This document provides an overview of various Islamic sects and schools of thought, including their key beliefs and differences. It discusses the Kharijites, Sunnis (including the Salafi, Ash'ari, and Maturidi schools), Shi'ites (Zaydi, Imamiya, Ismaili, and Nusayri branches), Mu'tazila, and Ahmadiyya movement. It also outlines some of the theological problems and points of disagreement between the different Islamic schools, such as issues relating to God, prophethood, the afterlife, human nature, and leadership.

1. İslamic Sect
UNCLASSIFIED
İslamic
Sect
Hawarij Shia Sunni Mutazila

2. Kharijites
UNCLASSIFIED
 - Marika& Muhakkime& Shurat, Ahl istiqamah
- Religious fundamentalism in literal
interpretation of the Qur’an and hadith
-Participants to jamal and sıffın as kafir (
Azarica)
-The first opposition; Küfr-ü ni’mah and küfr-ü
din& war with ashab-ı quud and other
muslims(Necedat)
-Not permissible killing of women and childs’s
opposition Although they are muskris(Sufris)
- Who commit great sin as ungrateful &
permissible marriage with them & living single
sect nowadays& Moderate (İbadites)
-Africa, Libya, Oman, Algeria,
-Two & Three milyon population
Khawarij
Najdat
Azariqa
Sufris
Ibadites

3. SUNNI
UNCLASSIFIED
 85-90% of Muslims
 ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah; ahl
athar; Ahl haq; Sawad al- azam;
Farka-ı najiyah& Shukkakiyah;
Nasibah; Sıfatıyyah; Hashwiyya
 İbn Küllab, Kerabisi, Muhasibi,
Ash’ari, Bakıllani, Gazzali, İbn
Furek (Ash'arite)
 Evzai, Abdullah b. Mübarak, Malik,
İbn Hambel, Berbahari, İbn
Qudamah, Teymiyyah, Cavziyyah
(Salafiyyah: ahl sunne al- khassa)
 Abu Hanifah, Ebu Sülayman
Cüzjani, Hakim al- Smarqandi,
Maturidi, Pazdavi, Abu Muin
Nasafi(Maturidiyyah )
Sunni
Salafiyya
Maturidiyyah
Ash'arite

4. What are differents between sunni schools?
UNCLASSIFIED
O 1) opposition to
theology
2) Intellect
3) Philosophical
arguments
4) approach to
religiuos text
5) literalist
O - taqdis: believe Allah free from corporeality and the like;
O - tasdiq: believe that the Prophet was truthful in speaking these
words, but in the manner in which he meant them;
O - i`tiraf bi al-`ajz: admit that their understanding is beyond his
capability;
O - sukut: remain silent and not ask questions about it, nor discuss it,
knowing that it poses a danger to his faith, and that he may
unwittingly commit disbelief by discussing it;
O - imsak: leave interpretation, not replacing the words which have
appeared in the texts with any grammatical derivatives, nor
translating them into another language;
O - kuff: hold himself back from pondering these words;
O taslim li ahlihi defer all this to those who are qualified to deal with it.

5. DİFFERENCES BETWEEN ASH’ARİSM AND
MATURİDSM
UNCLASSIFIED
10.Taklif Ma
la Yutak
1.
Ma’rifatullah:
2.Cause and
Wisdom:
3.Husn and
Qubuh
4.Kalam Nafsi
5.’Acting of
Murted:
6.Takwin
7.Kasb
8. «Ismah
9. Nubuwwah

6. SHI’ITE (SHI’A):
UNCLASSIFIED
O 10-15% of Muslims
O Shiatu ‘Ali, Rafizi,
Sebaiyyah
O What is the origin shia?
Some claimed that
1.Old iranian
2.Jewısh-chrıstıan orıgın
3. Arab origin
Shia
Zaydiyya
İmamiya
Nusayriyya
İsmailiyya

7. Divisions Within Shi’ism
UNCLASSIFIED
 Zaydis:
-differed with most Shi’a in
imamet, efdal mefdul , qurayshi
and fatimi and hasani or husayni
not to others
- closest to Mutazila they accept
five principal doctrines except
manzilah
- rejecting infability of imam and
ghaib imam
-Zayd b ‘Ali, Yahya b Zayd,
Nefzü’z Zekiyyah, Kasım er-
Rassi, İmam Hadi
-Yemen& Jordan
O Ithna-Asharis
O Ca’feriyyah,İmamiyyah,Rafi
za
O Close to mutazila in tavhid
and justice
O İmamet: ‘Ali is appointed by
God and 12 imams.
O İmams have imfability,
spesicif knowledge, and
miracles…
O Beda, gaybet, recat,
takiyyah...

8. Ismailiyya:
Batınıyya, Talimiyya, Sebiyye
UNCLASSIFIED
O There are two sub-
division as musta’liyya
and nizariyya
O Nizariyya: 20 b
population and 49.
İmam Karim Shah Ali
&Iran, Afganistan,
kanada
O Mustaliyya:Bohra grup
in India, 52. Molla
Burhannedin
& Yemen, Burma, spain
O Natık and samit
O Mehdi and Kaim
O revelation continues
O İmams have nasuti and
lahuti atributions.

9. Nusayriyya
UNCLASSIFIED
O The Nusayris trace their origins to the eleventh Shi'a
Imam al-Hasan al-Askari (d.873) and his pupil Ibn
Nusayr
O The belief in incarnation. The Nusayris believe that Ali is
God in the flesh. Ali created Muhammad from his spirit,
and Muhammad created Salman, an early Shi'ite saint.
These three form a Trinity in which Ali is described as
the 'meaning', Muhammad is the 'name' and Salman is
the 'door'.
O Nusayris believe in reincarnation and wine as sembol
O Muhammad b Nusayr Nemiri

10. Mu’tazila
UNCLASSIFIED
O Ahl tewhid wa ‘adl, muattıla,
Kaderiyya
O -The Mu'tazila movement emerged
in the Umayyad Era, and reached
its most popularity in the Abassid
period
Wasil b. 'Ata/al-Hasan al-
Basri/Amr b. 'Ubayd
O The early socalled Qadarites of
Damascus:
Ma'bad al-Juhani, Gaylan ed-
Dımeshqı,
O - Greek philosophy and logical
argumentation:
O Sub-division as basra and
baghdad schools. They differ with
poliitcal issue and ahl-i bayt, also
philosophy
Mutazila
Basra
Baghdad

11. The five principal doctrines
al-'Usul al-khamsah
O (i) Tawhid, i.e. absence of plurality and attributes.
O (ii) Justice ('adl), i.e. God is just and that He does not oppress His
creatures.
O (iii) Divine retribution (at-wa'd wa al-wa'id), i.e. God has determined a
reward for the obedient and a punishment for the disobedient, and there
can be no uncertainty about it.
O (iv) Manzilah bayna al-manzilatayn (a position between the two
positions). A fasiq is neither a mu'min, nor a kafir
O (v) al-'amr bil ma'ruf wa al-nahy 'an al-munkar [bidding to do what is
right and lawful, and forbidding what is wrong and unlawful].
UNCLASSIFIED

12. What are the problems of islamic schools?
OA)God
Discussion of divine attributes: Khalq al-Quran
'Adl (Divine Justice) and wisdom
OB)Prophethood:
1. Infallibility 2. Husn and Qubuh 3. Ahl-ı
Fatrah& responsibility 4. To be women and man
OC) Hereafter:
İntercession; Ruyetullah; the punishment of the
grave;UNCLASSIFIED

13. What are the problems of islamic schools?
O D) Human:
1. free will &Destnity 2. Khalq’al- afali ‘İbad& Kasb theory & İstita’at 4.
Guidance and going astray
5. What is the relationship between faith & works? 6. al-taklif bima la
yutaq)
O E) Leadership:
1. Appointment by nass & shura 2.qurash tribe 3. al-'amr bi al-ma'ruf wa
al-nahy 'an al-munkar
UNCLASSIFIED

14. Ahmadiya
 - messianic movement founded in British India in
1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
- core belief is prophetology, which postulates an
uninterrupted succession of non-legislative prophets
following Muhammad
- Ahmad claimed both messianic and prophetic
status
- has aroused the fierce opposition of Sunni
Muslims, especially in Pakistan and India
UNCLASSIFIED