus on Indo-American collaboration, it fosters a global dialogue and promotes cross-cultural exchange in the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Rigorous peer review ensures the highest quality of content, making it a valuable resource for professionals and enthusiasts alike in the dynamic fields of life sciences and biotechnology. Embracing diversity and innovation, the journal strives to be a catalyst for transformative discoveries in these crucial domains.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters(ijpsl) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles rapidly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters(ijpsl) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles rapidly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and BioTechnology is a premier online platform that serves as a nexus for cutting-edge research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Our site fosters the exchange of innovative ideas, scholarly articles, and breakthrough discoveries in these dynamic fields. With a commitment to promoting scientific excellence, the journal provides a global forum for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their insights and advancements. Navigate through a wealth of diverse content, ranging from molecular biology to bioprocess engineering, as we strive to advance knowledge and propel the frontiers of life sciences and biotechnology. Join us in the pursuit of scientific excellence and stay abreast of the latest developments in this ever-evolving landscape.
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochem...BRNSS Publication Hub
Mukia maderaspatana belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae is an important plant described in Ayurveda. This plant is used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as urinary disorder and cardiac problems. The leaf of M. maderaspatana was extracted with different organic solvents in increasing order of polarity. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of antioxidant activity indicate that the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of M. maderaspatana possess significant scavenging activity against DPPH (ethanolic solvent and methanolic solvent of 300 μg/ml each). This study revealed that the methanolic extracts of M. maderaspatana have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal provides a platform for scientists, researchers, and academicians to share cutting-edge discoveries, innovative methodologies, and significant findings. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, it contributes to the global scientific community by publishing high-quality articles that explore diverse aspects of life sciences and biotechnology, encompassing biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and related disciplines. The journal serves as a vital resource for staying abreast of the latest developments and trends in these rapidly evolving fields.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters (IJPSL) is an international online journal published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles quickly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a scholarly platform dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal provides a forum for scientists, researchers, and academics to disseminate cutting-edge findings, innovative methodologies, and critical insights. With a focus on the Indo-American perspective, the journal fosters international collaboration and promotes interdisciplinary approaches to address contemporary challenges in life sciences and biotechnology. Stay updated on the latest breakthroughs and contribute to the global discourse in these rapidly evolving fields through the Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology. Explore the intersection of biology and technology through high-quality articles that drive advancements and contribute to the scientific community.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters (IJPSL) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal provides a platform for scientists, researchers, and academicians to share cutting-edge discoveries, innovative methodologies, and significant findings. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, it contributes to the global scientific community by publishing high-quality articles that explore diverse aspects of life sciences and biotechnology, encompassing biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and related disciplines. The journal serves as a vital resource for staying abreast of the latest developments and trends in these rapidly evolving fields.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal in English published everymonth. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles rapidly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform for scientists, researchers, and academics to disseminate cutting-edge findings and innovative developments in these fields. Covering a broad spectrum of topics, from molecular biology to bioprocessing, the journal fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and promotes the exchange of knowledge to drive advancements in life sciences and biotechnology. With a commitment to excellence, the Indo American Journal is a valuable resource for professionals seeking the latest insights and breakthroughs in these rapidly evolving fields.
international research journal of engineering and technology.pdfKSAravindSrivastava
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Bio Technology is a scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Providing a platform for scientists, researchers, and academicians, the journal publishes cutting-edge articles, reviews, and original research that contribute to the understanding and application of biological and technological advancements. With a focus on Indo-American collaboration, it fosters a global dialogue and promotes cross-cultural exchange in the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Rigorous peer review ensures the highest quality of content, making it a valuable resource for professionals and enthusiasts alike in the dynamic fields of life sciences and biotechnology. Embracing diversity and innovation, the journal strives to be a catalyst for transformative discoveries in these crucial domains.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters(ijpsl) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles rapidly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters(ijpsl) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles rapidly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and BioTechnology is a premier online platform that serves as a nexus for cutting-edge research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Our site fosters the exchange of innovative ideas, scholarly articles, and breakthrough discoveries in these dynamic fields. With a commitment to promoting scientific excellence, the journal provides a global forum for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their insights and advancements. Navigate through a wealth of diverse content, ranging from molecular biology to bioprocess engineering, as we strive to advance knowledge and propel the frontiers of life sciences and biotechnology. Join us in the pursuit of scientific excellence and stay abreast of the latest developments in this ever-evolving landscape.
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and BioTechnology is a premier online platform that serves as a nexus for cutting-edge research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Our site fosters the exchange of innovative ideas, scholarly articles, and breakthrough discoveries in these dynamic fields. With a commitment to promoting scientific excellence, the journal provides a global forum for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their insights and advancements. Navigate through a wealth of diverse content, ranging from molecular biology to bioprocess engineering, as we strive to advance knowledge and propel the frontiers of life sciences and biotechnology. Join us in the pursuit of scientific excellence and stay abreast of the latest developments in this ever-evolving landscape.
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and BioTechnology is a premier online platform that serves as a nexus for cutting-edge research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Our site fosters the exchange of innovative ideas, scholarly articles, and breakthrough discoveries in these dynamic fields. With a commitment to promoting scientific excellence, the journal provides a global forum for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their insights and advancements. Navigate through a wealth of diverse content, ranging from molecular biology to bioprocess engineering, as we strive to advance knowledge and propel the frontiers of life sciences and biotechnology. Join us in the pursuit of scientific excellence and stay abreast of the latest developments in this ever-evolving landscape.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters (IJPSL) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. This peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform for scientists, researchers, and academics to disseminate cutting-edge findings and innovative developments in these fields. Covering a broad spectrum of topics, from molecular biology to bioprocessing, the journal fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and promotes the exchange of knowledge to drive advancements in life sciences and biotechnology. With a commitment to excellence, the Indo American Journal is a valuable resource for professionals seeking the latest insights and breakthroughs in these rapidly evolving fields
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal in English published monthly. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters is an international online journal in English published monthly. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, this journal provides a platform for cutting-edge research and innovations in areas such as molecular biology, genetics, bioinformatics, and bioprocessing. Featuring rigorous peer-reviewed articles, the journal serves as a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, and professionals in the field, promoting the dissemination of knowledge and the development of groundbreaking technologies that contribute to the advancement of life sciences and biotechnology.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
1. ISSN 2277-2685
IJPSL/May. 2023/ Vol-13/Issue-2/1-15
B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Biological Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles
of Camelia Sinenesis and Evaluation of Its Biological Activity
B. Swapna*1
K.B. Chandrasekhar2,
D. Madhuri3
, G. Sumathi4
1. Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapuramu.
Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2. Vice Chancellor of Krishna University & Professor in Chemistry; Machilipatnam, Andhrapradesh. India.
3. Creative Educational Society’s College of Pharmacy, Kurnool, Andhrapradesh.
4. Ananthalakshmi Institute of Technology, Anantapuramu.
Corresponding Author: B. Swapna
Email: 303swapna@gmail.com
Abstract
Green tea leaf aqueous extracts of varying volumes (5ml, 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml) are
outlined for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a 1Mm silver nitrate solution.
UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and HPLC are utilized to evaluate
synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesis was predicated on the phenomenon of surface
plasmon resonance, as determined by UV- spectra at 200-400 nm, which confirmed the
presence of silver nanoparticles. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum confirms
the presence of Amine, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Aromatic, C-H bending, and C-O bending
functional groups as concentrations of green tea leaf extracts increase. The Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) analysis reveals a helical structure of silver nanoparticles ranging in size
from 5 to 100 nm, which exhibits good antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against
pathogens such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as good antimicrobial activity.
Key words: Green tea leaf aqueous extract, Silver Nanoparticles, UV-VIS, FTIR, SEM,
HPLC, Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity.
2. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
1. Introduction
Globally, green tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the culinary industry. Its
consumption has been firmly linked to preventive medicine, as numerous studies have
reported significant health advantages. Such as digestion-enhancing, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Acceleration of the metabolic rate, regulation of
triglyceride levels, and prevention of the distress caused by obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, and cancer. (1,2). These benefits are a direct result of the polyphenol content of tea,
which acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress in cells and lipid peroxidation,
among other mechanisms of action. (3). Thus, new quality standards have become more
stringent by requiring multiple and effective polyphenols characterization techniques,
including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet-visible, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared resonance spectroscopy (FTIR)
(4, 5). These methods have demonstrated reliability and precision. However, operation costs
and analyte management are expensive and time-consuming. Due to the presence of alkaloids
(caffeine) and catechin derivatives, green tea has diverse pharmacological effects (6-8). Due
to its antioxidant photoprotection, ageing and antiwrinkle, skin whitening, skin infection, hair
growth, and antidandruff properties, green tea is extensively used in cosmetic formulations.
Ongoing research aims to enhance or uncover the potential biomedical benefits of green tea.
(15). The advantages of plant extracts in nanomaterials synthesis are as follows: (a) they are
very inexpensive; (b) they are readily available; (c) there is no danger of contamination; and
(d) extract preparation does not require expertise, intensive labor, or complicated equipment.
In this context, a number of studies have demonstrated that plant extract-directed, antibiotics-
incorporated nanomaterials and nanoclusters exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against a
variety of microorganisms. (16-23). The analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
reveals the helical structure of silver nanoparticles ranging in size from 5 to 100 nm, which
exhibits excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against pathogens such as E. coli
and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as good antimicrobial activity.
Green tea (Camelia sinenesis) Unfermented tea is green tea. Tea is an infusion of leaves that
has been ingested as a beverage for centuries and is valued for its medicinal qualities.
Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, catechin, and polyphenols were identified through a
phytochemical analysis of tea (24). Numerous microorganisms are susceptible to the
antimicrobial effects of tea leaves. Green tea contains between 30 and 40 percent of
polyphenols that can be extracted with water. According to previous research, four
3. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
polyphenol compounds, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin gallate (ECG),
Epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epicatechin (EC), are potent antioxidants (25). Recent interest
has been drawn to the use of plant extracts as a reducing and encapsulating agent for metallic
nanoparticles due to the protocol's speed, simplicity, environmental friendliness, and
economic viability. (26-28). In contrast, biogenic or biological routes to synthesize metallic
nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles, are becoming an economically viable alternative
in the field of green chemistry (29,26,30). Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is
known to be straightforward, environmentally benign, cost-effective, and scalable.
Phytochemicals and aqueous environments additionally supplant chemical compounds and
organic solvents, respectively. (31). For the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, plant extracts
such as seed powder, fruit, bran, rind, bark, flower, and leaf are currently utilized. The
presence of phenolic compounds, amino acids, and vitamins confers medicinal value upon
plant extract. (27-32). The green tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an abundant source of
polyphenolic compounds. Green tea is primarily composed of the reducing and capping
agents’ epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, and eoicatechin-3-gallate
(33,34,35). This plant is a member of the Theaceae family and is abundant in bioactive
phytochemicals that make it an effective antiseptic, anticancer, and antimicrobial agent. (36).
Green tea's chemical composition is complex and incompletely defined. Polyphenols,
specifically flavonoids such as catechins, catechin gallates, and proanthocyanins, are the most
prevalent constituents of green tea. The fresh leaves contain caffeine (approximately 3.5% of
the total dry weight or about 50mg/cup when brewed), the bromine (0.15-0.2%), theophylline
(0.02-0.045%) and other methyl xanthene’s, lignin (6.5%), organic acids (1.5%), chlorophyll
(0.5%), and free amino acids (1-5.5%), in addition to the unique amino acid theanine (4%),
numerous flavor compounds are also present in much lower amounts. Many of the biological
benefits of green tea have been attributed to the catechin fraction, which accounts for up to 30
percent of the leaf's dry weight. (37).
A) Epicatechin B) Epigallocatechingallate
4. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Figure 1: Structure of Epicatechin and Epigallocatechingallate.
Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against various bacterial isolates was demonstrated at
concentrations that were non-toxic to mammalian cells. Using plant leaf extracts, this study
confirms previous findings regarding the biosynthesis of nanometals with potent antibacterial
properties and high biocompatibility.
Taxonomic profile:
Taxonomy of Camelia sinenesis
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Spermatophyta
Subphylum Angiospermae
Class Dicotyledonae
Order Theales
Family Theaceae
Genus Camelia
Species Camelia sinenesis
Kingdom Plantae
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2(a) Plant collection
Fresh green tea leaves were procured from the Mangalore plantation for this experiment.
Supermarket green tea leaves and green tea particles were purchased. Air-dried, chopped, and
pulverized into powder were the fresh green tea leaves. Green tea leaves and green tea
particles were directly brewed.
Figure 2: Dried green tea leaf
5. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
2(b) Aqueous extraction
In a 250ml sterile conical flask, 10g of each of the pulverized leaves were extracted by
soaking for two days in 100 ml of distilled water. The filtrates were then concentrated using
rotavapor, placed in universal flasks, and chilled to 4oC prior to use. As a preliminary
investigation, aqueous extraction was conducted.
Figure 3: Aqueous Extraction of Pulverized green tea leaves.
2(c) Methanol Etraction:
Ten grams of powdered samples of each were successively extracted with 70% and 50%
methanol to generate crude extracts containing a broad spectrum of active compounds. The
extracts were made by macerating plant material with solvents for two days in a shaker. The
respective extracts were filtered through Whatmann No. 1 filter paper and desiccated in
rotavapor at temperatures below 450°C under reduced pressure to produce a dense residue.
2(d) Test Organism:
This experiment's pathogens were obtained from Kurnool Medical College. Both Escherichia
coli and Streptococcus aureus are bacterial strains. The bacterial strains were maintained by
6. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
weekly transfer into nutrient broth, and the fungal strains were maintained in Sabouraud's
dextrose broth.
2(e) Minimum inhibitory concentration:
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude extracts was determined using the broth
dilution method. In sterile test containers, 5 milliliters of sterile nutrient were added to a
loopful of test bacterial strains. Increasing concentrations of leaf extract were introduced to
each test tube (20l, 40l, 60l, 80l, 100l). The contents of the containers are gently shaken to
ensure that the leaves extract is thoroughly mixed. The test containers were incubated for 24
hours at 370C. A control tube containing no test organisms was maintained.
2(f) Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles:
Using a pipette, 60 ml of green tea extract was transferred to a volumetric flask, diluted to ml,
and homogenized by hand. The resulting solution was made alkaline by adding a minute
amount of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) until the PH reached 10 (pH=10). Then, 20 ml of the
silver nitrate stock solution was added all at once. It can be seen below in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Synthesis of Ag-NP (Silver Nanoparticles) from reaction between AgNO3 and
green tea extract.
3. Characterization of silver Nanoparticles
7. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Various techniques, including colour change, UV- Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Infrared Spectroscopy, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,
were used to characterize the synthesized silver nanoparticles (HPLC).
3(a) Formation of Silver nanoparticles:
The colour change was observed visually in the Erlenmeyer flask containing green tea extract
and AgNO3 solution.
3(b) UV-Visible Spectroscopy:
Uv-Visible Spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of silver ions in the colloidal solution. A
small sample of Ag Nps was placed in a quartz cuvette and scanned between 200 and 400 nm
using distilled water as a reference. After adding green tea extract to AgNO3 solution, the
UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the sample was measured using a Perkin Elmer
Spectrophotometer at various times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 min) and concentrations (20l, 40 l, 60 l,
80 l, 100 l).
3(c) Scanning Electron Microscopy:
By means of scanning electron microscopy, the surface morphology of silver nanoparticles
was observed. After 4 hours of reaction, the sample was prepared by centrifuging colloidal
solution at 12000rpm for 4 minutes. The particle was dispersed in deionized water before
being centrifuged once more. The procedure was repeated four times before being completed
with an acetone cleaning. To create the suspension, purified silver nanoparticles were
sonicated for 10 minutes. A very small amount of the sample was deposited on glass plates
and then allowed to dry at room temperature to produce the thin coatings. The sample was
exposed to light until it was thoroughly dry. The produced sample was analyzed with the
Zeiss 700 Scanning Electron Microscope using SEM.
3(d) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
Three-dimensional transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: For the infrared Fourier
transform spectroscopy analysis, the residual solution was centrifuged at 10,000 revolutions
per minute for 10 minutes. To eliminate any residual free biomass, the resulting suspension
was resuspended in 1 mL of sterile distillated water. After purification, the suspension was
8. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
freeze-dried to produce powder. Mixing dried Ag NPs with potassium bromide (KBr) and
recording the spectra with a Perkin Elmer Spectrum.
3(e) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
When dissolved in acetone, the sample exhibited a broad retention peak at 10.233 and 9.097
minutes. A climax of low intensity was observed at 2.21 and 11.398 minutes.
4. Results
4(a) UV Spectroscopy:
UV-Visible spectrometers are commonly used to confirm the formation of AgNps in a
colloidal solution by observing metallic nanoparticles' surface phenomena. This optical
property is sensitive to the nanoparticles' size, shape, concentration, and agglomeration state.
(40) The change from a yellowish to a brownish hue indicates the formation of AgNps, as
depicted in fig. The UV scan of the silver nanoparticles in green tea solution revealed a
distinct Gaussian-shaped peak at 21nm.
Figure 5: UV-Visible Spectra of AgNPs
4(b) FTIR analysis:
The FTIR spectra of desiccated green tea AgNPs and green tea extracts are illustrated. In
Figure 6. By correlating the absorption bands to the corresponding compounds, the
photochemical constituents involved in the reduction and capping of AgNPs were studied.
Green tea extract exhibited distinct peaks at 3308, 2983, 2851, 1655, 1383, 1106, 1038,
9. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
and 969 cm -1. The broad band at 3308 cm -1 is attributable to the O-H stretching of
alcohol in polyphenols and the N-H stretching of amines. The broad bands at 2983 cm -1
and 2851 cm -1 are the result of C-H stretching in alkanes and O-H stretching in
carboxylic acids, respectively. The peaks at 1106 and 1038 cm -1 correspond to C-O-C
stretching, and the peak at 969 cm -1 corresponds to C=C bending. Green tea aqueous
extract phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of polyphenols including gallic acid
(GA), Gallocatechin (GC), Catechin (CE), epigallocatechin, protein, flavonoid, saponin,
and glycosides. Green tea AgNPs exhibit peaks at 2919, 1609, 1244, 1017, and 753 cm-1
in their FTIR spectra. The peaks at 2919 cm -1 and 1609 cm -1, respectively, correspond
to (C-H) stretching and N-H bending. By comparing the FTIR spectra of green tea and
green tea AgNPs, variations in their chemical constituents can be identified. The peaks at
1244 and 1017 cm-1 can be attributed to C-O stretching and C=O ketone stretching,
respectively, while the peak at 753 cm-1 corresponds to C-H bending.
Figure 6: FTIR analysis of AgNPs
4(c) SEM analysis
The SEM images of silver nanoparticles in green tea with varying sizes 70 nm is
predominately dispersed as aggregates. The nanoparticles were not in direct contact with one
another within the aggregates, which can be attributed to the stabilizing effect of the extract's
10. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
encapsulating agents. It is known that these phytochemicals actively reduce and stabilize
metal nanoparticles (41).
Figure 7: Scanning Electron Microscope analysis of AgNPs.
4(d) HPLC analysis:
Figure 8: Graph representation of HPLC analysis
11. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Table 2: Various peaks and their different characteristics
4(f) Antibacterial activity
Several studies have documented the antibacterial properties of green tea silver nanoparticles
(42-45).
5. Discussion
The straightforward and practical photosynthetic method became an alternative to chemical
and physical processes. In green synthesis, it was believed that the plant extract functions as a
reducing and stabilizing agent for the production of metal nanoparticles. Such consistent and
environmentally friendly technologies help to boost the synthesis and application of
nanoparticles that are food for. (46). Various natural products, such as green tea (Camellia
sinensis) (47), starch (48), lemon grass leaves extract, and leguminous shrub (Sesbania
drummondii), have been used to synthesize green silver nanoparticles (49). Silver
nanoparticles in the range of 70 nm can be produced with less leaf extract and without the
addition of chemicals and physical processes such as centrifugation, sonication, and
annealing (50). In this study, we describe a straightforward one-step method for the synthesis
of silver nanoparticles by the reduction of aqueous silver ions with green tea extract at room
temperature without the use of an additive that prevents silver nanoparticle aggregation.
Through the reduction of silver ions, green-tea-capped silver nanoparticles have been created.
When the aqueous extract and silver nitrate solution were combined, the colour of the extract
12. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
began to change. The dark brown colour of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution was
previously known. A yellowish-brown hue in the reaction vessels indicated the formation of
silver nanoparticles (51). Due to the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance, a colour change
occurred, which may be indicative of the formation of silver nanoparticles (48). The UV-Vis
spectra revealed a maximal absorbance at 217nm, which increased with incubation time of
silver nitrate with plant extract. Observations suggested that the reduction of Ag+
ions
occurred extracellularly. It was previously reported that absorbance at approximatelynm is a
characteristic of silver particles (52). The SEM analysis of the brown colour stable samples
revealed the formation of silver nanoparticles, which were well dispersed in samples treated
with silver nitrate. Since the silver colloidal particles possessed a negative charge due to the
adsorbed ions, one can deduce that a repulsive force precluded particle aggregation.
Numerous researchers have cited the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract as an
example of a biosynthesis reaction. Synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles at ambient
conditions using a purified compound extracted from henna leaf (53). Using C. sinensis
extract from green tea as reducing and stabilizing agents, gold and silver nanoparticles can be
produced in aqueous solution under ambient conditions (52).
6. Conclusion
Using green tea extracts, we have proposed an environmentally benign method for the
synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This basic, efficient, and environmentally friendly silver
nanoparticle synthesis can be utilized in a variety of biomedical and biotechnological
applications. The outcome demonstrated that green tea extract can be utilized in the synthesis
of silver nanoparticles. UV-Visible spectroscopy confirms the formation of silver
nanoparticles, and SEM measurements of the nanoparticles' crystalline nature and average
particle size demonstrate the formation of nanoparticles without aggregation. The synthesis of
silver nanoparticles utilized an environmentally friendly method that minimized the addition
of hazardous residues to the environment. The synthesized nanoparticles were 5-100 nm in
size, crystalline, and exhibited an absorption spectrum at 217 nm, as determined by a variety
of techniques.
13. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
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