Scientific mind (july october 2017)

www.scientificmind.com.np Scientific Mind: July-October 2017 1
Mankind has always been searching the ultimate truth
guiding the universe. Presently, we have sources thousands
of years old directed to know the nature. Aristotle, Newton,
Einstein are some of the prominent names who tried to
unravel the mysteries of nature. Yet, it can be easilysaid that
we have failed to know the nature completely.
More than 95% of the universe is composed of dark matter
and dark energy. Scientists do not have any concrete
evidence till now shading light on this conundrum. The
acceleration of the universe, the variation in the mass of the
bodies in the space has led us to know about the dark forces
which continue to surpass the imagination of the human.
Modern day scientists all around the world are working
in groups or individually to come with an idea about the
principle of the universe. Looking deep into anything, it is
found that everything has a certain pattern. These patterns
expressed in terms of mathematics will lead us to know
about the secrets of nature.
Particle Physics deals with unfolding the hidden principles
of the universe. This field of physics studies the subatomic
particles like electron, protons and neutrons. Although
electron is a fundamental particle, protons and neutrons
are not. They are made of quarks. The four forces of nature
and their interaction governs the universe. The weakest
force, gravity and the strongest force, strong force have vast
differencesintheirrangewhiletheenergyof ahugenumber
of current scientists of the world is dedicated to unify all
these four forces. European Organization for Nuclear
Research (CERN) is the largest institution with more than
10,000 scientists from more than 100 countries which aims
to understand the fundamentals.
It is obvious, understanding the universe that we ourselves
are part of, is not going to be an easy undertaking. It is
going to take all the hard work and all the collaborations.
Honesty, morality and persistence will be a crucial factor in
ourway towards the ultimate truth.
Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. Rameshwar Adhikari
Prof. Dr. Deepak Prasad Subedi
Dr. Dinesh Raj Bhuju
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Dr. Vinaya Kumar Jha
Dr. Arun Sigdel
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Dahal
Editor/Publisher
Mr. Nischal Shrestha
Assoc. Editor/Managing Director
Mr. Subhash Sharma
Assistant Editor
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Contributor
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Ms. Prakriti Sapkota
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Intern
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Prof. Dr. Laxmi Prasad Mainali
Magazine Layout
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Printing
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Exploring the Universe
Editor

Scientific Mind: July-October 2017 www.scientificmind.com.np2
The diverse sectors of science included in this
magazine is its best part. I am very glad to
read articles of different fields of science and
Technology.
Laxmi Sodari
Jhapa
Please give space for education specalist with
their biography and sucess story so that thousands
of students like me will get motivited.
Sandhya Rayamajhi
NAME
Kathmandu
I read magazine through its website. I will be
glad if magazine team will send its hard copy to
our school too.
Shivani Pradhan
Butwal
I saw this magazine many times in social media
then i have loged in its website. I found it was fully
student supportive. How can we get this magazine
in our school as well?
Roshan Khanal
Illam
I am pleased to know about the young scientists
submits. I wish these type of events will be
organized in future too.
Sabina K.C.
Pokhara
I was glad when i saw my essay in this magazine,
it was the most happiest moment of my life. I will
try my best for publishing my essay in further
issue too.
Anket Mandal
I am very grateful towards the scientific mind
family because your team doing very great work
and contributing to the development of science
and technonlogy in Nepal.
Romi Thapa
Hetauda
First of all, I would like to express congratulation
to all entire team of Scientific mind family for
continuously publishing its 6th
vloume since last one
year. I hope magazine will bring more attractive
news, cover story and project regarding science
and technology in further issue too.
Suraj Subedi
Kathmandu
Feedback

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Articles in magazine do not necessarily reflect view of the
magazine.
Contents
Evolution of Electric Bulb 5
3D Printing 7
Science Experiment 10
Quotes 11
Do You Know? 11
Engineering Quiz 14
Food and Health: Orange 15
Particle Nature of Light 19
Make-up and Microbes 22
Hibernation 24
Eco/Green School 26
Space Observation: Methods .... 27
Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions
and Answers 32
Scientific Instrument: Stethoscope 37
ef8f kQf nufpg] gofF Pk 38
Maxwell Equations
Particle Physics: Unfolding
the Mysteries Of Nature
29
16
July-August and September-October, 2017 issue is combined in this issue due to technical problem. -Editor
Mathematical Tricks 39
Puzzle 43

Evolution of Electric Bulb
Dr. Suman Paul
Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College,
Naihati, India
Imagine our world without light. Just put off your eyes and think. It seems
to be complete dark in real sense. Thus, our common day practices
are not at all manageable without the sources of light (electric bulb).
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931) is being accepted widely as the
inventor of first electric bulb. He developed many devices that greatly
influenced life around the world. Among various significant inventions,
here our focus will be on electric bulb.
Before Edison, many inventors devised incandescent lamps. Main
drawbacks of these early bulbs are:
• extremely short life span
• high expense to produce
• high electric current drawn and
• difficult to apply on a large scale
Edison started working to tackle these problems
and finally managed to develop first commercially
practical incandescent lamp with carbon filaments.
Incandescent Light Bulb
Carbon Filament Type
It is an electric light with wire filament heated to
a high temperature by an electric current passing
through it, until it glows to emit light. The hot
filament is protected from oxidation with generally
a glass bulb filled with inert gas. It is supplied with
electrical current by feed-through terminals or wires
embedded in the glass. These are manufactured in
a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage
ratings and work well on either A.C. or D.C. As
a result, these are widely used in household and
commercial lighting.
But those have also few drawbacks. These lamps
convert less than 5% of the energy they use into
visible light with the remaining energy being
converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a
typical incandescent lamp is ~ 15 lm W-1.
Tungsten Filament Type
Next, tungsten filament lamps that lasted longer
and gave brighter light than the carbon filament
were developed. Filling a lamp with inert gas
instead of a vacuum results in twice the luminous
efficacy and reduces bulb blackening. So, Argon
(Ar) and Krypton (Kr) are used to fill the bulbs.
Later, in order to increase the luminosity, silica
painted bulbs came into the market.
Fluorescent Lamp (Tube Light)
It is a low pressure mercury-vapour gas-discharge
lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light.
Electric current in the gas excites Hg-vapour which
produces short-wave UV light that then causes a
phosphor coating on the inside of the tube to glow.
Luminous efficacy of this lamp is ~ 100 lm W-1.
These are more costly because these require a
ballast to regulate the current through the lamp,
but the lower energy cost typically offsets the
higher initial cost. Compact fluorescent lamps
are now available in the same popular sizes as
incandescent and are used as an energy-saving
alternative in homes.
Image : Carbon Filament Lamp Bulb
Thomas alba Edison

Image : Carbon Filament Lamp Bulb
Variation of Luminous Efficacy
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
CFL uses a tube which is curved or folded to fit
into the space of an incandescent bulb, and
compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
Principle of operation remains the same as in other
fluorescent light. Improved phosphor formulations
have improved the perceived color of the light
emitted by CFLs.
Compared to incandescent lamps giving the same
amount of visible light, CFLs use 1/5th to 1/3rd
the electric power. Only drawback is, CFLs and
also tube lights, contains toxic mercury which
complicates their disposal after the life time span.
Now, for high-efficiency house lighting, white LED
lamps compete with CFLs.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamp
An LED lamp is assembling of many LEDs for use
in lighting fixtures. The light output of single LED
is less than that of incandescent and CFLs; that
is why, multiple LEDs are used to form a lamp.
LEDs come into full brightness without having a
warm-up time. Electrical efficiency of LED lamps is
several times better than incandescent lamps, and
significantly better than most fluorescent lamps;
Some LED chips are able to emit more than 100 lm
W-1 light. LED chips need controlled D.C. electrical
power to operate. An appropriate rectifier circuit
is required to convert A.C. from the supply to the
regulated low voltage D.C. As LEDs are adversely
affected by high temperature, those typically
include heat sinks and cooling fins. These are the
only drawbacks. Most LEDs do not emit light in all
directions, and this characteristic affects the design
of lamps. Now-a-days, omni-directional lamps are
becoming available.
In following Table, various parameters for the
different kinds of lamps are given and in Fig. 7 bar
diagram for the Luminous Efficacy parameter are
shown from which it is easy for all to understand
that LED lamps are to be used for home and all
other general purpose uses.
Thus, with the advancement of scientific research
and technology, incandescent lamps are gradually
beingreplacedbyothertypesof electriclamps,such
as fluorescent lamps, CFLs, and LED lamps. Because
fluorescent lamps and CFLs contain mercury, many
fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous
waste. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency recommends that fluorescent lamps be
segregated from general waste for recycling or
safe disposal. European Union,
China, Canada and United States,
are in the process of phasing
while Colombia, Mexico, Cuba,
Argentina, Brazil or Australia,
have prohibited them already.
But, we surprisingly are using
those in full strength. Hope in
near future we will also be able
to use the light sources which are
environment friendly.

3DPrinting
Bishwajeet Shrestha
B.E. 3rd Year Mechanical Engineering
What is a 3D printer?
3D printers are such machines that can make
everyday things from 3D models designed in the
computer. They are remarkable because they can
produce different kinds of objects, in different
materials. A 3D printer can make pretty much
anything from ceramic cups to plastic toys, metal
machine parts, stoneware vases, fancy chocolate
cakes or even some human body parts these days
including nose, skin, ear, lungs, and tissues. They
replace traditional factory production lines with a
single machine.
What is 3D printing and how does it work?
3D printing or desktop fabrication or additive
manufacturing is a process of making three-
dimensional solid objects from a digital file. It is
a prototyping process whereby a real object is
created from a 3D design. The digital 3D-model is
saved in STL format and then sent to a 3D printer.
The 3D printer then prints the design layer by layer
and forms a real object. The creation of a 3D
printed object is achieved using additive processes.
In an additive process, an object is created by
laying down successive layers of material until the
object is created. Each of these layers can be seen
as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the
eventual object.
It all starts with making a virtual design of the
object you want to create. This virtual design is,
for instance, a CAD (Computer Aided Design)
file. This CAD file is created using a 3D modeling
application or with a 3D scanner (process being
called as reverse engineering). A 3D scanner can
make a 3D digital copy of an object.
From 3D model to 3D printer
The 3D models can be prepared from AutoCAD,
Solid Works, CATIA, Fusion 360, Sketch Up and
much other software. The 3D model files need
to be exported to STL format for 3D printing
the object. A 3D model is prepared before it is
ready to be 3D printed. It is called slicing. Slicing
is dividing a 3D model into hundreds or thousands
of horizontal layers and needs to be done with
software. Sometimes a 3D model can be sliced
from within a 3D modeling software application. It
is also possible that you are forced to use a certain
slicing tool for a certain 3D printer. We can send
the 3D model into the 3D printer via USB, SD or
Wi-Fi.
Different Types of 3D Printers
3D printers differ in mechanical arrangements
and coordinate systems. The most popular
mechanical arrangements for 3D printers are
Image : www.up3d.com
Image : http://social.rollins.edu

Cartesian-XY-head, Cartesian-XZ-head, Delta,
CoreXY, Polar, Scara (robot arm) etc.Cartesian-
XY-head is the extruder head moves over the
X and Y-axis and the bed over the Z. Z-axis
movement on such a 3D printer is very precise
and requires very low accelerations.Delta is the
extruder head is suspended by three arms in a
triangular configuration. They have a circular print
bed.Polar 3D printers have a rotating print bed,
plus an extruder head that can move left, right, up
and down.
Different types of 3D Printing technologies and
Processes
Not all 3D printers use the same technology. There
are several ways to print and all those available
are additive, differing mainly in the way layers
are built to create the final object.
Some methods use melting or softening material
to produce the layers. Selective Laser Sintering
(SLS) and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) are
the most common technologies using this way of
3D printing. Another method is when we talk about
curing a photo-reactive resin with a UV laser or
another similar power source one layer at a time.
The most common technology using this method is
called Stereolithography (SLA).
Examples & applications of 3D printing
Applications include rapid prototyping,
architectural scale models, healthcare (3D printed
prosthetics and 3D printing with human tissue) and
entertainment (e.g. movie props).
Other examples of 3D printing would include
reconstructing fossils in paleontology, replicating
ancient artifacts in archaeology, reconstructing
bones and body parts in forensic pathology
and reconstructing heavily damaged evidence
acquired from crime scene investigations.
Many different materials can be used for 3D
printing, such as ABS plastic, PLA, polyamide
(nylon), glass filled polyamide, stereolithography
materials (epoxy resins), silver, titanium, steel, wax,
photopolymers, and polycarbonate.
The worldwide 3D printing industry is expected to
grow from $3.07B in revenue in 2013 to $12.8B
by 2018, and exceed $21B in worldwide revenue
by 2020. As it evolves, 3D printing technology is
destined to transform almost every major industry
and change the way we live, work, and play in the
future.
source: Wohlers Report 2015
Limitations
Although buying a 3D printer is much cheaper than
setting up a factory, the cost per item you produce is
higher, so the economics of 3D printing don’t stack-
up against traditional mass production yet. It also
can’t match the smooth finish of industrial machines,
nor offer the variety of materials or range of sizes
available through industrial processes. But, like so
many household technologies, the prices will come
down and 3D printer capabilities will improve over
time.
Some website with 3D models database are
3D Marvels, 3D Via, GrabCAD, Google
3D Warehouse etc. Companies like Shapeways,
Materialise, Sculpteo and Ponoko provide online
3D printing service.
References :
1. https://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/
2. https://www.3dhubs.com/what-is-3d-printing
3. http://mashable.com/category/3d-printing/
4. https://3dprintingindustry.com
Image : autodesk.com

Scientific Fun Facts
Acronyms
• Water can boil and freeze at the same time.
It's called the "triple point".
• Lasers can get trapped in a waterfall.
• You can prove Pythagoras theorem with fluid.
• Cat always land on their feet, thanks to
physics.
• If you spin a ball as you drop it, it flies. It is
due to "Magnus Effect".
• During your lifetime, you will produce enough
saliva to fill two swimming pools.
• The average person walks the equivalent of
five times around the world in lifetime.
• An individual blood cell takes about 600
seconds to complete circuit of the body.
• Hydrofluoric acid dissolves glass.
• An inch of rain water= 15 inches of dry
powdery snow.
• The seed of an Indian Lotus tree remain viable
for 300-400 years.
• By raising your legs slowly and laying on your
back, you can't sink in quicksand.
• The ears of cricket are located on the front
legs, just below the knee.
• Female sharks have thicker skins than males.
• The ocean is 8 Empire State Buildings deep.
• 20% of Earth's oxygen is produced by
Amazon rainforest.
• A teaspoonful of neutron star would weigh 6
billion tons.
• Polar bears are nearly undetectable by
infrared cameras.
• Stomach acid is strong enough to dissolve
MRI- Magnetic resonance imaging
ICU- Intensive care unit
BDS- Bachelor of Dental Surgery
DPT- Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
DSLR- Digital single-lens reflex
ALS- Advanced life support
ANSI- American National Standards Institute
ICANN- Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers
DOS- Disk Operating System.
BSW- Bachelor of Social Work
MPhil- Master of Philosophy
CEO- Chief executive officer
EMI - Equated Monthly Installment
MBBS - Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of
Surgery
BBA- Bachelor of Business Administration
BIM- Bachelor of Information Management
razor blade.
• Venus is the only planet to spin clockwise.
• A flea can accelerate faster than space
shuttle.
• Pteronophobia is the fear of being tickled by
feathers.
• When hippos are upset, their sweat turns red.
• A flock of crows is known as a murder.
• “Facebook Addiction Disorder” is a mental
disorder identified by Psychologists.
Prakriti Sapkota

Science Experiment: Chicken's Sound from a Cup
You will need:
• A plastic drinking cup
• Yarn or cotton string (nylon string will not work
well)
• paper clip
• Paper towel
• A nail
• Scissors
• Water
What to do?
1. Cut a piece of yarn about 20 inches (40 cm)
long.
2. Ask an adult to use the nail to carefully punch
a hold in the center of the bottom of the cup.
3. Tie one end of the yarn to the middle of the
paper clip.
4. Push the other end of the yarn through the hole
in the cup and pull it through as shown in the
picture.
5. Get a piece of paper towel about the size of
a dollar bill, then fold it once and get it damp
in the water.
6. Now it’s time to make some noise! Hold the cup
firmly in one hand, and wrap the damp paper
towel around the string near the cup. While
you squeeze the string, pull down in short jerks
so that the paper towel tightly slides along the
string. If all goes well – you hear a chicken!
How does it work?
This is an example of how a sounding board works.
The vibrations from the string would be almost
silent without the cup, but when you add the cup, it
spreads the vibrations and amplifies them (makes
them louder.) Pianos and music boxes use wood to
act as a sounding board to make the instrument
louder.
MAKE IT AN EXPERIMENT
To make it a true experiment, you can try to answer
these questions:
1. What types of string or yarn makes the loudest
sound? Which ones make the quietest?
2. Does the size of the cup affect the volume of
the sound?
3. Try materials other than a paper towel to see
if it affects the volume of the sound.

Quotes Do You Know?
• I slept and dreamt that life was joy. I awoke
and saw that life was service. I acted and
behold, service was joy.
– Rabindranath Tagore
• Human behavior flows from three main
sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge.
– Plato
• Moreover, since the sun remains stationary,
whatever appears as a motion of the sun is
really due rather to the motion of the earth.
– Nicolaus Copernicus
• A mathematician is a device for turning coffee
into theorems.
– Alfréd Rényi
• Passion is the genesis of genius.
– Galileo Galilei
• Optimism is the one quality more associated
with success and happiness than any other.
– Brian Tracy
• What you get by achieving your goals is not as
important as what you become by achieving
your goals.
– Henry David Thoreau
• Mathematics may be defined as the subject
in which we never know what we are talking
about, nor whether what we are saying is true.
– Bertrand Russell
• If I have seen further, it is by standing on the
shoulder of the giants.
– Sir Isaac Newton
• Gravitation can not be held responsible for
people falling in love
– Albert Einstein
 The very first Apple logo featured Sir Isaac
Newton sitting underneath a tree, with an
apple about to hit his head.
 Alaska is the only state in America that can
be typed on one row of a traditional English
QWERTY keyboard.
 About 1 out of 8 married couples actually met
each other on the Internet.
 The world's first camera took eight hours to
snap a photo.
 There is a factory in Japan which can run
unsupervised for 30 days at a time--it's almost
entirely manned by robots.
 In 2012, NYU-Poly constructed a robotic fish
and placed it in a tank of golden shiners. The
robot simulated the fishes' motions so well, it
was eventually accepted and became their
leader.
 There are 30 million account on Facebook of
people who have already died. This numbers
is equals to total average population of
Nepal.
 A blue whale's tongue is about the size and
weight of fully grown African Elephant.
 25,000,000 of your cells died while you were
reading this sentence.
 An octopus has three hearts and the colour of
it's blood is blue.
 Scorpions can hold their breadth for up to 6
days.
 Antarctica is only continent with no spiders.
 Sea sponges have no head, mouth, eyes,
feelers, bones, heart, lungs, or brain, yet they
are alive.

UNDERSTANDING DATE AND TIME
Recently, a spacecraft Cassini that was rotating
Saturn for thirteen years was destroyed after
receiving its final signals at time 7:55 am ET on
15th September, 2017. We might wonder what
the acronyms ET and likewise GMT, EDT, etc may
refer to. They all denotes the time zones around
the world. Prime Meridian (PM) which is 0˚
longitude, passes through the Royal Observatory in
Greenwich village, is the reference meridian used
in distinguishing time zones. And the time at this
point is called Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)
which was prior known as Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT). If we are to the East of PM we are ahead
of GMT in terms of time and vice versa for being
to west of PM.
Why time zones?
Differentiation of time zones was done to simply
understand the point of day occurring in any part
of world. If we are following same time system
throughout the world it will occur that while it is
midnight in Ottawa, it would be midday in Jamaica.
This will only result in confusion. This is the main
reason behind creating time zones. We have total
24 time zones covering whole world each with
roughly 15˚ longitude extent.
Nepal's context
In Nepal we see time being allotted as +05:45 UTC.
The '+' sign denotes that we are to the East of Prime
Meridian and 05:45 is the difference in longitudes
expressed as time. Time is calculated according to
the standard meridian used by that country and
Nepal uses standard meridian of 86˚20’ minute
passing through Mount Gaurishankar. Since earth
rotates completing 360˚ in 24 hours that gives
each degree longitude equal to four minutes. Then
we multiply the value 86˚20’ (86.333˚) by 4 which
gives 345.3333 minutes. This is then divided by
60 to convert it into hours (5.7555) after which
the value is consecutively converted to minutes
and seconds. And finally we get value 5 hours 45
minutes 20 seconds.
Now with this basic concept we can easily calculate
time differences between two places given that
we have values of meridian of those places. Let's
Radhika Bhandari
B.E. 4th
Year Geometrics Engineering, KU
TIme Zones (Image: www.timetemperature.com)

Robotics is the science or study of the technology
associated with the design, fabrication, theory and
application of robots. Robots are any machine that
does work on its own, automatically.
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
The ability of a computer or other machine to
perform those activities that are normally thought
to require intelligence. It is also referred to as the
branch of computer science concerned with the
development of machines having this ability.
Robot Mechanics
As well as programming robots to be as intelligent
as possible, scientists also work hard on building
robot that can perform a number of complex
movements as well as utilizing a variety of sensors.
Important things to think about:
• Purpose - What is the robot being built to do?
take example of Sydney and West Virginia whose
longitudes are 151.2093˚E and 78.6569˚W.
Difference in longitudes = 151.2093˚ + 78.6569˚
= 229.8662˚
We have added the longitudes because they lie
to different sides of PM(time differences increases
when two longitudes are at two sides). If both of
the longitudes are either to the east or to the west,
we subtract the longitude values.
229.8662˚ = (229.8662 * 4)= 919.4648’
= 15 hrs 19 mins 28 seconds
This means that Sydney time is 15 hrs 19 mins 28
seconds earlier than that of West Virginia.
International Date Line (IDL)
The IDL is the longitude exactly opposite to the
PM, that is 180˚ longitude. It is passed in such a
way that won't be passing through any country's
physical boundary because if we pass across this
line, we need to change our date and no country
would want two dates within its boundary. While
going from East to West of IDL, we increase one
day in calendar and decrease a day while moving
from West to East. But not every two places we are
comparing lying on the either sides of IDL will have
a 24 hour difference. It depends on which time
zones they fall and differences in their longitudes.
Robotics
• Materials - What will be used to build the
robot? (Plastic, metal etc)
• Joints, Size, Center of gravity,
• Sensory inputs - Vision, Hearing, Touch,
Smell, Taste
Robots in Industry
Robots are ideal for doing precise, repetitive or
dangerous tasks. Around 90% of robots are used
in factories with half of these being used in the
automobile industry.
Robots and robotic arms are frequently used for:
• Car manufacturing
• Military - Bomb disposal, weapons, army
surveillance
• Medical - Surgery, X-Rays, life support
• Space - Shuttles, International Space Station,
mars rovers

Engineering Quiz
Let's test our knowledge on Engineering. After attempting the questions below, check answers
in page 42.
1. In electricity, voltage is measured in volts while current is measured in ….?
2. In what country is the Taj Mahal found?
3. Which country gave the Statue of Liberty to the USA as a gift?
4. Is a mangonel a type of catapult or bridge?
5. Did the Eiffel Tower open in 1789 or 1889?
6. In terms of engineering software, what does CAD stands for?
7. Which is the highest bridge in the world?
8. The Panama Canal joins which two oceans?
9. The output of a gas turbine is 300 KW and its efficiency is 20 percent, the heat supplied is ...
10. An aircraft gas turbine operates on ....
11. The value of stress concentration factor depends upon……
12. To increase the input resistance and decrease the output resistance in negative feedback, the type
used is…
Image: Dropping images of black holes,
Source: www.gizmodo.com.au
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Food and Health: Orange
Oranges is an excellent source of vitamin C. Orange
is alsocalled the golden apple, its offer numerous
benefits covering health as well as beauty aspects.
Some health benefits are:
1. Boosts immunity
A single medium-sized orange can
fulfill about 72% of your daily
requirement for vitamin C. Since
vitamin C plays a crucial role as
an antioxidant by protecting
your body against the damage
caused by free radicals
generated in the body.
Researchers suggest
that vitamin C also
plays an important
role in strengthening
immuneresponsesof
the body, protecting
against recurring cold
and cough or any other
common infections.
2. Helps prevent ageing of skin
Several beauty products including face packs,
masks and creams that are available contain
orange extract as a key ingredient. That’s because
vitamin C present in oranges also helps prevent
skin damage, by eliminating free radicals. Apart
from vitamin C, oranges are packed with vitamin A
that helps keep the skin membranes healthy.
3. Protects the eyes
Vitamin A in oranges helps keep mucus membranes
in the eyes healthy. Vitamin A is protective against
age-related macular degeneration, a vision-
related condition that causes blindness. Besides, it
also plays an important role in allowing your eyes
to absorb the light.
4. Help prevents heart disease
Vitamin C in oranges takes care of free radicals and
neutralises them, thus playing a role in preventing
heart disease. Besides they also contain flavonoids
like hesperidin that lowers cholesterol level and
prevents the arteries from getting blocked.
5. Helps brain development
Oranges also contain phytonutrients called
polyphenols that play a role in development
of learning and memory functions of the
brain.
6. Prevents constipation
Oranges are a very good
source of soluble and insoluble
fiber, which helps keep
your stomach and intestines
healthy by preventing
problems like irritable bowel
syndrome. The fiber content in
them adds bulk to the digested
food and reduces transit time
of feces, preventing constipation
and straining.
7. Improves sperm quality
The antioxidants and Vitamin C present in most
fruits, including oranges improves the quality and
motility of your sperm thus keeping you fertile.
Another vitamin called folic acid also is an essential
nutrient for maintaining healthy sperms that you
can obtain from oranges. It also protects the sperm
from genetic damage, which might lead to birth
defects.
8. Great for diabetics
The rich fiber content of oranges has the ability to
keep a track of sugar levels in the body, preventing
diabetes.
9. Prevents hair loss
Orange has high Vitamin C content which is
required for producing collagen which, in turn,
is responsible for keeping the tissues in your hair
together.

Cover Story
P
article physics deals with the study of the
subatomic particles and their interactions. All
the masses of the universes galaxies, planets,
everything is made of the subatomic particles.
Till today, there are many fundamental particles
discovered like electrons, quarks, leptons etc.
Through the study of behavior of these particles
and their interactions, we can know about the
universe, we can understand what principle the
universe really follows. More than 95% of the mass
of the universe is dark matter and dark energy.
We have not known much about them. There are
thousands of scientists working globally and billions
of dollars is invested for understanding about the
95% mass of the universe.
The most accepted theory regarding the
interpretation of the universe is the standard
model. Present theories of this model were finalized
in 1970s. Out of the four forces governing the
nature, three forces strong force, electromagnetic
force and weak force are described by this model.
Particle Physics: Unfolding the Mysteries
Of Nature
By Nischal Shrestha, Subhash Sharma
Collision of energetic particles
Image: wired.com
The weakest force, gravity cannot be explained
through this model. Scientists are working in
Theory of Everything which is very famous theory
comprising all the four forces of nature. The ranges
of the forces between the strongest force, strong
force and weakest force, gravity is very large.
These vast differences in ranges of the forces
have led to difficulty in combing these forces and
form the grand unification theory. As the standard
model is not sufficient, numbers of scientists
are looking beyond the standard model for
understanding origin of mass, neutrino oscillations,
matter-antimatter symmetry etc. Supersymmetry,
String theory, M-theory are some of the popular
theories made for addressing these problems in
Standard Model. There are many areas where
significant work has to be done theoretically and
experimentally.
A Nepali Physicist, Dr. Suyog Shrestha working
as a scientist in world’s largest physics laboratory
at European Organization for Nuclear Research

Image: Fermilab
(CERN) said, “I got interested in particle physics
because it describes the fundamental components
of matter and their interactions.” For the
opportunities to the Nepalese students at CERN,
he further added, “For high school students, there
is a program called Beamline for School. This is an
opportunity for high school students from all over
the world to design and carry out an experiment
on a CERN accelerator beamline. You can find out
more at:http://beamline-for-schools.web.cern.ch/
.In case of university students, there are several
opportunities. CERN summer student program, CERN
Openlab program, CERN fellowship program etc.“
Human body is also composed of particles.
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen comprise
more than 99% of the body. These elements in
our body were made billions of years before.
Hydrogen was made during the big bang and
other three elements in the burning stars. Actually
much of the space of the atom is empty. The space
occupied by nuclei is 100,000 smaller than the
actual size of the atom. The large part of mass of
the atom is due to the energy of the particle called
gluon which holds the subatomic particles together.
For digging deep in the nature, the particles in the
nature have to be captured and studied. This is
only possible at the high energies. Thus, the particle
accelerators are built where these energetic
particles are collided and the resulting particles
are detected.
Particle Accelerator
Accelerator is something that makes something
else moves faster. In particle physics, we use a
machine that uses electromagnetic field to propel
charged particles to nearly speed of light and to
contain them in well-defined beams. We can see
the particle accelerators all around us, like in ours
home! Television sets has small electron accelerators
on the inside of the screen they are made of a
phosphor dots. The accelerator shoots out a stream
of electrons and steers the electrons with magnets
onto the phosphor dots. This process lights the dots
one at a time. Because the whole process is faster
than what ours eye can detect, ours brain mixes the
dots into a picture.
X-ray machine also contains a tiny electron
accelerator. This particular kind of accelerator
propels electrons towards a heavy metal target.
The electrons strike the target and cause a stream
of X-rays to come out then go through ours body
and expose the film inside your body.
Ernest O. Lawrence invented the earliest circular
accelerators called cyclotrons in 1929 at the
University of California, Berkeley. Cyclotrons
have a single pair of hollow 'D'-shaped plates to
accelerate the particles and a single large dipole
magnet to bend their path into a circular orbit. It
has been estimated that there are approximately
30,000 accelerators over the world. Of these, only
about 1% is research machines with energies above
1 GeV, while about 44% are for radiotherapy,
41% for ion implantation, 9% for industrial
processing and research, and 4% for biomedical
and other low-energy research. Till now, the
largest and highest energy particle accelerator
used for elementary particle physics is the Large
Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, operating since
2009. It was built by the European Organization
for Nuclear Research(CERN) between 1998 and
2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists

and engineers from over 100 countries, as well as
hundreds of universities and laboratories which
runs under the French-Swiss border contains more
than 1,000 cylindrical magnets arranged end-
to-end.The magnets are there to steer the beam
around this vast circuit.
The aim of LHC is to search the large family of new
particles predicted by super-symmetric theories of
particle physics and allow physicists to test the
predictions of different theories of particle physics,
including measuring the properties of the Higgs
boson.
LHC has seven detectors located underground in
large caverns excavated at the LHC's intersection
points. Two of them, the ATLAS experiment and
the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) are large,
general purpose is to detect the new particle.
ALICE is studying a “fluid” form of matter called
quark-gluon plasma that existed shortly after the
Big Bang. There are equal amounts of matters and
antimatters were created during the Big Bang,
LHCb investigates what happened to the "missing"
antimatter and last three TOTEM, MoEDAL and
LHCf, are very much smaller and are for very
specialized research.
Scientists, on 4 July 2012 were announced that
they had observed the new particle consistent
with Higgs Boson predicted by standard model in
the mass region around 125-126 Gev. The Nobel
Prize in physicsof 2013, was awarded jointly to
François Englert and Peter Higgs “for the theoretical
discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our
understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic
CMS
LHC
ALICE
SPS
PSP
Pb
ATLAS
LHCb
particles, and which recently was confirmed
through the discovery of the predicted fundamental
particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at
CERN's Large Hadron Collider."
All the matter that we can see, however, appears
to be no more than about 4% of the total. A more
exotic version of the Higgs particle could be a
bridge to understanding the 96% of the universe
that remains obscure.
On, 14 July 2015 the LHCb experiment at CERN’s
Large Hadron Collider has reported the discovery
of a class of particles known as pentaquarks.
The pentaquark is not just any new particle;it
represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely
the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons
and neutrons. Our understanding of the structure of
matter was revolutionized in 1964 when American
physicist Murray Gell-Mann proposed that a
category of particles known as baryons, which
includes protons and neutrons, are comprised of
three fractionally charged objects called quarks,
and that another category, mesons, are formed
of quark-antiquark pairs. Antiquarks are quarks
of antimatter. Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel
Prize in physics for this work in 1969. This quark
model also allows the existence of other quark
composite states, such as pentaquarks composed of
four quarks and an antiquark. It was also another
landmark discovery of LHC.
Humans are thriving to know more about nature,
to understand the secrets that lie hidden. This is still
a very long way to go, there are many mysteries
yet to be revealed. In the quest to understand the
principles, to unravel the mysteries it may take
effort of generations. The search is still going on.
Sources:
https://press.cern/press-releases/2015/07/
cerns-lhcb-experiment-reports-observation-exotic-
pentaquark-particles
http://home.cern/topics/higgs-boson
Symmetrymagazine.org

Particle Nature of Light
The intricate nature of light was hot topic during
eighteenth and early nineteenth century. There was
Newton’s Corpuscular theory of light which stated
light was composed of particles and then there was
equally promising Huygens’ wave theory of light.
Contemporary scientific community seemed to
prefer corpuscular theory over wave theory for the
Newton’s eminence associated with the former. Both
the theories had its drawbacks.The picture seemed
incomplete. With Young’s observation on his double
slit experiment of interference of light in 1801, he
decided that Huygens’ wave theory of light was
the only plausible explanation. Since then, other
properties of light like diffraction, dispersion which
happen to be property exclusively of waves were
also experimented with and results seemed fit to
wave nature of light. Light was established as wave
beyond any shadow of doubt. Thanks to Maxwell,
the wave nature of light was established in later
half of nineteenth century as an electromagnetic
and not longitudinal as Huygens’ had assumed.
Polarization was explainable now with this new
piece of information. It was just the lack of insight
and technology during Huygens’ time that his wave
theory was less regarded. But at the end of the
day, light was an electromagnetic wave and that
remained the story for nineteenth century.
In the final years of the nineteenth century, Max
Planck came up with the idea of ‘Quantization
of Energy’ while working on math of black body
radiationandthediscrepancyinthenexistingtheory
and observation, a problem nicknamed- ultraviolet
catastrophe.The classical theories indicate that
electromagnetic waves emitted at high frequencies
had high intensity and as frequency increased
intensity approached infinity and the universe
should be burning in an inconceivable blaze of
black body radiation. This evidently was not
happening. The assumption that Planck made was
that energy rather than coming in continuous mass
of smooth values, came in discrete granular pattern
called ‘quanta’ (E=nhf where n is some integer, h is
Planck’s constant, f is frequency of electromagnetic
wave); energy can have only specific values and
not the ones in between. He kind of meant you can
have energy enough to throw a ball to distance
of 2, 4 and 6metres and so on but you can’t have
energy to throw it to 1 or 3 or 5metres. This does
not match with what we do in our daily lives.
Planck measured his constant h = 6.626 × 10-34
JS or 4.136 × 10-15
eVS. Because this number is so
small, we do not realize the effects of quantization
in daily life. We deal with energies considerably
larger than the ones dealt in quantum physics. And
with this assumption, he derived an equation that
accurately modeled the distribution of black body
radiation intensity as a function of temperature
and frequency and got a Nobel Prize.
The assumption was not easy one to digest. It was
at odds with everything known then. Quantization
also meant the electrons around the nucleus of
atom had fixed orbit as they can have only fixed
amount of energy and not every possible values.
There were empty spaces between the orbits of
electrons. The wisdom of the day was of such a
preposterous quality that couldn’t be right. Planck
had arrived at solution for ultraviolet catastrophe
but there didn’t seem to be any reason why the
energy had to come in quanta. Waves are not
reducible to tiny pieces and both the math and the
experiments seem to confirm this. So Planck as well
Dr. Anand Deo
MBBS, Kathmandu University

as scientific community considered quantization as
mere mathematical trick.
Nobody actually believed that quantization had
any basis in reality so nobody paid much attention
to it. Einstein in 1905 showed beyond the shadow
of doubt that Planck’s mathematical concept
manifested in very real way with his explanation of
photo electric effect. When light is shone onto metal
surface, the energy from incoming electromagnetic
waves gets transferred to electrons in the metal and
escape. This can be described as Maximum kinetic
energy of escaping electron or the photoelectron
(K.E.max) = Energy of incoming wave (hf) – Work
function of the metal (phi). Work function of metal is
a measure of the threshold energy required to kick
off the electron and varies with metal. Wave theory
of light would assume a light wave if shone for
enough duration with enough intensity there will be
an initial buildup of energy. When enough energy
is accumulated, it’ll kick off electron producing
photo electricity regardless of frequency of light
and the energy of photoelectron will increase with
increasing duration for which the light is shone. But
this does not happen. Rather what happens is a
light with frequency par threshold will immediately
cause photoelectric effect without any initial energy
buildup when shone onto metal. It was observed
that the energy of photo electron was related to
frequency of light and not intensity. This seems like
all or none phenomenon. There is quota of energy
for each metal; threshold energy which must be met
by incident light to cause photoelectric effect. This
is akin to stream of particles where each individual
particle of light is with either enough energy to kick
off electron out of metal or it is not. Experiments
seem to indicate that individual packets of light
were responsible to cause photoelectric effect as
opposed to entire beam of electromagnetic wave.
It was Einstein’s analysis of photoelectric effect
providing the first evidence of granular nature
of light wave that would eventually win him his
first and only Nobel Prize in physics. But it would
take still a while for the idea of particle nature
of light to be accepted in academia. Though the
photoelectric model showed that light behaved as
particle when absorbed, there was no indication
of such nature when being emitted of in between
emission and absorption.
One decade before his Einstein published his
ground breaking analysis of photoelectric effect,
an experiment opposite the previous one had been
performed by German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen
who produced the first X-rays. He fired high
energy electrons at a piece of metal which yielded
electromagnetic waves that was almost entirely
in x-ray region of electromagnetic spectrum.
The phenomenon was called Bremsstrahlung.
Wave picture of light would predict shower of
electromagnetic radiation in every frequency
when electron struck the atoms in the metal sheet
analogous to striking a cymbal producing sound
waves covering an entire portion of the audio
spectrum. This is not what happened. Though the
emitted rays were x-rays, they did not include the
whole range of x-rays frequency. The greater the
kinetic energy of the incident electron, the higher
the frequency of outgoing wave. The wave theory
broke down once again.With particle nature of
light the results made perfect sense. The energy
of electron and its orbit is quantized. When
incident electron knocks off electron from inner
orbit of target atom, electron from higher orbit
comes to lower level emitting x-rays with definite
frequency and definite energy corresponding to
the difference in energy of two orbits. The more
energy incident electron had the inner orbiting
electron it could knock off. Outer level electron
would then make a greater jump in energy level
producing more energetic i.e. higher frequency
x-rays. The interaction was discrete,not continuous.
The equation for bremsstrahlung is kinetic energy
of incoming electron = energy of outgoing photon
(hfmax); fmax is maximum frequency of light
emitted. This equation is almost identical to that
of photoelectric effect, just in reverse. There is no
work function in bremsstrahlung because in this
case the value is so small compared to the energy
being dealt with that it can be neglected. These
equations which represent the absorption and
emission of light are both based on the underlying
principle that light behaves as particle. So thus far
it has been established that light behave as particle

when it is absorbed and also behaves like particle
when it is emitted, but what about in between?
Arthur Compton in 1922 was firing x-ray beams
at block of carbon and measuring the wavelength
of outgoing electromagnetic wave- Compton
scattering experiment. According to wave picture
of light when an electromagnetic wave strikes an
electron in carbon, the electron in carbon should
absorb some of the energy from wave and should
start oscillating in response. This in turn should
cause electron to reradiate that energy in variety
of direction in form of scattered electromagnetic
wave. The key point is the wavelength of light
waves that come in and the light waves that go out
should remain the same. If Lambda denotes wave
length of incoming light and lambda prime denotes
wave length of outgoing light, then according to
wave theory, lambda = lambda prime throughout
scattering process. But they weren’t. After the
experiment, Compton found this relation hold
instead: lambda prime – lambda = h*(1-cos (phi))/
(speed of light(c)*mass of what was scattering the
light in this case mass of electron (m); phi is angle
of deflection of light. (h/c*m) is called Compton
wavelength for electron, a constant value of about
2.4picometre. Obviously the incoming and outgoing
light wavelengths are not equal unless phi is zero
degree. It is also obvious that the wavelength of
outgoing light is larger than incoming every time it
is deflected.
The situation is analogous to a ball in pool game.
When a ball strikes another ball on the board,
it transfers some of its energy to the second ball
causing it to recoil while the first ball rolls off
in some other direction with remaining energy.
Similarly when light strikes the electron with a
certain amount of energy the electronrecoils and
then light gets scattered somewhere else with lesser
energy since it has already transferred some of its
energy to electron. This is all well and good but
Compton equation does not tell us anything about
the energy of light beams if wave picture of light is
considered. It comes into picture if one accepts the
particle picture of light, use Planck-Einstein relation
(E=hf) and work out for conservation of energy
and momentum just like for classical mechanics with
elastic collision between particles; one can get
Compton equation. Particle nature of wave would
be appreciable as evident by noticeable change
in wavelength only if the wavelength of incoming
light is less than or near to Compton wavelength.
From all this, Compton was able to show light must
behave like particles beyond reasonable doubt.
He got Nobel Prize for it.
So at last we have this picture of light behaving
as particle, when it is emitted, when it is absorbed
and also in between.Again there were equally
valid experiments that showed light was a wave.
Light exhibits wave-particle duality. But what’s
essential islight can behave a wave OR a particle,
but light CANNOT behave as wave AND a particle.
Sometimes it’s a wave, sometimes it’s a particle, but
not both at same time. If one deals with measuring
the size of comparable to wavelength, light
behaves as wave and when measuring energies
comparable to the energy of photon, light is a
particle. Then, there came another great mind who
dared thinking why only light to exhibit duality.
Wave behaving as particle was only the beginning.

MAKE-UP AND MICROBES
Microbes are found far and
wide, even where we have
never thought of. Once they get
entered, they will not get out
very easily. Yes, these microbes
are also present in your daily
use cosmetics. Microorganisms
can definitely cause spoilage or
the chemical changes in cosmetic
products that can also result to
the physical injury of the user.
Unwarranted amounts of
bacteria and fungus can affect
the cosmetic in several manners
like, odors, destabilize the
emulsion and color changes.
These microbes can affect the
consumer in many unwanted
wayslikely from harmless itching
of the skin tothe severeinfections;
even can lead to the permanent
or temporary blindness because
of the products that include eye
make-up.
All the cosmetic products
that contain water or watery
substances for instance; aloe,
hydrosols, water based extracts,
etc. require a preservative to
prevent microorganisms from
growing into the makeup kits.
These entire make up products
should be tested to assure that
they are free or relatively free
of such microbes. Products that
do not have preservatives will
sooner or later become the
favorite place of microbes to
grow just as foodstuff and could
become unsafe though harmful
for the user. The most common
microbiology tests for cosmetics
are the Aerobic Plate Count and
fungal/yeast test.
One most important thing to
remember is that Cosmetic
products can never be expected
as aseptic,in whatever manner or
way, they must be completely free
of highly-virulence pathogens
and the total number of aerobic
microorganisms/gram must be
very low. These Pathogens or
opportunistic pathogens whose
incidence would be of chance,
especially in eye-area cosmetic
products, include Staphylococcus
aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
some other species too, and
Klebsiella pneumoniae. Quite
interestingly some of the normal
microbial flora that is regarded
Image: advancednutrients.com
Ghana Haider
University of Karachi, Pakistan

Image: pininterest.nz
as nonpathogenic may be
opportunistically pathogenic.
These can be present in wounds
and injuries.
From where these microbes come
from?
During the production of these
cosmetic products. Thefrequent
sourcesofmicrobialcontamination
are raw materials and substances,
equipment and tools, as well
as microbial contaminated air.
Water used for batch-making
can always be the titan threat
to the product sterility. Even
with safe sanitation practices,
cosmetics must be preserved to
cope up with the contamination
encountered during production,
packaging, and normal usage by
the consumer.
What should the user do?
Avoid sharing your cosmetics
because what actually you are
sharing is germs.
Evade adding water or saliva
to your cosmetics, like mascara
because in actual you are adding
microorganisms into it or also
diluting the preservatives.
Proper storage of cosmetics, don’t
keep them in too warm because
many of the microorganisms may
grow faster and preservatives
may also be broken down.
Keep the storage place clean and
remember practicing hygienic
practices before applying for
instance, washing your hands.
Microbial contamination is an
alarming time for your physical
beauty. So, be vigilant.
References:
(Microbiology & Cosmetics
JANUARY 21, 2011 BY CINDY
JONES http://personalcaretruth.
com/2011/01/microbiology-
cosmetics/). (Bacteriological
Analytical Manual, Chapter 23
Microbiological Methods for
Cosmetics, Authors: Anthony D.
Hitchins, Tony T. Tran, and James
E. McCarron)
(J. Soc. Cosmetic Chemists, 18,
191-198 (Mar. 4, 1967) The
Application of Microbiology to
Cosmetic Testing STANLEY W.
OLSON, M.S.)
( h t t p : / / w w w . f d a . g o v /
Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/
Po t e n t i a l C o n t a m i n a n t s /
ucm433748.htm Microbiological
Safety and Cosmetics)

In this 21th century ,science and Technology have
covered each and every field .But now a question
challenges today’s scientists .The question is "Can
Human beings go into deep sleep for 1 year or
more continuously without eating food ?". It’s a
broad field for research. In other hands, Nature
Hibernation
Jiyalal Prasad Kushwaha
Patan Multiple Campus
has provided this character to some of the Earth
species like Bats ,tortoises and Hedgehogs. And
such behavior of those species is called Hibernation.
Hibernation is a process in which some animals ,
organisms as well as some birds goes into very
deep sleep (rest) by slowing down their heart
beats ratio. In Hibernation the temperature of the
body drops down to that of very low temperature
.species keep slow their body functions ,some of
them are breathing , metabolism ( metabolism is a
activities of animals by which cells in an organism
break down foods compound to provide energy to
the body ) and heart beats in that condition . This
happens mostly in winter season when there is lack
of food .Once animal goes into Hibernation ,they
use only 70 to 100 times less energy than when they
are in active. All animals can nothibernate . It mostly
occurs in small mammals such as Bats ,woodchucks
and few birds such as poorwill and nighthawks. In
addition Bears also show as classically hibernating
animals but that is not true .They are actually very
deep sleepers.
In contrast there are some steps before going into
hibernation process.Preparation for hibernation :-
Hibernated animals should be prepared by
storing enough food like ‘Chipmunks’ store food
Image: advancednutrients.com

in their burrows which they consume in period of
hibernation. But most of the animals stores energy
internally in their bodies as fat ( fat is good source
of energy) While entering into hibernation.
Before going into hibernation process, animals
Fig: Human’s Hibernation
heart beat rate and breathing rate should be
dropped down slowly.
The body temperature should be from levels of 37
0 C to 380( 990to 100o F) to 10o to 20o C (50o
to 70o ). The lowered body temperature makes
fewer demands on metabolism and food stories.
Further more, we know our brain has to do many
electrical activity for different works in system
of our body. But in case of Hibernation,electrical
phenomenon of brain must be completely ceased
but some parts of brain still remain active which
respond to external stimuli such as light, temp, and
noise. Thus the hibernating animals can be aroused
under extreme condition.
Many doctors and scientists have been working on
the issue of human hibernating process and it will
be very much important for future in coming days
if scientists find exoplanet in our universe, it will be
easy to travel there from earth and then human
beings must departure from the earth for human
existence in the universe.
As we know, our universe consists of many stars,
planets, sub-planets and the satellite and they are
very far from us. So, it may take many years or
months to go there. In that time we have to go into
hibernating process. Our deep sleep is also a short
period hibernation because in that time many parts
of our body become inactive and some remains
active. If we could increase the sleeping period for
long time that will be as human hibernating.
Advantage of Human’s hibernating :-
(1) It will be easy to travel in universe while
research is carry 0n and It may take more
than 1 years for our destiny. Human’s
Hibernation will play vital role there.
(2) When the nature disasters occur on the Earth
and if there will be lack of food, human
hibernation will be needed there for some
period.
(3) Once humans go for hibernating ,they will
live for long time than human’s average age.
In conclusion ,Hibernation of human beings is
possible in medical science . Medical science has to
find such conditions from deep and long research
on those animals which hibernates time to time .
References
(1) Theconversation.com/could-humans-
hibernate-54519
(2) www.sciencedarified.com /He-In/Hibernation.
html

Eco/Green School
In 1992, the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, in its Agenda 21, set a high priority on
the role of education in enabling sustainable
development because education is indispensable
in changing people’s attitudes so that they have the
capacity to access and address their sustainable
development concerns through environmental
and ethical awareness, values and attitudes,
skills and behavior in consistent with sustainable
Susmina Gajurel
M.Sc. Environment and Natural
Resources, Kathmandu University
development. In 2003, United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) identified Eco-schools as a
model for initiative for Education for Sustainable
Development.
The Foundation of Environmental Education (FEE),
formed by Dutchman Harry Wals in 1981 in
Denmark, started the Eco-Schools which have now
expanded over 73 countries, 50,000 schools and
institutes and over 17,000,000 students across the
globe. Eco-school concept is not only confined to
schools but also to campus known as Eco-Campus
that began in Russia in 2003. In 2010, University
of Cork in Ireland became the first university to be
awarded the Green Flag.
According to FEE, Eco-school is a holistic approach
to encourage and actively engage young people
to make environmental awareness and action plans
for nature conservation. There are three facets of
Green School viz. ecological literacy, learning by
living it and environmental ethic (organizational
behaviour and attitude). Ecological literacy
includes a comprehensive understanding of the
basic patterns and process by which nature sustains
life, and the ways through which these ecological
concepts are related to sustainable human
communities. In Learning it by living the school will
adopt facilities and demonstrate environmental
principles such as the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle),
renewable energy, energy efficiency and resource
conservation providing an experiential approach
to enhance the environmental awareness of both
students and staff. As a responsible individual, all
the members of the school community will develop
a personal and collective code of responsibility
towards nature, earth and the future generation
which is explained under Environmental Ethic
(greening organizational behaviour and attitudes)
In Nepal different organizations like Wildlife
Conservation Nepal (WCN), Friends of Nature
(FON), and Environment Camps for Conservation
Awareness (ECCA) are working to achieve an eco-
friendly activities in schools since early 90’s. They
are working to achieve Green/eco-school through
different interventions like nature walk, hike,
visit to an organic farm, composting, plantation,
awareness campaigns, trainings, among others
thereby providing hands-on experience to the
students and teachers in order to fulfill the gaps
between environment and education to encourage
sustainable use of natural resource management,
and awareness on conservation.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-Schools
http://www.sustainable-environment.org.uk/Action/
Agenda_21.php
http://www.fee.global/eco-schools-1

SPACE OBSERVATION: METHODS AND
USE OF TELESCOPE
Space is huge. When the only factor of something
is ‘time’, it must really be vast. But, what does that
mean? That’s where imagination crosses scientific
methods of study.
History and Vision
There’s a famous portrait by Da Vinci where he
paints a cannonball trajectory, which follows a
parabolic arc. This was before Newton discovered
the laws of motion. Here, Da Vinci correctly projects
the idea of gravity without being backed up by
science. This is an example where we can see the
how the discoveries might have begun. Enthusiasts,
in ancient times, used to study the patterns of the
physical world – the path of the moon, its change
Fig: Metre Telescope
Madhu Lamichhane
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
in shape, the varying position of the stars and the
patterns of the constellations, etc. There is another
example from ancient Greece where the people
had studied all about the weather by studying
the seasonal patterns, which they later used to
predict the time of rain and the time of cold. These
anecdotes and the stories of The Stonehenge, The
Pyramid of Gaza, and The Pyramid of Chichen
Itza (they served as astronomical observatories)
suggest that the study of the world’s creation and
functionality had been the subject of interest from
ancient times; people got advanced in theories
and tools slowly, which lead us to more profound
knowledge of the world and the space.
Invention of first telescope
Scientific study and research is heavily based on
tools and methods. Scientists collect information
that serve as data and premise for conclusions
using different tools, the first of which was
Telescope. First demonstrated by Galileo in 1609,
Telescope brought a revolution to astronomy and
research. Galileo himself debunked the idea of
heliocentric universe which was deeply rooted in
the society. Galileo also found out, from the use
of his telescope, that the Moon was a world with
mountains, that Jupiter had its own moon, and that
the Milky Way was a band of countless stars.
Tycho Brahe was another astronomer that made
significant contribution to the astronomy, making
life long observations from his own observatory
using various telescopes.
Modern Age
Larger telescopes collect more light, since they are
governed by their diameter. Scientists began to
build different telescopes in the pursuit of knowing
more. While the Galileoscope was an inch wide,
modern telescopes are up to 50 metre wide. These
telescopes not only capture the visible spectrum,
but also the wide range of waves – from tiny
gamma ray to large gravity waves.
The ground based telescopes can be either
reflecting or refracting telescope. They collect a
vast amount of light from the space that is further
Fig: HST in its orbit

studied in the labs. The problem of size can be
overcome by using parallel telescopes placed
certain distance apart. Examples to such telescope
are Keck I and Keck II that are located in Mount
Kea in Hawaii. They are two 10metre wide
telescopes with the focal length of 17.5 metre.
VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging
Telescope Array System) is another important
ground based telescope that has four 12m wide
mirrors. This telescope detects gamma rays in G
ev – T ev energy range. Since the clear image
of distant astronomical object cannot be made,
scientists study the gamma rays emitted by those
objects.
Ground based telescopes serve a great purpose,
but the presence of atmosphere limits different
waves to reach these telescopes and the artificial
lights make the images from those telescopes
blurry. That’s why there is ultra-high budgeted
Space Telescope. The first space telescope
was Ultraviolet Solar Telescope sent by Russian
Fig: Galileoscope
Fig: Kec I and Keck II in Hawaii
cosmologists. After that a large number of space
telescopes have been sent.
Hubble telescope, and it’s construction
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is the largest space
optical telescope which was launched into low
Earth orbit in 1990 and still remains in operation.
From the joint fund of NASA and ESA HST has been
providing continuous data from deep universe.
HST lies 250 miles up and has an orbiting period
of 90 minutes. It has 2.6m wide mirror, and has four
main instruments that observe in near ultraviolet,
visible and near infrared spectra.
Most of the lights captured by HST are infrared
light, radio waves and gamma waves. The
formation of true picture of any object from the
all mashed up light source is a difficult task. For
this, scientists use false imagery. The noises are
filtered first and colours are later assigned to
make an image complete. And, not only are these
images eye candy, they also reveal a lot about
what lies beyond the solar system. Along with
other Great Observatories like The Compton
Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), The Chandra
X-Ray Observatory (CXO), and The Spitzer Space
Telescope (SST), many similar star-planet system
have been found till now using HST. It is also helpful
in tracing oxygen in those planets.
What’s next ?
Astronomersandspacescientistsarestudyingfurther
and the quest has becomes more exhaustive. Many
space programmes have already been launched.
Cassini-Huygens is another successful mission that
sent a probe to study Saturn. Voyager1 is another
important probe that has been sent to the space,
which has travelled 18.8 billion kilometres from the
Earth.
The main idea behind all these multi-billion dollar
projects is that we want to know more. We can’t
be alone in the universe! After all, one hundredth
of the universe is only in our reach of exploration.
We now know about Jovian planets and several
Exo-planets, but there are still things that might
be useful to us. If we keep digging further into
the space, we will have more information about
ourselves and the origin of all these things.
Source: coursera.org, nasa.gov

MAXWELL EQUATIONS
Bhupendra Budha
B.Sc. Physics 3rd Year
A journey of a Physicist Pupin
For more than twenty years, Maxwell’s theory of
electromagnetism was largely ignored. Physicist
found the theory hard because Maxwell’s equations
were complicated. Similarly, mathematicians found
it hard to understand because Maxwell used
physical language to explain it.
The physicist Michael Pupin in his autobiography
“From Immigrant to Inventor” describes how he
started his journey from America to Europe in 1883
in search of one who understood Maxwell’s theory.
He set out to learn the Maxwell’s theory.
Pupin went first to Cambridge and enrolled as a
student in a hope to learn the theory from Maxwell
himself. Later on, he came to know that Maxwell
had died four years earlier. He stayed on in
Cambridge and was assigned to a college tutor.
But his tutor knew less about the Maxwell theory
than he did. He was amazed to discover, as he
says, “how few were the physicist who had caught
the meaning of the theory, even twenty years
after it was stated by Maxwell in 1865”. Finally,
he escaped from Cambridge and enrolled as a
student with Hermann von Helmholtz. Helmholtz did
his best and taught Pupin what he knew. Finally,
Pupin returned to New York, became a professor
at Columbia university, and taught the successive
generation of students.
The four Maxwell’s equations:
Equation (i)
This is gauss’s law for electricity and it simply tells
us that electric charge of any shape produces an
electric field.
Equation (ii)
This is Gauss’s law for magnetism. It tells that the
magnetic field lines are continuous loop and in
other way(mathematically) we can say the closed
integral of magnetic field over a given small area
is equal to zero.
Equation (iii)
This is Faraday’s law of induction and it tells us that
a changing magnetic field will induce an electric
field.
Equation (iv)

This is a more general form of Ampere’s law. It tells
us that a magnetic field is produced by a current or
by changing electric field.
The term gives the magnetic field due to
conduction current whereas gives the
magnetic field due to change in electric field.

Where,
Here, is the conduction current through the
wire. And is the hypothetical displacement
current which is formed due to rate of change of
electric flux or change in electric field lines. The
displacement current is given by,

As a result,
or,
Electromagnetic waves
A changing magnetic field produces an electric
field that itself is changing. This changing electric
field will in turn produce a changing magnetic
field which will once again produce yet another
changing electric field and so on.
James clerk Maxwell was able to show that the net
result of these changing fields is a wave consisting
of E and B that can propagate through space via
the self- sustaining process mentioned above.
IF the voltage source varies sinusoidally, the electric
and magnetic fields also vary sinusoidally. We can
plot the strength of the two fields with respect to
time as shown below,
Formation of EM waves from an Antenna:
Fig: Propagating electromagnetic wave
Fig: Formation of EM waves
For the formation of Electromagnetic wave, an
antenna with two rods is taken. Between those
rods alternating source is provided as shown in
figure above. Initially, at open switch condition
no current passes through the rods. When switch
is closed let’s consider the current is travelling in
upward direction. Since the source is alternating
so the current reverses it directions periodically.
At upward motion of current, the electric field
begins on positive rod and ends on negative rod.
The current also produces a magnetic field where
direction is found by right hand rule.
When the current reverses, the new electric and
magnetic field also reverses directions.
Result:
Since, the new fields changed directions, the old
fields fold back onto one another and form closed
continuous loops. That closed loop begins to travel
through the medium and the wavefronts are nearly
flat when the continuous loop travels very far from
the source.
Conclusion
i) Electric and Magnetic field are always
perpendicular to one another and
perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
ii) The fields alternate directions, when the
electric field is at a maximum, the magnetic
field is at a maximum and so on.

Application of Maxwell equations:
i) Prediction of Electromagnetic waves:
Electromagnetic waves have given rise to
tremendous developments in the fields of
communication, computation, entertainment,
etc.
ii) Speed of propagation of Electromagnetic
waves: The speed of a wave given by the
equations is . He observed that the speed
of propagation of electromagnetic waves
was very close to the speed of light. He wrote
(1865) “This velocity is so nearly that of light,
that it seems we have strong reason to conclude
that light itself (including radiant heat, and
other radiations if any) is an electromagnetic
disturbance in the form of waves propagated
through the electromagnetic field according to
electromagnetic laws.”
iii) Tools of modern technology: Modern
technology in the today’s world has its origins
in the basic principle as stated in Maxwell’s
equations. Richard P Feynman said "From a
long view of the history of mankind - seen from,
say, ten thousand years from now - there can
be little doubt that the most significant event of
the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's
discovery of the laws of electrodynamics."
iv) Theory of relativity: Albert Einstein himself
said: "The special theory of relativity owes
its origins to Maxwell's equations of the
electromagnetic field." The simplicity, symmetry
and beauty of Maxwell’s equations motivated
Einstein to develop the revolutionary theory of
relativity. Maxwell’s equations have played a
crucial role in formulation of special relativity.
References:
Professor Dyson Freeman, Essay on “Why is
Maxwell’s theory so hard to understand”
site-www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/
DysonFreemanArticle.pdf
http://www.aklectures.com/subject/classical-
physics#124&150-Electromagnetic Waves
and Maxwell's Equations
http://ictwiki.iitk.ernet.in/wiki/index.php/
Applications_of_Maxwell's_equations
Image credit: http://www.kshitij-iitjee.com/
production-of-electromagnetic-waves-by-an-
antenna
Sudoku

Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions and Answers
Physics
1. There are two wires A andB. The radius of B is
one fourth of A. then the ratio of resistance of A
if both are of same maternal length.
a) 1:2 b) 1:4
c) 1:16 d) 1:256
2. The magnetic moment is related to principle
quantum number as
a) µαn b) µα1/n
c) µαn2
d) µα1/n2
3. If totalenergy of electron is Eo.then its PE is
a) εo
b) 2εo
c) εo
/2 d) εo
/4
4. A body moves in circular path which of the
following quantity is constant for it ?
a) Velocity
b) Accelerations
c) Energy
d) Both Velocity and Accelerations
5. Sound waves do not exhibits
a) Refraction b) Interference
c) diffraction d) polarization
Chemistry
6. The chemical formula of detergent is
a) R-COOH b) R-SO3Na
c) R-COONa d) R-COOK
7. in any given orbit electron fill up in increasing
order of energy it is known as
a) Aufbau principle
b) Pauli’s exclusion principle
c) Hund’s rule
d) Uncertainty principle
8. Bleaching powder looses its powder on keeping
for long time.
a) Because it absorbs moisture
b) Changes to calcium carbonate
c) Changes to calcium hypochlorite
d) Changes to calcium chloride and calcium
chlorate
9. LPG gas used for cooking purposes contain.
a) Methane
b) Propane
c) Mixture of butane and isobutane
d) Mixture of propane and ethane
10. The configuration 1S2
2S2
2P5
shows
a) Excited state of N ion
b) Excited state of O2
ion
c) Ground state of fluorine
d) Excited state of fluorine
Zoology
11. Vision of rabbit is by
a) Mosaic b) Monocular
c) Binocular d) None
12. Sleeping sickness is caused is caused by bite of
Housefly
a) Sandfly b) Tse-Tse fly
c) Mosquito d) Housefly
13. Starfish belongs to
a) Mollusca b) Echinodermata
a) Annelids d) None
14. Long neck of camel is due to
a) Increase in no. of cervical vertebrae
b) Increase in length of cervical vertebrae
c) Development of muscular pads between
successive vertebrae
d) Development of extra-bony plate
between successive vertebrae
15. Connecting link between Krebs cycle and
Glycolysis
a) Pyruvic acid

SDNx Mega Workshop On
In Co-ordination with STARC
Venue: Kathmandu Engineering College (KEC), Kalimati Kathmandu
Date: 16th
and 17th
Dec. 2017
Organizer Co-Organizer Media Partner
Autonomous Robotics Arm
Event Co-ordinator: Subhash Sharma
Contact: +977-9841151160
Email: altsubaseins13@gmail.com
First Time in Nepal
b) Acetycoenzyme A
c) Oxaloacetic acid
d) PEP
Botany
16. Which is the most stable ecosystem?
a) Mountain b) desert
c) Forest d) ocean
17. Coacervates are clusters of
a) Proteins b) fats
c) Sugars d) sugars and fat
18. The entry of pollen tube through the micropyle
is called
a) Porogamy b) chalazogamy
c) Allogamy d) sugars and fats
Answers
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d
6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. a
11. c 12. b 13. b 14. b 15. b
16. d 17. a 18. a 19. b 20. d
19. Secondary growth in thickness of plants is
brought about initially by division of the
a) Medullary ray b) cambium
c) Xylem d) Pericycle
20. The tomato plant belongs to the family
a) Cruciferae b) Compositae
c) Lilaceae d) Solanaceae
Registration is now opened!
www.spacedevelopmentnexus.com
Registration Charge: - Ns 2500/- (including Trainers charge, workshop KIT's )

A for Astronomy
1. The distance between the Sun and
the Earth is 108 times the Sun's
diameter.
2. The distance between the Moon
and the Earth is 108 times the
Moon's diameter.
3. Thales ( c. 610 B.C. E) is credited
with predicting a solar eclipse
from knowledge of a previous
eclipse and using the Saros cycle.
He predicted the year, but not the
month and the day. It wasn't until
Ptolemy's time that solar eclipse
forecasting became more accurate.
4. The International Astronomical Union has named a crater on the Mars after Langtang, one of the
worst hit villages by the 2015 Nepal earthquake.The IAU Working Group for Planetary System
Nomenclature had approved the name on June 14.The crater is said to have a diameter of 9.8
km.Along with Langtang, three other craters in the planet were named Bunnik, Nqutu, and Talu
respectively.
5. Galileo wasn't first person to invent telescope.But, The first person to apply for a patent for a
telescope was a Dutch eyeglass maker named Hans Lippershey (or Lipperhey) in 1608. In 1609,
Galileo Galilei had his own design of telescope. He was the first to point a telescope skyward.
References:
https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/when-were-solar-eclipses-first-predicted-accurately
https://thehimalayantimes.com/science-technology/mars-crater-named-langtang-in-memory-of-nepal-
quake/
Sujan Dahal
Allthegeoenthusiastsandmaploversarecordially invitedtocelebrateGIS
daywhichisgoingtobeorganizedbyGeomaticsEngineering
Society(GES) on15th
November,2017atKathmandu
Universitywiththethemeof "Discovering
theworldthroughGIS".
Also,
GeomaticsEngineeringbatch2014isgoingtolaunchitsthird
volumeofGeoICTmagazineonthesameoccasion.
–GES, Kathmandu University

Reader'sQuestions
1. Why don’t birds get electrocuted when they
land on electrical wires?
Ans: To be 'electrocuted', things must be part of
a complete circuit. Things must touch both a
positive wire, and a negative or neutral wire. If
the bird was touching the ground, the ground
would act as a neutral wire and the current
would flow through the bird (i.e. electrocuting
it). If the bird was sat on the wire and touched
the metal of the pylon or another wire, it would
also complete a circuit and get electrocuted.
Because the bird is only sat on one wire, it is
safe.
Kamlesh Sah
Siraha
2. What causes the rainbow and where is the end
of it?
Ans: The rainbow is caused by the interaction
of light from the sun (or moon) with mostly
spherical raindrops falling from the air. The
ray of light entering such a droplet is refracted
or bent and scattered into all possible colors
having different wavelength of white light. The
ray then reflects internally in the droplet, and
emerges roughly into the direction it came from
when it entered the drop. Since the rays of the
different colors all exist at slightly different
directions, the color bands will appear in the
sky. The same effect can be seen if you shine a
light through a glass prism. This is the region
behind rainbow caused. The rainbow has no end
in the sense that it would localized. The rainbow
will always move with you, and hence is never
connected to the landscape. The landscape
has nothing to do with the position of bow.
Moreover, the bow is three-dimensional. If rain
was falling everywhere, the rainbow would
start in the drops right in front of your face
and extend to infinite distance, as a cone with
its apex at your eye.
Manjil Gautum
Galkot English Secondary Boarding School
Baglung
Scientific Mind requests the readers to
send their questions related to science and
mathematics. The answers will be given by
consulting with the exports of the relevant
subject. Questions can be send
at articles.scimind@gmail.com
Notice
3. Where is the centre of universe?
Ans: According to the standard theories of
cosmology, the universe started with a "Big
Bang" about 14 thousand million years ago
and has been expanding ever since. Till now
there is no centre of expansion; it is the same
everywhere. So, there is no centre of the
universe! The Big Bang should not be visualized
as an ordinary explosion. The universe is not
expanding out from a centre into space; rather,
the whole universe is expanding and it is doing
so equally at all places, as far as we can tell.
Rupesh Jha
Janakpur
4. Can we live forever?
Ans: We live in an amazing time: we're starting
to think of "ageing" not as a fact of life, but
a disease that can be treated and possibly
prevented, or at least put off for a very long
time. Our knowledge of what causes us to
age – and what allows some animals to live
longer than others – is expanding rapidly. And
though we haven't quite worked out all the
details, the clues we are gathering about DNA
damage, the balance of ageing, metabolism
and reproductive fitness, plus the genes that
regulate this, are filling out a bigger picture,
potentially leading to drug treatments. But
the real question is not how we're going
to live longer but how we are going to live
well longer. And since many diseases, such as
diabetes and cancer, are diseases of ageing,
treating ageing itself could be the key.
Suman Subedi
Galkot H.S.C, Baglung

Stethoscope
A medical instrument which is used to detect
and study sounds produced in the body that are
conveyed to the ears of the listener through rubber
tubing connected with a usually cup-shaped piece
placed upon the area to be examined. In simple
words, a stethoscope is the device that doctors
and nurses use to listen to your heartbeat. Many
medical workers walk around hanging stethoscope
over their neck.
The word stethoscope is derived from the two Greek
words, stethos (chest) and scopos (examination).
In the early 1800's, physicians would often
perform physical examinations using techniques
such as percussion and immediate auscultation. In
immediate auscultation, physicians placed their ear
directly on the patient to observe internal sounds.
This technique suffered from several drawbacks,
so the first stethoscope was invented, called the
monaural stethoscope. This device had only one
ear piece. It was invented by a French doctor
named Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–
1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in
Paris in 1819. It was wooden instrument with a flat
surface on one end (the diaphragm) and a trumpet
looking piece on its other end (this would be the
ear piece). These were replaced by the binaural
units developed in 1851 by Irish physician Arthur
Leared,followed by New York physician George
Cammann in 1852,which we still use today.
The parts of a generally used stethoscope include
two ear pieces on the headset, the chest piece, ear
tubes, stem, tubing, and tunable diaphragm. The
headset is the part that fits into the physician's ears,
while the chest piece is the part of the stethoscope
placed directly on the patient. The length of tubing
used in a stethoscope has a direct impact on the
quality of sound heard. Stethoscope works on the
principle of multiple reflection of sound. Whenever
reflection of sound takes place reverberation takes
place, which causes increase in the amplitude of
sound that ultimately gives a loud sound. The sound
of heartbeat is very faint for us but when it passes
through a stethoscope it gives the loud sound.
Not only digital stethoscope, but an engineering
studentsatJohnsHopkinsUniversityhavedeveloped
a super "space stethoscope" which works as well
down here on Earth even in noisy environment of
spacecraft. In future, it has been challange for
young medical workers and physician to come out
with advanced stethoscope or ultrasound will be
replacing it.
Reference:
https://www.merriam-webster.com
https://www.vocabulary.com
https://www.adctoday.com
https://www.universetoday.
com/102302/engineering-students-
develop-a-super-space-stethoscope/
amp/

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Let's Mathematics
What is a Neuron?
Neurons are a specialized cell-type that transmits information around our body at high speed. They
are the information highway of our bodies and work in a similar way to an electric circuit. These highly
specialized cells exhibit a number of adaptations to help them do their job:
• Dendrites: increase the surface area of the neuron to maximize the number of possible synaptic
connections.
• Myelin Sheath: a fatty tissue that insulates the nerve in a similar way to the insulation on an
electrical wire.
• Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in the myelin that allows the signal to 'jump' from node to node, increasing
the speed of transmission.
It should be obvious that neurons do not work in isolation - many are needed to transmit a signal to its
destination. The more often a series or collections of neurons are caused to fire, the easier and easier it
becomes for that same pattern to be repeated: this is the basis of learning.
1. A farmer has to take a hen, a fox, and some corn across a river. The farmer
can only take one thing across at a time. Unless the farmer's present the
fox will eat the hen and the hen eat the corn. How is it done?
2. How many squares are in this picture?

Mathematical Tricks
• Each and every 2-digit number
that ends with a 9 is the sum of the
multiple of the two digits plus the sum
of the 2 digits. Thus, for example,
29= (2 X 9) + (2 + 9).
2 X 9 =18
2 + 9 = 11
18 + 11 = 29.
• A prime number is an integer greater
than 1 that cannot be divided evenly
by any other integer but itself (and
1). 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17 are
examples of prime numbers.
• If all of the blood vessels in the
human body were laid end to end,
they would stretch for 100,000 miles.
• The numeral 4 is associated in
Japanese and Chinese cultures with
‘death’ (Many Chinese hospitals
do not have a 4th floor).
• At sixes and nines, the result of the
sum (6 × 9) + (6 + 9) is... 69.
• Have you ever noticed that the
opposite sides a die always add up
to seven (7)
• Abacus is considered the origin of
the calculator
Magical Facts about
Math !!
Math Fun Table
9 × 9 = 81
99 × 99 = 9801
999 × 999 = 998001
9999 × 9999 = 99980001
99999 × 99999 = 9999800001
999999 × 999999 = 999998000001
9999999 × 9999999 = 99999980000001
99999999 × 99999999 = 9999999800000001
999999999 × 999999999 = 999999998000000001
2. Multiply by 9's
Step 1: Subtract the given multiplicand value by 1.
Step 2: Find the complement of multiplicand (Base
value - Multiplicand value).
Step 3: Find the digit difference by subtracting
multiplicand digit with multiplier digit.
Assign (n).
Step 4: Start Step 1 value; next append step 3 (n)
number of 9's and Step 2 value.
Example1: 45 x 99
Here, 1st digit = 45= Multiplicand,
2nd digit = 99 = Multiplier
Number of multiplicand, n= 2
Number of Multiplier, n= 2
Step 1: 45 -1 = 44
Step 2: Complement of 45 is 55 (i.e., 100 - 45)
Step 3: Subtract: Number of Multiplier - Number
of multiplicand= 2-2= 0
Step 4: Result = 4455
Let us take an another example
Example2: 45 x 999 (Multiplicand Digits Less than
Multiplier Digits)
Step 1: 45 -1 = 44
Step 4: Result = 44955
Example3: 45 x 9999 (Multiplicand Digits Less
than Multiplier Digits)
Step 1: 5 -1 = 44
Step 4: Result = 449955.

Natural Resources
Kamalesh Sah
Class: 12
Kathmandu
For the next issue, we request our readers
to send an essay in the topic
‘Technology’
in not more than 500 words before
31th
Octobor. 2017 A.D.
The essay can be send in the email address
articles.scimind@gmail.com
The best essay will be published in the
Nov.-Dec. 2017 issue and next three issues of the
magazine will be provided.
The word, "Natural Resources" is combined of two
words viz. natural and resources where natural
means existing into the nature and not made or
caused by people and resources means something
that a country has and can use when it is needed.
So, the combined word "Natural Resources" means
the free gifts of nature which a country can use
to increase capital and to meet other necessities.
It includes sunlight, atmosphere, water, land,
vegetation, animal life, etc. Nepal is a small and
poor country from economic point of view but, is
said to be very rich in terms of natural resources.
Thus, Nepal is one of the most beautiful nations
in terms of natural resources like water resources,
mineral resources, forest, etc.
There are many types of Natural resources found
in Nepal. On the basis of origin, the natural
resources found in Nepal can be categorized
into biotic and abiotic resources. Biotic resources
are obtained from biosphere (living and organic
material). For e.g. fossil fuels, animals,etc. Abiotic
resources are obtained from non-living and non-
organic materials. For e.g. land, water, air, etc.
Furthermore, natural resources found in Nepal may
be classified into renewable and non-renewable
resources. Renewable resources are the resources
that get regenerated time and again and don’t
get exhausted by human consumption. For e.g.
water resources. Non-renewable resources are
the resources which take millions of years for
the formation. They get exhausted due to human
consumption. For e.g. coal, petroleum, etc.
Forest, water, soil, land, etc. are some major natural
resources found in Nepal. Different types of forests
are found in different regions of Nepal. According
to Economic Survey 2072/73, forest resources
occupy nearly 44% area of Nepal. Industries like
paper, timber, furniture, etc. are based on forest
resources. Forest supports agriculture, too. It helps
to control soil erosion, landslide, flood, etc... Water
is the most important natural resources found in
Nepal. Nepal is the second largest country in the
world in terms of water resources. Water resources
are very important to generate hydroelectricity,
for irrigation, drinking water, etc… Nepal has
potentiality to generate hydroelectricity nearly
2.27% of the world’s capacity. Rivers, lakes, etc.
are some major sources of water resources.
Despite being so much important, the situation of
natural resources of Nepal is very measurable.
The rate of deforestation is 1.3% per annum.
Deforestation causes imbalance in natural
ecosystem. Human activities have caused a lot
of damage in natural resources of Nepal. The
water resources such as rivers, ponds, lakes, etc.
are indeed very much polluted. The root causes
of such problems are rapid population growth,
discourteous behavior of human, etc.
Anything seems impossible until it is done. So,
combined efforts should be made by all the people
of the nation to eradicate such problems. We all
know the remedial measures of such problems but
we are unable to solve them. The major thing which
is lacking in us is wisdom and courage. If we have
wisdom and courage, we’ll be able to eradicate
any problems related to natural resources of
Nepal.

Find each insect in the puzzle below and circle the name of each insect as you
find it. Words may be forward, backward, diagonal, vertical or horizontl.
A Word Search Puzzle:
Lavaflow Image: NASA

Math Test
Engineering Quiz Answers
1. Amperes
2. India
3. France
4. Catapult
5. 1889
6. Computer Aided Design
7. Duge Beipanjiang Bridge
8. Atlantic and Pacific
9. 15 KW
10. Bryton cycle
11. Material and geometry of the
parts
12. Voltage series
Ig
Answer:1.1212.E 3. 24.7 5.90 6. 113 7. 61
2. Which letter replaces the quetion mark ?
3. Which number replaces the quetion mark ?
4. Which number completes the puzzle ?
1. IF
12 + 12 = 9
25 + 25= 49
18 + 18= 81
Then,
29+29= ???
5. Try to solve this..
IF
1 + 4 = 10
3 + 9 = 24
5 + 16 = 42
Then,
9 + 36 = ??
6. Solve it..
6+4=210
9+2=711
8+5=313
5+2= 37
7+6 = ??
6. Which number replaces the question mark?

SolutionofPreviousIssue
CrossPuzzle-Animals
Winners:
1. Lalu Yadav
Times School, Siraha
2. Hari Shiwakoti
Baglung
3. Shiva Katwal
Butwal
Down
2 This animal has a long trunk
4 This animal likes to eat carrots and
sugar cubes
5 This animal loves bananas
7 Some say this animal has nine lives
10 Has big ears and likes to hop
11 King of the jungle
Across
1 Big animal that has one horn
3 This animal has a very long neck
6 Man's best friend
8 Lives in the cold and waddles
9 Slow moving and has a shell
12 Striped animal that looks like a horse
13 Can swim under water and walk on land
and has a big bite

Scientific mind (july october 2017)

Scientific mind (july october 2017)

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