We shall briefly discuss Saussure’s concepts of the ‘Sign’, ‘Signifier’ and ‘Signified’. The single word
‘Mother’ can act as a signifier in completely incongruous ways. in case of Hamlet as well as Haider when
‘Mother is the signifier, his mind is filled with hatred, sexual attraction as well as jealousy for his father
and uncle Claudius. for Harry on the other hand, when ‘Mother’ is the signifier, his mind is filled with
pride and love and he remembers his mother Lily who was kind, courageous, witty, loving and affectionate
as well as the fact how mother’s love is mightier than magic and how he has been always loved by Mrs
Weasley as a son. despite the differences the concept or the idea associated with ‘mother’ remains the
same for both.
1. The document provides background information on Australian poet Gwen Harwood, discussing her upbringing, influences, and career. It describes how she began writing poetry in the 1950s after being introduced to the genre by her grandmother.
2. Two of Harwood's poems, "Burning Sappho" and "Suburban Sonnet," challenge dominant images of women in 1960s Australia and critique the expectations placed on housewives. The poems portray the mental impact of domestic confinement on mothers.
3. Harwood's poetry explores themes of life, death, and the impermanence of existence. Poems like "At Mornington" and "Mother Who Gave Me Life" examine connections between people and the
Gwen Harwood's poems explore connections between people and death through memories and experiences. In the poems "At Mornington" and "Mother Who Gave Me Life", Harwood examines how events from one's life influence their understanding of continuity and impermanence. Both poems reflect on relationships with parents and acknowledge how they contribute to awareness of life. Harwood also challenges social conventions in "Burning Sappho" and "Suburban Sonnet" by portraying constrained mothers in nontraditional ways and positioning readers to reconsider dominant images of motherhood.
1) The document discusses how Shakespeare's works are interpreted and engaged with by both academics and fans. While academics traditionally view Shakespeare as stable in meaning, fans see his works as adapting to modern times through fanworks like fan fiction, art, and online discussions.
2) It provides examples of how fans on sites like Tumblr and in fan fiction explore Shakespeare's works through a modern lens, analyzing characters, themes, and social issues. This blurs the lines between academic and emotional discussion.
3) Fans do not just passively consume Shakespeare but actively claim ownership over his works through fan creations that expand or modify the original stories. This sharing of authority challenges traditional notions of the author.
The document provides definitions and examples of several literary devices and terms, including apostrophe, imagery, symbolism, denotation, and connotation. It begins by defining apostrophe as a figure of speech where a writer speaks directly to someone absent or non-existent. Examples from literature are provided. Imagery is explained as using language to represent ideas through senses. Common types and examples are given. Symbolism represents ideas through symbolic meanings different from literal senses, with common symbols and a literature example outlined. Denotation and connotation are then defined as the literal versus implied meanings of words, with distinguishing examples provided.
Sylvia Plath Literary Devices
Literary Devices In Medea
Literary Devices In Macbeth
Literary Devices In Poetry
Literary Devices In Literature
Literary Devices
Examples Of Literary Devices
Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative EssaysBritney Gilbert
45 Perfect Thesis Statement Templates Examples ᐅ TemplateLab. Write Good Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay - Best opinion .... FREE 15 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. PPT - Writing a Thesis Statement PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... Thesis Statement for Argumentative Essay Acupuncture Physician .... Tamaryn Pratt Research Proposal Example. FREE 16 Argumentative Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF MS Word. 15 Thesis Statement Examples to Inspire Your Next Argumentative Essay .... How To Write A Thesis Statement with Useful Steps and Tips 7ESL. thesis statement argumentative examples. Argumentative essay thesis statement examples. How to Write a Thesis Statement: Fill-in-the-Blank Formula. What is a thesis statement in an essay examples. 15 Thesis Statement .... Argumentative Essay.docx Higher Education Government Free 30-day .... Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. Argumentative Thesis Statement Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. PPT - Argument Writing PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:6134976. Sample Argumentative Essay.doc. Art Thesis Statement Examples / Essay Example Compare Examples College .... 002 Compare And Contrast Essay Sample Paper Comparecontrast Thesis .... 101 Thesis Statement Examples 2023. 7 Thesis Statement Examples Download in Word, PDF. Argumentative Thesis Statement In Essay - How to Write a Strong Thesis .... Argumentative Essay Examples 6Th Grade Pdf / 10 Easy Argumentative .... Argumentative Thesis Secondary navigation. How To Write Good Thesis Statements For A Research Paper Alngindabu Words. How to write an argumentative essay thesis statement. How To Write An .... PPT - Writing an Argumentative Thesis Statement PowerPoint Presentation ... Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative Essays Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative Essays
This document provides biographical information and summaries of works by several authors, including James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Langston Hughes, and Amy Tan. It discusses their styles, themes, and techniques. For example, it notes that James Joyce advocated for artistic objectivity and independence from pressures, while T.S. Eliot explored themes of alienation, faith, and the past versus present in modern society through an impersonal style. It also summarizes Rushdie's Midnight's Children and its magical realist approach to Indian history.
A Wonder-Book For Boys And Girls Nathaniel Hawthorne S Revolution Of Juven...Todd Turner
The document summarizes Nathaniel Hawthorne's A Wonder-Book for Boys and Girls, focusing on how Hawthorne revolutionized juvenile literature through his use of a child narrator and framing device. The summary discusses how Hawthorne establishes Eustace Bright as both an adult figure and childlike storyteller. It also analyzes Hawthorne's depictions of the Tanglewood children audience as fairy-like figures who reflect on the stories. The summary examines how Hawthorne's retellings of Greek myths employ children to convey moral lessons in a way that challenges the original myths and didactic tradition.
1. The document provides background information on Australian poet Gwen Harwood, discussing her upbringing, influences, and career. It describes how she began writing poetry in the 1950s after being introduced to the genre by her grandmother.
2. Two of Harwood's poems, "Burning Sappho" and "Suburban Sonnet," challenge dominant images of women in 1960s Australia and critique the expectations placed on housewives. The poems portray the mental impact of domestic confinement on mothers.
3. Harwood's poetry explores themes of life, death, and the impermanence of existence. Poems like "At Mornington" and "Mother Who Gave Me Life" examine connections between people and the
Gwen Harwood's poems explore connections between people and death through memories and experiences. In the poems "At Mornington" and "Mother Who Gave Me Life", Harwood examines how events from one's life influence their understanding of continuity and impermanence. Both poems reflect on relationships with parents and acknowledge how they contribute to awareness of life. Harwood also challenges social conventions in "Burning Sappho" and "Suburban Sonnet" by portraying constrained mothers in nontraditional ways and positioning readers to reconsider dominant images of motherhood.
1) The document discusses how Shakespeare's works are interpreted and engaged with by both academics and fans. While academics traditionally view Shakespeare as stable in meaning, fans see his works as adapting to modern times through fanworks like fan fiction, art, and online discussions.
2) It provides examples of how fans on sites like Tumblr and in fan fiction explore Shakespeare's works through a modern lens, analyzing characters, themes, and social issues. This blurs the lines between academic and emotional discussion.
3) Fans do not just passively consume Shakespeare but actively claim ownership over his works through fan creations that expand or modify the original stories. This sharing of authority challenges traditional notions of the author.
The document provides definitions and examples of several literary devices and terms, including apostrophe, imagery, symbolism, denotation, and connotation. It begins by defining apostrophe as a figure of speech where a writer speaks directly to someone absent or non-existent. Examples from literature are provided. Imagery is explained as using language to represent ideas through senses. Common types and examples are given. Symbolism represents ideas through symbolic meanings different from literal senses, with common symbols and a literature example outlined. Denotation and connotation are then defined as the literal versus implied meanings of words, with distinguishing examples provided.
Sylvia Plath Literary Devices
Literary Devices In Medea
Literary Devices In Macbeth
Literary Devices In Poetry
Literary Devices In Literature
Literary Devices
Examples Of Literary Devices
Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative EssaysBritney Gilbert
45 Perfect Thesis Statement Templates Examples ᐅ TemplateLab. Write Good Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay - Best opinion .... FREE 15 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. PPT - Writing a Thesis Statement PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... Thesis Statement for Argumentative Essay Acupuncture Physician .... Tamaryn Pratt Research Proposal Example. FREE 16 Argumentative Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF MS Word. 15 Thesis Statement Examples to Inspire Your Next Argumentative Essay .... How To Write A Thesis Statement with Useful Steps and Tips 7ESL. thesis statement argumentative examples. Argumentative essay thesis statement examples. How to Write a Thesis Statement: Fill-in-the-Blank Formula. What is a thesis statement in an essay examples. 15 Thesis Statement .... Argumentative Essay.docx Higher Education Government Free 30-day .... Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. Argumentative Thesis Statement Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. PPT - Argument Writing PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:6134976. Sample Argumentative Essay.doc. Art Thesis Statement Examples / Essay Example Compare Examples College .... 002 Compare And Contrast Essay Sample Paper Comparecontrast Thesis .... 101 Thesis Statement Examples 2023. 7 Thesis Statement Examples Download in Word, PDF. Argumentative Thesis Statement In Essay - How to Write a Strong Thesis .... Argumentative Essay Examples 6Th Grade Pdf / 10 Easy Argumentative .... Argumentative Thesis Secondary navigation. How To Write Good Thesis Statements For A Research Paper Alngindabu Words. How to write an argumentative essay thesis statement. How To Write An .... PPT - Writing an Argumentative Thesis Statement PowerPoint Presentation ... Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative Essays Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative Essays
This document provides biographical information and summaries of works by several authors, including James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Langston Hughes, and Amy Tan. It discusses their styles, themes, and techniques. For example, it notes that James Joyce advocated for artistic objectivity and independence from pressures, while T.S. Eliot explored themes of alienation, faith, and the past versus present in modern society through an impersonal style. It also summarizes Rushdie's Midnight's Children and its magical realist approach to Indian history.
A Wonder-Book For Boys And Girls Nathaniel Hawthorne S Revolution Of Juven...Todd Turner
The document summarizes Nathaniel Hawthorne's A Wonder-Book for Boys and Girls, focusing on how Hawthorne revolutionized juvenile literature through his use of a child narrator and framing device. The summary discusses how Hawthorne establishes Eustace Bright as both an adult figure and childlike storyteller. It also analyzes Hawthorne's depictions of the Tanglewood children audience as fairy-like figures who reflect on the stories. The summary examines how Hawthorne's retellings of Greek myths employ children to convey moral lessons in a way that challenges the original myths and didactic tradition.
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
produced. He was the kindest person the world has ever noticed, he loved everyone more than he loved his
own family and children. This study was carried out by descriptive analysis through the literature review of
existing paper
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE IN RURAL KENYA: ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONJohn1Lorcan
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
attention. The lack of inadequate information on the level of women participation in agricultural
production has helped to underestimate their importance in agricultural production and hence led to their
neglect in sector development. This paper sought to examine the role of women in Agricultural production
in Kenya to give them an impetus upon which they can voice their concern in agricultural related issues. To
improve women visibility in agricultural production, the author suggests that women contribution to
agricultural production should be understood based on their contribution to food security in household and
community rather than their contribution to commercialised agriculture which is dominated by men. With
this, the author hopes to persuade policymakers to re-examine their perception of rural women involved in
agricultural production for prompt policy action.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...John1Lorcan
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
SLEUTHING WOMEN:GENDER IN THE ART OF JAPANESE DETECTIVE FICTION AND FILMJohn1Lorcan
Although it remains one of the most popular genres worldwide, detective fiction is usually regarded as a
purely commercial form. Because of this, detective novels, short stories, and films are rarely subjected to
the same critical scrutiny and attention as other, more respected modes of writing and representation.
Nevertheless, because of its attention to the character of everyday life, detective fiction is a perfect case
study for determining national attitudes towards gender. Generally speaking, women perform three
different functions in Japanese detective fiction. They are either hapless victims, minor plot devices, or (on
rare occasions) agents of detection themselves. This paper surveys several works of detective fiction,
ranging from the early- to mid-twentieth century, to demonstrate the evolving function that women have
played, both in the genre and in the society that the genre reflects
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS)John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
CREATIVE EDUCATION, MUSIC PRACTICES, AND GENDER DIFFERENCES AMONG YOUNG CHINE...John1Lorcan
Over the last two decades, China has placed more emphasis on learning and practice in the process of
fostering creativity in school education. Music inflames the mind and is the key to creativity. Music
practices have drawn the attention of many scholars fascinated with their creative properties in both
musical and non-musical domains. With particular reference to Shijiazhuang (the capital and largest city
in northern China’s Hebei Province), this study aimed to examine the under-researched connection
between gender, education, and creative music practices (broadly described as music as a culture of
imagination and real-time practice in the learning of diverse music styles and in the participation of music
activities in formal and informal learning contexts) as perceived by young Chinese students. The study
employed a self-reported survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of students aged eight to 17
attending Grade 4 through Grade 9 in 10 schools located in the city of Shijiazhuang (N = 2,015) conducted
between 2019 and 2020. Generally speaking, girls were more positive regarding the value of creativity in
school music education, as well as the music practices of diverse music cultures and music activities. This
paper will conclude with a debate on the ways that “gender” is comprehended, carried out, and discerned
in response to the students’ influential sources and their preferred school subjects in learning creativity,
their preferred music styles, and their preferred participation in music activities in both school music
lessons and extracurricular activities in learning creativity in the Chinese context.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
produced. He was the kindest person the world has ever noticed, he loved everyone more than he loved his
own family and children. This study was carried out by descriptive analysis through the literature review of
existing paper
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE IN RURAL KENYA: ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONJohn1Lorcan
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
attention. The lack of inadequate information on the level of women participation in agricultural
production has helped to underestimate their importance in agricultural production and hence led to their
neglect in sector development. This paper sought to examine the role of women in Agricultural production
in Kenya to give them an impetus upon which they can voice their concern in agricultural related issues. To
improve women visibility in agricultural production, the author suggests that women contribution to
agricultural production should be understood based on their contribution to food security in household and
community rather than their contribution to commercialised agriculture which is dominated by men. With
this, the author hopes to persuade policymakers to re-examine their perception of rural women involved in
agricultural production for prompt policy action.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...John1Lorcan
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
SLEUTHING WOMEN:GENDER IN THE ART OF JAPANESE DETECTIVE FICTION AND FILMJohn1Lorcan
Although it remains one of the most popular genres worldwide, detective fiction is usually regarded as a
purely commercial form. Because of this, detective novels, short stories, and films are rarely subjected to
the same critical scrutiny and attention as other, more respected modes of writing and representation.
Nevertheless, because of its attention to the character of everyday life, detective fiction is a perfect case
study for determining national attitudes towards gender. Generally speaking, women perform three
different functions in Japanese detective fiction. They are either hapless victims, minor plot devices, or (on
rare occasions) agents of detection themselves. This paper surveys several works of detective fiction,
ranging from the early- to mid-twentieth century, to demonstrate the evolving function that women have
played, both in the genre and in the society that the genre reflects
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS)John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
CREATIVE EDUCATION, MUSIC PRACTICES, AND GENDER DIFFERENCES AMONG YOUNG CHINE...John1Lorcan
Over the last two decades, China has placed more emphasis on learning and practice in the process of
fostering creativity in school education. Music inflames the mind and is the key to creativity. Music
practices have drawn the attention of many scholars fascinated with their creative properties in both
musical and non-musical domains. With particular reference to Shijiazhuang (the capital and largest city
in northern China’s Hebei Province), this study aimed to examine the under-researched connection
between gender, education, and creative music practices (broadly described as music as a culture of
imagination and real-time practice in the learning of diverse music styles and in the participation of music
activities in formal and informal learning contexts) as perceived by young Chinese students. The study
employed a self-reported survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of students aged eight to 17
attending Grade 4 through Grade 9 in 10 schools located in the city of Shijiazhuang (N = 2,015) conducted
between 2019 and 2020. Generally speaking, girls were more positive regarding the value of creativity in
school music education, as well as the music practices of diverse music cultures and music activities. This
paper will conclude with a debate on the ways that “gender” is comprehended, carried out, and discerned
in response to the students’ influential sources and their preferred school subjects in learning creativity,
their preferred music styles, and their preferred participation in music activities in both school music
lessons and extracurricular activities in learning creativity in the Chinese context.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
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Saussure’s Sign, Signifier and Signified and ‘Mother’ as a Signifier for Hamlet and Harry Potter
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SAUSSURE’S SIGN, SIGNIFIER AND
SIGNIFIED AND ‘MOTHER’ AS A SIGNIFIER
FOR HAMLET AND HARRY POTTER
Koyel Dasgupta
M.A. in English, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Maharashtra, India (Independent Scholar)
Padmapukur Harisavalane, Baruipur, Kolkata- 700144, West Bengal, India
INTRODUCTION
We shall briefly discuss Saussure’s concepts of the ‘Sign’, ‘Signifier’ and ‘Signified’. The single word
‘Mother’ can act as a signifier in completely incongruous ways. in case of Hamlet as well as Haider when
‘Mother is the signifier, his mind is filled with hatred, sexual attraction as well as jealousy for his father
and uncle Claudius. for Harry on the other hand, when ‘Mother’ is the signifier, his mind is filled with
pride and love and he remembers his mother Lily who was kind, courageous, witty, loving and affectionate
as well as the fact how mother’s love is mightier than magic and how he has been always loved by Mrs
Weasley as a son. despite the differences the concept or the idea associated with ‘mother’ remains the
same for both.
ABSTRACT
In this paper we shall evaluate Saussure’s ideas about the Linguistic Sign and the Signifier and Signified,
what is the signified when ‘mother’ is the signifier for both Hamlet, the tragic hero of Shakespeare’s
renowned tragedy Hamlet and Harry Potter, the leading character of J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series.
We shall analyse how the same ‘signifier’ can produce absolutely incongruous ‘signified’ for these two
characters. For better discernment we shall also consider the film Haider, an adaptation of Hamlet while
we discuss Hamlet’s Oedipus complex. We shall also see how the idea or the concept associated with
‘mother’ excluding their individual conceptions remains constant for both of them.
KEYWORDS
Signifier, Signified, Mother, Hamlet, Harry, Oedipus Complex.
Today we acknowledge Saussure primarily as the scholar who defined the idea of synchronic
linguistics which is the study of languages as systems at a given point in time and is pellucidly
antagonistic to historical linguistics or diachronic linguistics as he would call it. The historical
linguistics was comprehended by his contemporaries as the unerring approach to the study of
languages. This however was not the reason as to why Saussure rose to eminence and not to
forget, he himself was trained in the conventional, historical way to study language.
Unfortunately, his book Cours de linguistique generale does not bear the imprimatur of its
original contributor as two of his colleagues by the names of Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye
compiled the notes taken by the students from Saussure’s lectures and brought them together in
the format of a book. By the grace of this effort Saussure’s ideas were promulgated beyond
boundaries and this book procured him the title- father of twentieth century linguistics. For
several decades after this book was published, it was contemplated that Saussure’s ideas were
best summarized by a catalogue of dichotomies- synchrony versus diachrony, langue versus
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parole, paradigmatic versus syntagmatic, signifier versus signified and by the arbitrariness of a
linguistic sign (Lepschy 43). Saussure assessed that for the speaker of a language, its history does
not matter and throughout his book, Saussure draws an analogy between language and the game
of chess.
Saussure perceived langue as a sign system but this sign is not which signify something else but a
relationship between: “the linguistic sign unites…a concept and an acoustic image” (Saussure 67)
which is a signified and signifier. The signifier is stringently a sound image rather than a sound
and this is because a same sound can be uttered by people in more than one way and even with
diverse accents. The phonological demeanour of a linguistic sound is therefore a sound image and
not a physical sound, “a sound type rather than a sound token” (Bredin 68). A discrete sound
image thus coalesces with a discrete concept and together constitutes a sign. According to
Saussure, “The sound-image is sensory, and if I happen to call it ‘material’, it is only in that
sense, and by way of opposing it to the other term of the association, the concept, which is
generally more abstract” (Saussure 66). The sign is arbitrary as “the bond between the signifier
and the signified is arbitrary” (Saussure 67) or in other words cannot be justified. The signifier is
linear because it represents a span, and the span is measurable in a single dimension; it is a line”
(Saussure 70). The sign being arbitrary is not something Saussure acknowledged first but his
brilliance lies in defining sign as the relationship between signifier and signified.
The single word ‘Mother’ is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as “The female parent of a human
being; a woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has given birth; (also, in extended
use) a woman who undertakes the responsibilities of a parent towards a child, esp. a stepmother”.
A very generalised or the most common views which are associated with ‘mother’ and shared by
most people are that someone who is an embodiment of love, care, affection and perhaps, a
shelter that is impregnable whichendeavours to shield us from every form of peril and goes on
admonishing us to use our circumspection before acting so that our decisions or rather
indecisions do not jeopardize our happiness and well-being. We can think of one such stupendous
and phenomenal mother in literature- Marmee or Margaret March who is the mother of Meg, Jo,
Beth and Emmy in Louisa May Alcott’s novel Little Women who is exceptionally strong so much
so that she sustains the family when her husband is away at war and concomitantly is caring to
each of her daughters and herself becomes an example in the process of teaching her daughters to
be strong, benevolent and compassionate. However, there are mothers who are belligerent
towards love, care and protection of her child and the character which prodigiously exemplifies it
is Lady Macbeth, the remarkably perspicacious and witty but diabolic female character in
Shakespeare’s Macbeth. We are never introduced to her child in the play and the Macbeth couple
is acknowledged as childless. However, one utterance of hers gives us a transparent insight into
the maternal aspect of her disposition- while galvanizing Macbeth to give up his fears and kill
King Duncan she boldly proclaims that if ambition demands, “I would while it was smiling in my
face, / Have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums/ And dash’s the brains out, has I so
sworn…” (Shakespeare 1.7.56-58)- the reference to a child is clear here and its comprehensible
that there is no room for her mind to be swithering when her scheme demands viciousness and
this applies even for her infant. She nullifies the traditional procreative myth about the feminine
motherhood. Her child even if he/she was born undoubtedly would have shared a traumatic
experience as Lady Macbeth’s son/daughter.
In this paper however, we shall focus on Hamlet and Harry Potter. Let us first concentrate on
Hamlet. The tragedy commences with Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, returning to his country at
a time when his father, King Hamlet has died and his mother has entered into a hasty marriage to
Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle and the present King of Denmark. Hamlet is incandescent with the
marriage and is highly satiric when Horatio tells him “My lord, I came to see your father’s
funeral” (Shakespeare 1.2.175) by replying that “I think it was to see my mother’s wedding”
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(Shakespeare 1.2.177). We have no instances which can actually prove the kind of relationship
Hamlet shared with this mother, Queen Gertrude before her marriage or when his father was alive
but what is most commonly believed is that in royal families the children are not brought up
directly by the parents but by the governesses or the nannies. The child and the mother therefore
cannot be expected to share an extremely proximate relationship and the same goes for Hamlet
and his mother. According to Hamlet, his mother has betrayed his father and tries to extrapolate
that how his mother could get married to his uncle Claudius even though his father was “so
loving to my mother/ That he might not beteem the winds of heaven/ Visit her face too roughly.
Heaven and earth…” (Shakespeare 1.2.141-142). His mother’s actions or rather from Hamlet’s
perspectives, her inactions invigorate him to generalize the feminine gender as “Frailty, thy name
is woman” (Shakespeare 1.2.146).
With these facts now let us postulate Hamlet’s idea or conception when ‘mother’ is the signifier
according to Saussure’s dictums. It seems that when he comes across ‘mother’ as the signifier,
Hamlet’s mind is filled with a kind of hatred and of someone whose actions are contemptible. It
is obvious that Hamlet won’t remember his mother with veneration or feel contented to think
about his relationship with his mother. Even though he can’t denounce the woman from being his
mother but then with mother as the signifier it will in Hamlet’s mind signify a woman who has no
integrity of character or rectitude, who obviously deceived her dead husband and had perhaps no
reverence for him and is a representative of the womankind whom he concedes to be the
paradigm of frailty.
Hamlet’s relationship with his mother is immensely convoluted and this also forms an obligatory
aspect which need to be addressed in order to discern what ‘mother’ can signify for Hamlet other
than what we just discussed. Hamlet’s Oedipus Complex is not an avant-garde concept to be
addressed. But before jumping into any kind of conclusion we must understand some
fundamentals associated to Oedipus Complex. Oedipal or Oedipus Complex is a psychoanalytic
concept which signify the emotions and psychosexual concupiscence which a male child nurtures
for his mother during the phallic stage of his development and this eventually stimulates him to
acknowledge the father as a competitor for the mother’s love (Essay Writer). Oedipus Complex
was introduced by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud where ‘Oedipus’ is a character from the
Greek folklore who fortuitously slain his father and married his mother. Freud asseverated that
the Oedipus complex is conspicuous in a child in his early years but ends when the child
recognises himself with the parent of the same sex and this leads to the suppression of his
lascivious instincts (Essay Writer). Freud however, also postulated that the subdued hankering
manifest in later years and governs the child’s behaviour (Essay Writer). Freud’s analysis of
Hamlet’s behaviour by means of this psychological theory of Oedipus Complex portrays that
Hamlet’s behaviour and decisions are subconsciously dictated by the psychological phenomenon.
Hamlet’s sense of possessiveness for his mother in the play evince the presence of the features of
Oedipus Complex in his character and the way his relationship with his mother is presented
echoes that he indeed possesses suppressed carnal desires for his mother. His qualms and his
procrastination to avenge his father’s murder by killing the murderer, according to Freud,
manifests the fact that he considered his father as his rival or opposition. According to Rashkin,
“the reason for Hamlet’s hesitance to abide by his father’s command to avenge his death is
Hamlet’s subconscious gratitude to Claudius for murdering his father” (qtd. in Essay Writer).
This suggests that Hamlet due to his Oedipus Complex had subconsciously always wished to
replace his father. Lacan also suggested by virtue of the Freudian concept that Hamlet
procrastinates and is somehow even reluctant to kill Claudius because he visualizes him as a
reflection of his suppressed Oedipal self (qtd. in Essay Writer).
Hamlet’s Oedipus Complex also provides an incongruous interpretation as compared to the
previous one as to why he abhors his mother for marrying Claudius. If we estimate his
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repugnance by keeping in mind the Oedipus complex governing him subconsciously then it
connotes that its out of his jealousy for Claudius who although has killed his former rival has now
established himself as his antagonist by marrying his mother and therefore, he is exasperated with
his her. When speaking about his mother in Act I Scene II he says, “With such dexterity to
incestuous sheets” (Shakespeare 1.2.157)which implies that he detests his mother’s transfer of
affections to his uncle. This is even more vividly manifested in the scene when he converses with
his mother in Gertrude’s bedchamber and his words are filled with sexual allusions when he
rebukes her of “…honeying and making love / Over the nasty sty!” (Shakespeare 3.4.91-92) and
again when he admonishes her “…but go not to my uncle’s bed” (Shakespeare 3.4.157). Hamlet
feels utterly jealous when he imagines the sexual encounters between his mother and uncle and
his aversion for his uncle and his relationship with his mother clearly stems from his
subconscious sexual desires for his mother. When he kills Polonius by assuming him to be
Claudius, he feels that he is now being able to completely eliminate his rivals or rather a ‘father’
figure and will be the sole owner of his mother’s love and this enhances what Freud claimed as it
is a clear instance of Hamlet exhibiting his Oedipus Complex which governs him subconsciously.
Therefore, after this interpretation it is apparent that perhaps his venereal instincts for his mother
dynamizes him to despise his mother’s marriage to his uncle Claudius even more than the fact
that his father was a very devoted husband to his mother and his desire to kill Claudius stems
from the same feeling which is probably superior or more demanding for him than the fact that
his uncle killed his father.
Haider, exigently deserves to be mentioned when we are discussing Hamlet’s Oedipus Complex
as the film adaptation of the play Hamlet by Vishal Bhardwaj blazingly delineates Haider’s
inherent sexual yearnings for Ghazala, his mother. Just before her marriage to Khurram, Ghazala
tells Haider that as a child he used to say that he shall marry his mother when he grows up.
Ghazala also tells, “You would sleep between your father and I on purpose every night…You’d
fight him every time he touched me” (Haider 1:41:41-1:41:55) to which Haider replies, “But now
his brother touches you. What do I do?” (Haider 1:42:13-1:42:15). He goes on to even question
his mother that “Who would want to share you, Mother?”, kisses her neck and tells, “Your beauty
is venomous” (Haider 1:42:28-1:42:35). The sexual allusions that are commingled with the
dialogues and Haider’s act of kissing his mother are very much suggestive of Haider’s Oedipus
Complex. Then when he attempts to murder Khurram but fails to because Khurram is praying, he
admonishes him, “I’ll aim my bullets at your treacherous eyes, Khurram. The deceitful eyes, that
entrapped my mother” (Haider 1:58:23-1:58:40) and repeats the same words again. He doesn’t
express that he wants to kill Khurram for betraying his father but he is much more solicitous
about Khurram’s relationship with his mother and is more fervid to kill Khurram out of his
possessiveness for his mother and jealousy for Khurram. When Ghazala goes to meet Haider
before he is supposed to go away by crossing the border, Haider claims, “I’ll eagerly wait for you
to be widow again” (Haider 2:08:19-2:08:21) which suggests that he shall anxiously wait for his
uncle to die so that he can finally replace all who he feels to be his competitors for Ghazala’s love
(including sexual love).
Let us now analyse with keeping Hamlet’s Oedipus complex in mind as to what the word
‘mother’ signifies for him. Whenever Hamlet comes across ‘mother’ as the signifier, what
immediately comes to his mind is perhaps not of an affectionate, loving figure or what is
conventionally perceived as the mother-figure but of a woman with whom he desires to fulfil his
carnal instincts and of someone who has been continually distanced from him first by his father
and then by his uncle. The figure that occupies his mind is of a woman to him he is sexually
attracted, of whom is deeply fond of and is possessive about. These are exactly what ‘mother’
signifies for Haider too. ‘Mother’ can also bring Ophelia into Hamlet’s mind because as Cameron
argues, Hamlet despises Ophelia because of her acceptance of her father Polonius’s authority
which subconsciously reminds Hamlet of Gertrude being succumbed to Claudius (Essay Writer).
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It can also bring into his mind his behaviours with Ophelia, his venting out his vexation which he
feels for his mother on her. But we are baffled when we try to postulate whether ‘mother’
signifies all these in his subconscious mind or he consciously apprehends all these.
Hamlet is an intrinsically perplexing character. We could see how ‘mother’ signifies for him two
completely extraneous things and stimulates absolutely inharmonious conceptions and therefore,
even though we know that words can signify different things for different people but Hamlet’s
mind challenges that thought by becoming an embodiment of two different concepts which
apparently seems not to be even hypothetically concordant. But what we must also realize is that
the first interpretation of what ‘mother’ signifies for him is taking place in his mind consciously
but in the second case since Oedipus Complex subconsciously drives the individual, we can
suspect it to betide in his subconscious mind.
Our second character of concern will be Harry Potter. The very first thing to know is that Harry’s
physical proximity with both of his parents was limited due to their ruthless and unrelenting
murder by the dark wizard Voldemort when both of them were just 21 years old. He was brought
up by his Uncle and Aunt, who were muggles (the non- magic folk) and who were extravagantly
belligerent toward him and therefore Harry did not much experience motherly love and affection
in his childhood and was informed that his parents- Lily and James Potter had died in a car crash
and was completely incognizant of their and his true identity. It was only with Hagrid’s arrival on
his 11th
Birthday and his declaration that “Harry- yer a wizard” (Rowling 55) that Harry’s world
changed and this change was enthralling for him. In Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone,
Harry gets to know about his valiant mother who sacrificed her life to protect her son and it is her
sacrifice which protects Harry in his adventure to obviate the Philosopher’s Stone from reaching
Voldemort. It is Lily’s love as Professor Dumbledore says, “Your mother died to save you. If
there is one thing Voldemort cannot understand, it is love. He didn’t realise that love as powerful
as your mother’s for you leaves its own mark…to have been loved so deeply, even though the
person who loved us is gone, will give us some protection for ever…”(Rowling 321) while
explaining as to why Professor Quirrell on Voldemort’s command failed to even touch Harry.
Harry was just a year old when Lily and James were murdered. He enjoyed the ecstasy of their
company as a child but it is outlandish to expect him to remember everything. Now when he has
been finally introduced to what his mother actually did for him and how much she loved him we
can try and analyse what ‘mother’ signifies for him after his first year at Hogwarts- whenever
Harry comes across ‘mother’ as the signifier it is not wrong to say that in his mind he
conceptualizes a woman who did not just unequivocally loved him but who was exceptionally
intrepid and who did not even hesitate for a moment to face the intimidating Voldemort and gave
away her life so that her son could live. Harry’s conceptions thus stimulated will be not just of a
loving and affectionate mother but also of a valorous woman.
In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, when Harry accidentally enters Severus Snape’s
memory, he encounters his teenaged father and mother along with Sirius, Remus, Peter and
Snape, all very young. James and the others except Remus started making fun of Snape and sort
of bullied him when Lily who used to friends with Severus since their childhood sharply
retaliated on his behalf and commanded James to “Leave him ALONE!” (Rowling 597) and was
contumelious in her attitude towards James when she temerariously told James “You think you’re
funny…But you’re just an arrogant, bullying toerag” Rowling 597) and again pejoratively
rejected James’s proposal to “go out” (Rowling 597) with him by saying- “I wouldn’t go out with
you if it was a choice between you and the giant squid” (Rowling 597). She even took out her
wand to defend Snape. This was another aspect of her mother’s disposition which was unveiled
before Harry- of a woman who valued friendship and who rebelled against oppression even
though apparently it might seem only jocular.
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Now when Harry comes across ‘mother’ as the signifier, besides what we have discussed, he
comprehends a woman who could clearly see through what is riotous and what is not even if
ostensibly it appears like the former and acknowledge the exploitation. Besides, she could
violently protest against it and go to any measure to interdict it. It is very obvious that mother
signifies for him a woman who was conscious, sensible, insightful and uncommonly brave. It is
imperative that we discuss an incident from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows here even
though it is the last book but the incident is ineffaceably connected to what we just discussed
from Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix. In Deathly Hallows, when Harry travels into
Snape’s memory in the pensive in Dumbledore’s office, he witnesses what happened after the
incident with James, Lily and Snape we just discussed and Snape insulted Lily by calling her a
Mudblood- “I don’t need help from filthy little Mudbloods like her!”(Rowling 598) in Harry
Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Now mudblood is a foul term for someone who is muggle
born, whose parents are non-magical and it’s not a term that is expected in a civilised
conversation. Lily was enraged and when Snape went to the Gryffindor Tower to ask her
forgiveness, she sharply retorted- “Slipped out? ...You can’t wait to join You-Know-Who, can’t
you? …I can’t pretend any more. You’ve chosen your way, I’ve chosen mine” (Rowling 552) and
she broke her friendship with Severus. With the knowledge of this incident Harry when comes
across ‘mother’ as the signifier, he besides everything we have discussed can also conceptualize a
woman who had a great sense of self-respect and who was not scrupulous to do what was right
even if that cost her the loss of a friend who was unambiguously wrong and showed no interest to
undergo reformation but only seeked her forgiveness.
In Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, Harry goes to meet Professor Horace Slughorn with
Dumbledore in order to cajole him back to Hogwarts which is an imperative business as
Dumbledore tells him. Ever since the first book, Harry has heard from multiple persons who have
reiterated the same thing- he looks very much like his father but he has inherited his mother’s
almond shaped green coloured eyes. Professor Slughorn cherishes students who are talented or
who have strong familial connections with famous witches or wizards. On ingeminating about
Harry’s looks as his father and how similar his eyes are as his mother’s (which however Harry
himself says this time before Slughorn could) Slughorn proclaims, “You shouldn’t have
favourites as a teacher, of course, but she was one of mine. Your mother…Lily Evans. One of the
brightest I ever taught. Vivacious, you know. Charming girl” (Rowling 58). It’s a pity that we as
readers don’t get to meet Lily in person very much throughout the books and therefore our
understanding as well as Harry’s discernment of her mother’s character occurs through either the
remarks or the memory of those who knew her or through Harry’s dreams. Professor Slughorn’s
comments make it perspicuous that Lily Potter (nee Evans) was a brilliant student and
undoubtedly, she possessed adroitness in Potions, of which Slughorn is a professor so much so
that it even bewildered Slughorn who later came to know that she was a Muggle born and
formerly conceived that she was a Pureblood on the basis of her wit. In the course of the books
however we have seen that not just Purebloods and Half-bloods but those who are Muggle borne
too make excellent witches and wizards of which Hermione Granger- “the cleverest witch of her
age” (Rowling 368) is the most notable example. While trying to collect from Professor
Slughorn, the memory which is crucial to defeat Voldemort Harry under the influence of Felix
Felicis tries to coax him by stimulating his affection for Lily and as expected Slughorn gets
emotional as he says, “I don’t imagine anyone who met her wouldhave killed her…very
brave…very funny” (Rowling 407) and Harry goes even further and with a peremptory tone
demands “Be brave like my mother, Professor…” (Rowling 407).
Harry didn’t know about this aspect of his mother’s personality before and now we can
apprehend that with this new knowledge whenever Harry comes across ‘mother’ as the signifier,
besides everything we have analysed, now signifies for him a woman who was exceptionally
perspicacious and intelligent. He must also be conceptualizing a woman, who despite her
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physical absence chaperoned him in a task and whose deeds, qualities and courage which even
though were alive only in memories were strong and invigorating. Now this perhaps is
comprehensible even without mentioning that he is filled with pride and gratitude when he comes
across ‘mother’.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows when Harry could actually visualize the circumstances
of the night his parents were murdered, he sees a wife who has just lost her beloved husband, a
prodigiously courageous mother pleading to Voldemort for sparing her only son- “Not Harry, not
Harry, please not Harry...Not Harry! Please…have mercy…Not Harry! Not Harry! Please- I’ll do
anything-” (Rowling 281). We can conjecture that after visualizing this incident when Harry
comes across ‘mother’, he conceptualizes a woman with whom he can sympathise and who in
spite of being so brave could plead helplessly out of intense love and perhaps realize that love can
compel even a lion-hearted human to shed all of his/her bravery to undertake an action which is
incongruous to valorous but then courage did not desert her as urged by that she sacrificed her
life for her son. When Narcissa Malfoy goes to check on Voldemort’s behalf whether Harry died,
she whispers to him- “Is Draco alive? Is he in the castle?” (Rowling 593) and Harry replies,
“Yes” (Rowling 594) and Narcissa even though Harry is alive bravely lies to the Dark Lord
(Voldemort) and others present that “He is dead!” (Rowling 594) out of her gratitude to Harry for
communicating to her the news of her only son and more importantly because she knows that on
knowing that Harry is dead, Voldemort will go to the castle of Hogwarts with Harry’s dead body
and with his followers and Hagrid and that will bestow her with the opportunity to meet her son.
If Harry had read Plato’s Republic, he surely would have declared Plato’s conception that only
rationality and never emotions should be the sovereign of the human soul to be inefficacious. It
was the emotion of love after all which dynamized Lily, such a courageous soul to plead to
Voldemort but concomitantly it was her love for her son which emboldened her to sacrifice her
life and thrust on Harry the ultimate protection and years later it even encouraged Narcissa to lie
to Voldemort for her son Draco and therefore ‘mother’ for Harry can’t just signify what his
mother was as a human but the fact that a mother’s love can perhaps transcend all hardships and
that love is the mightiest and the most powerful magic in the world.
But Lily’s absence could not completely devoid Harry of mother’s love. Mrs Molly Weasley, the
mother of Harry’s best friend Ronald Weasley becomes a mother figure for Harry who loves her
like her own. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Mrs Weasley instantly replies to
Sirius’s comment, “He’s not your son” (Rowling 83) about Harry with “He’s as good as”
(Rowling 83). A Boggart, a creature in the wizarding world transforms itself to the thing one
fears the most in order to petrify one to the fullest. While battling a Boggart, Mrs Weasley
witnesses the Boggart transforming into the dead bodies of her sons and husband and finally into
Harry’s before Remus defeats it. It is transparent that Mrs Weasley never considered Harry as an
outsider to the Weasley family and loves her like she does her own sons otherwise there is no
reason for her to be afraid with Harry’s death to the extent she is with those of her sons and
husband. Harry has never received the motherly love, affection and warmth from the one, closest
to him in blood relation- his mother’s sister but receives all of that from Mrs Weasley right from
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Therefore,
when Harry comes across ‘mother’ as the signifier, it’s not just Lily and her virtues and deeds
that the word signifies for him but he also conceptualizes Mrs Weasley’s humongous love and
concern for him.
‘Mother’ for Harry therefore signifies a woman who was exceptionally brave to stand up to
anything wrong either done to her or to others, highly conscious of her amour propre, zealous and
someone who loved him immensely. However, concurrently it also signifies for him a woman
who loves him unconditionally like her own son. ‘Mother’ for Harry therefore means love,
warmth, affection, strength of character and the courage to do the right and if situation demands
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even lie to someone who on discovering that he was lied to could kill the liar without a second
thought.
Now comparing what ‘mother’ signifies for Hamlet and for Harry we can discern how the same
signifier (in this case ‘mother’) signify completely different things for two individuals (in this
case two literary characters) at a personal level. Therefore, what a signifier can signify for
humans can change at a personal level. A very interesting thing to note is that after reading
Hamlet when within few moments we readers come across ‘mother’ as the signifier, it
immediately can bring to our minds besides our personal conceptions of mother, what it signifies
for Hamlet too and the same can happen too after reading Harry Potter. Similarly, it can also be
culture specific- for example, ‘river’ signifies or immediately brings into the mind of the Indians
the river Ganges but for the English it’s the Thames.
The value of a sign depends on the set of its relations with other signs within the same language.
We need to understand that signification of a sign means the concept it demonstrates whereas
value is associated to a sign by virtue of its relations to other signs in a language. “Signification is
within signs; value arises from among signs” (Bredin 69). A sign has two concepts- conceptual
and material. The conceptual aspect can be expressed as the concept which a sign demonstrates
and which needs to be discerned on the basis of its distinction from the concepts demonstrated by
other signs. Saussure explains, “Concepts are purely differential and defined not by their positive
content but negatively by their relations with the other terms of the system. Their most precise
characteristic is in being what the others are not” (Saussure 117). Linguistic concepts do not have
an independent existence but its existence depends on other concepts and their identity is
acknowledged with reference to all the other concepts expressed in the language. The material
aspect of value is associated with the sound image of the sign. The sound image is like the
concept depends on its differences from other sound images in the language. This negative and
differential character is applicable to each component of the sound image including the phonemes
which as Saussure argues, “Phonemes are characterized not, as one might think, by their own
positive quality but simply by the fact that they are distinct. Phonemes are above all else
opposing, relative, and negative entities” (Saussure 119).
Therefore, we can comprehend that a concept which is negative in character conglomerates with
a sound image which is also negative character to form a sign which is why the sign is related
negatively with other signs in one particular language (Bredin 69). Signs, within a language are
related to one another by means of a couple of ways- associatively and syntagmatically.
Structural linguists however replaced associative with paradigmatic. In a syntagmatic
relationship, a sign is in opposition to other signs before and after it in a sentence and when the
sentence is pronounced or written, all signs are present. It is a linear or horizontal relationship.
Paradigmatic relationships are found between signs which are similar to each other either
phonically, morphologically or conceptually (Bredin 70). This is a relationship that a sign has
with other signs that are not present in the sentence and this is known as ‘absentia’. This
dichotomy is correlational (either-or) and relational (both-and) hierarchies according to
Hjelmslev and ‘choice’ and ‘chain’ according to Halliday (Lepschy 51). There are four factors
which determine the value of a linguistic sign- the sign has a concept which is not any other
concept expressed in the language; the sign has a sound-image which is not any other sound-
image in the language; the rules which dictate the syntagmatic relations of a sign with other signs
in the language and the sign’s paradigmatic similarities to as well as differences from other signs
in the language (Bredin 70).
Since we have been concerned with what conceptions and emotions ‘mother’ signifies for Hamlet
and Harry, we shall now analyse the ‘idea’ or ‘concept’ that is associated with ‘mother’ or in
other words what is the signified when ‘mother’ is the signifier in general and not at the personal
9. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.3, August 2022
29
level. The idea or the conceptor the concept that is associated with the word mother is ‘+female,
+animate’ and this is common for both Hamlet and Harry. Now when both come across ‘mother’,
they will think of someone who say for example, is not the ‘father’ - the male counterpart of
‘mother’. Hence the idea or the concept that is associated with father, in this context is ‘-female,
+animate’. So, the ‘mother’ is someone who is not the ‘father’. The sound image of ‘mother’ too
is something that is not the sound image of ‘father’. Now, for example let us consider the
sentence- - ‘I love my mother.’ ‘Mother’ in this sentence is in a syntagmatic relationship with ‘I’,
‘love’ and ‘my’. All of them are in opposition to one another when the sentence ‘I love my
mother’ is pronounced or written. Now, ‘mother’ is also in a paradigmatic relationship with other
signs in the language as for example, with ‘mom’ which is conceptually similar to ‘mother’ and
can be substituted with it. But ‘mother’ is dissimilar to ‘book’ and cannot be substituted with it.
Neither phonically nor morphologically nor conceptually ‘book’ is similar to ‘mother’. ‘I’ here
can be replaced with Hamlet or Harry but in that case the verb ‘love’ changes to ‘loves’ and in
case of Hamlet ‘loves’ can be substituted with ‘hates’ as well. The value of ‘mother’ depends on
all that we have discussed. Therefore, even though personal conceptions or emotions differ for
Hamlet and Harry but the general idea associated with ‘mother’ remains constant since the binary
of the similarity-dissimilarity remains constant.
FIGURES
TEXTS/MOVIES OBSERVATIONS WHEN
‘MOTHER IS THE
SIGNIFIER FOR Hamlet AND
Harry
HAMLET Hamlet Hatred, Sexual attraction
Haider Hatred, Sexual attraction
HARRY POTTER Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone
Loving, Affectionate, Valorous
Harry Potter and the Order of
the Phoenix
A true friend, Brave, With a lot
of self-respect (Lily); Mrs
Weasley’s humongous love for
him
Harry Potter and the Half-
blood Prince
Perspicacious, Intelligent
Harry Potter and the Deathly
Hallows
Sympathising, Immensely
loving, Sacrificing (Lily);
Strength of mother’s love is
more than magic (Lily and
Narcissa)
CONCLUSION
We compared what ‘mother’ signifies for Hamlet and for Harry we can observe how the same
signifier (in this case ‘mother’) signify completely different things for two individuals (in this
case two literary characters) at a personal level. Therefore, what a signifier can signify for
humans can change at a personal level. We have also an alysed the ‘idea’ or ‘concept’ that is
associated with ‘mother’ or in other words what is the signified when ‘mother’ is the signifier in
general and not at the personal level and seen how the idea or the concept or the concept that is
associated with the word mother is ‘+female, +animate’ and this is common for both Hamlet and
Harry. Thus, the general idea associated with ‘mother’ remains constants ince the binary of the
similarity-dissimilarity remains constant even though their personal conceptions or emotions
differ.
10. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.3, August 2022
30
REFERENCES
[1] Bredin, Hugh (1984) “Sign and Value in Saussure”, Philosophy, Vol. 59, No. 227, pp. 67-77.
[2] Essay Writers (2019) “Psychoanalytic Criticism: Hamlet as a Victim of Oedipus Complex”,
Literature Essay Samples.
[3] Haider. Directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, screenplay by Vishal Bhardwaj and Basharat Peer.
[4] Lepschy, Guilio C. (1970) A Survey of Structural Linguistics, Faber & Faber.
[5] Shake speare, William (2017) Hamlet, Edited by Anna Thompson and Neil Taylor, The Arden Shake
speare, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
[6] Shakespeare, William (2017) Macbeth, Edited by A. R. Braunmuller, Cambridge University Press.
[7] Rowling, J.K. (2014) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
[8] Rowling, J.K. (2014) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
[9] Rowling, J.K. (2014) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
[10] Rowling, J.K. (2014) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
[11] Saussure, Ferd in and De (1996) Cours de linguistique generale, Edited by Charles Bally and Albert
Sechehaye in collaboration with Albert Riedlinger, translated, with an introduction and notes by
Wade Baskin, Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.
AUTHOR
I am Koyel Dasgupta and I have just completed my M.A. in English from Savitribai
Phule Pune University. I aspire to pursue a PhD in English Literature and continue
remaining intimately associated with literature for the rest of my life. My interest lies in
Elizabethan Literature, Victorian literature, Romantic poetry, Modern poetry, Partition
literature, Detective fiction and Children’s literature. Besides being a literature student, I
am a painter, a Potterhead, a reader and an adorer of singing and dancing.