The document summarizes a presentation on optimality-based modeling of plankton. It discusses using evolutionary principles like natural selection and fitness optimization to build dynamic models of plankton populations. These models assume plankton are well-adapted via traits that maximize growth rates. The presentation notes successes in modeling plankton foraging and primary production in this way. It also discusses challenges like incorporating both short-term acclimation and long-term evolutionary adaptation. Overall, the presentation argues that optimality-based models provide a way to account for the adaptive capacity of plankton in Earth system models.
Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 4 - davide neriImage Line
This document discusses root growth and interaction with crop residues. It contains 3 main points:
1) It examines root growth cycles, absorption, and ecology as well as how organic matter from roots and plant residues can increase nutrient availability, reduce erosion and disease, and improve soil carbon levels.
2) It describes several experiments on root growth patterns in response to different crop residues and organic amendments, finding both positive and negative allelopathic effects on root development.
3) It discusses the potential for using organic wastes and amendments to support root growth and mitigate replant problems in apple orchards. Sustainable soil management techniques are highlighted.
Study of nanostructured perovskite oxide NSMO using CN-gel method. Pooja29081984
The document discusses research on nanostructured perovskite oxide Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (NSMO) prepared using a citrate-nitrate (CN) gel method. NSMO samples were prepared at different heat treatment temperatures and characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the samples crystallized in an orthorhombic structure. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with sintering temperature from 16nm to 35nm. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis identified the elements in the samples. The CN gel method produced high purity NSMO samples at lower sintering temperatures than traditional solid state reaction methods.
Climate-hydrology-ecology interactions in glacierized river systems. Presented by David Hannah at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Matthias Boer_Pyrogeography: integrating and evaluating existing models of Au...TERN Australia
This document summarizes a workshop on integrating models of Australian fire regimes to predict climate change impacts. It discusses existing classification of fire regimes based on fuel type, frequency, intensity and season. It also examines how key climate constraints like plant growth, fuel dryness and fire weather interact in a hierarchy to determine fire activity. A simple climate-fire model is presented relating mean annual plant available water and dry season moisture deficit to observed fire activity. The potential for climate change to transform fire regimes through changes in these constraints is considered.
OP11:Role of indigenous soil biota in conservation and management of bgbd in ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes a study on enhancing soil biota and biological health in coffee plantations. The study investigated the effects of inoculation and management practices on soil invertebrate abundance, beneficial microbes, enzyme activities, and soil microbial biomass. The study was conducted in Coorg district, Karnataka, India using a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments included applications of farmyard manure, recommended fertilizer doses, forest soil, and microbial inoculants. The objective was to evaluate the effects on soil and litter invertebrates, microbial populations, enzyme activities, and biomass of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
This presentation material is concerned with research results for Ultra High Performance Concrete. The research was focused on the behavior of shrinkage in UHPC.
This document summarizes information about coastal carbon in Australia. It discusses how Australia's coasts are biodiverse, highly productive, store significant carbon, and are undergoing change. Coastal ecosystems like seagrasses, salt marshes, and mangroves store large amounts of carbon in their soils. However, degradation of these habitats releases their stored carbon. The document outlines how organizations like CSIRO and TERN are studying carbon storage and fluxes in coastal regions. This includes quantifying carbon sequestration potential and modeling changes under different scenarios. Monitoring at a study site in southeast Queensland examines how land use impacts carbon sources and cycling in a peri-urban estuary system.
Innovative Ion Exchange Treatment: Process Engineering and Chemistry Consider...WaterWeUpTo
1. The document evaluates a combined anion/cation ion exchange treatment process for removing natural organic matter and hardness from water. It examines using MIEX resin, which can be regenerated using different counter ions like chloride or bicarbonate.
2. Experiments show that combining anion and cation exchange removes more organic matter than either process alone. Regenerating the resin with bicarbonate rather than chloride also produces less waste.
3. Future work will further explore regenerating MIEX with bicarbonate and its ability to remove various contaminants over multiple regeneration cycles.
Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 4 - davide neriImage Line
This document discusses root growth and interaction with crop residues. It contains 3 main points:
1) It examines root growth cycles, absorption, and ecology as well as how organic matter from roots and plant residues can increase nutrient availability, reduce erosion and disease, and improve soil carbon levels.
2) It describes several experiments on root growth patterns in response to different crop residues and organic amendments, finding both positive and negative allelopathic effects on root development.
3) It discusses the potential for using organic wastes and amendments to support root growth and mitigate replant problems in apple orchards. Sustainable soil management techniques are highlighted.
Study of nanostructured perovskite oxide NSMO using CN-gel method. Pooja29081984
The document discusses research on nanostructured perovskite oxide Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (NSMO) prepared using a citrate-nitrate (CN) gel method. NSMO samples were prepared at different heat treatment temperatures and characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the samples crystallized in an orthorhombic structure. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with sintering temperature from 16nm to 35nm. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis identified the elements in the samples. The CN gel method produced high purity NSMO samples at lower sintering temperatures than traditional solid state reaction methods.
Climate-hydrology-ecology interactions in glacierized river systems. Presented by David Hannah at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Matthias Boer_Pyrogeography: integrating and evaluating existing models of Au...TERN Australia
This document summarizes a workshop on integrating models of Australian fire regimes to predict climate change impacts. It discusses existing classification of fire regimes based on fuel type, frequency, intensity and season. It also examines how key climate constraints like plant growth, fuel dryness and fire weather interact in a hierarchy to determine fire activity. A simple climate-fire model is presented relating mean annual plant available water and dry season moisture deficit to observed fire activity. The potential for climate change to transform fire regimes through changes in these constraints is considered.
OP11:Role of indigenous soil biota in conservation and management of bgbd in ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes a study on enhancing soil biota and biological health in coffee plantations. The study investigated the effects of inoculation and management practices on soil invertebrate abundance, beneficial microbes, enzyme activities, and soil microbial biomass. The study was conducted in Coorg district, Karnataka, India using a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments included applications of farmyard manure, recommended fertilizer doses, forest soil, and microbial inoculants. The objective was to evaluate the effects on soil and litter invertebrates, microbial populations, enzyme activities, and biomass of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
This presentation material is concerned with research results for Ultra High Performance Concrete. The research was focused on the behavior of shrinkage in UHPC.
This document summarizes information about coastal carbon in Australia. It discusses how Australia's coasts are biodiverse, highly productive, store significant carbon, and are undergoing change. Coastal ecosystems like seagrasses, salt marshes, and mangroves store large amounts of carbon in their soils. However, degradation of these habitats releases their stored carbon. The document outlines how organizations like CSIRO and TERN are studying carbon storage and fluxes in coastal regions. This includes quantifying carbon sequestration potential and modeling changes under different scenarios. Monitoring at a study site in southeast Queensland examines how land use impacts carbon sources and cycling in a peri-urban estuary system.
Innovative Ion Exchange Treatment: Process Engineering and Chemistry Consider...WaterWeUpTo
1. The document evaluates a combined anion/cation ion exchange treatment process for removing natural organic matter and hardness from water. It examines using MIEX resin, which can be regenerated using different counter ions like chloride or bicarbonate.
2. Experiments show that combining anion and cation exchange removes more organic matter than either process alone. Regenerating the resin with bicarbonate rather than chloride also produces less waste.
3. Future work will further explore regenerating MIEX with bicarbonate and its ability to remove various contaminants over multiple regeneration cycles.
1. The document describes a study comparing two models - one using optimal uptake kinetics (SPONGE) and one using Michaelis-Menten kinetics - in simulating a multi-element ecosystem in an iron-enrichment experiment.
2. The SPONGE model allows phytoplankton to dynamically allocate their internal nutrients between uptake sites and enzymes in response to nutrient availability, while the Michaelis-Menten model uses fixed uptake parameters.
3. Both models were able to fit the in-patch data from the iron-enrichment experiment similarly well but the SPONGE model was better able to capture changes in nutrient uptake rates and ratios observed during the transition from iron-
Affinity: the meaningful trait-based alternative to the half-saturation constantLanimal
1) The document discusses two common equations used to model nutrient uptake rates: the affinity-based equation and the Michaelis-Menten/Monod equation.
2) While the equations appear different, they actually describe the same curve relationship between uptake rate and nutrient concentration.
3) The key difference is that the affinity-based equation defines competitive ability using the parameter "a", whereas the Michaelis-Menten equation uses the "Ks" parameter. However, "a" and "Ks" are mathematically related.
This document discusses an organization and its members. It mentions veterans, military members, and others working together towards a goal. The document expresses optimism and enthusiasm for cooperation between the group.
Affinity: the meaningful trait-based alternative to the obsolete obfuscation ...Lanimal
The document presents an argument that affinity is a superior metric to half-saturation constant (Ks) for describing nutrient uptake rates. It shows that affinity (a) and the Michaelis-Menten constant (Ks) are mathematically related through the maximum uptake rate (Vmax), and that using affinity removes trade-offs seen when using Ks. Plots of uptake rates using the affinity-based and Michaelis-Menten equations show that the affinity formulation is less sensitive to changes in Vmax, improving parameter tuning. Data transformed from a previous study to use affinity rather than Ks shows all data points falling on a straight line with no trade-off, in contrast to the original analysis. The document concludes K
Affinity: the meaningful trait-based alternative to the obsolete obfuscation ...Lanimal
1) The document presents an argument that affinity, represented by the variable "a", is a superior metric to the half-saturation constant "Ks" for modeling nutrient uptake kinetics in aquatic systems. Affinity separates the traits relevant for uptake at high versus low nutrient concentrations in a clearer way.
2) Analysis of multiple data sets shows relationships between maximum uptake rate (Vmax) and affinity, but these relationships do not necessarily indicate a physiological trade-off as relationships between Vmax and Ks had been interpreted. In some cases there was a strong positive correlation between Vmax and affinity.
3) Adopting affinity over Ks allows models to be more easily tuned and better reveals relationships between kinetic parameters,
1. El documento describe varios proyectos ambiciosos para estudiar el cerebro humano a través de enfoques interdisciplinarios como la neurociencia computacional, incluyendo los proyectos Blue Brain, Cajal Blue Brain y Human Brain Project.
2. Los proyectos buscan crear modelos funcionales del cerebro utilizando supercomputadoras para comprender mejor su funcionamiento a través de la ingeniería inversa.
3. El proyecto Blue Brain creó un modelo de la columna cortical en 2006, mientras que Cajal Blue Brain y Human Brain Project son inic
Siendo muy conservador en la cifra, es posible decir que más del 50% de las enfermedades tienen una causa psicosomática. Esto no quiere decir que los síntomas no sean reales, lo son y pueden tener efectos muy graves. Pero la causa de la presencia de esos síntomas radica en que la persona vive una situación de estrés emocional intenso, que dispara por parte del cerebro toda una respuesta de adaptación fisiológica cuyos resultados experimentamos como la enfermedad.
En esta práctica aprenderemos a encontrar los eventos estresantes y desactivarlos, haciendo lo mismo con las situaciones experimentadas a lo largo de nuestra vida que nos han programado a reaccionar con estrés en el momento actual.
Más información: http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/seminarios/details/2415
Los documentos presentan resúmenes de obras musicales como los Wesendonck Lieder de Wagner, la ópera Electra de Richard Strauss, la ópera Los Hugonotes de Meyerbeer, la canción de Marietta de la ópera La ciudad muerta de Korngold, el aria "Ombra mai fu" de la ópera Serse de Händel, y los arias "Da tempeste" y "Va tacito e nascosto" de la ópera Giulio Cesare de Händel. Se describen brevemente los contextos musicales y argumentales de cada obra.
El documento describe un viaje programado para el 17 de diciembre que incluye una visita guiada a la localidad de Colmenar de Oreja, con paradas en el Museo de Ulpiano Checa, la Plaza Mayor, el túnel del Zacatín, el Teatro Antonio Diéguez y la Iglesia de Santa María la Mayor, así como una visita a una bodega local. Por la tarde se realizará un paseo por el pueblo de Chinchón antes de regresar a Tres Cantos.
El documento presenta un taller literario sobre la historia de Madrid entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, que incluye sesiones presenciales sobre varios temas como la ilustración, el romanticismo, la arquitectura y artistas de la época como Goya. También incluye visitas guiadas por la ciudad para explorar lugares y obras literarias de esos períodos.
Lan\'s Presentation at the Ocean Sciences Meeting 2010Lanimal
First, I briefly review of selected recent studies which have improved our understanding of phytoplankton through the concept of optimality. Then, I present my most recent study of the combined effects of temperature and nutrient concentrations on the rates of nutrient uptake by phytoplankton. The point is that our assumptions about the fundamental dependencies affect our interpretation of the patterns observed in field experiments.
Conferencia de la Dra. Ana María Roa, Bióloga Molecular, sobre Epigenética, impartida en la Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos el 1 de marzo de 2013.
Más información en:
http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/448-conferencia-una-revision-de-los-conocimientos-fundamentales-de-la-biologia-de-la-celula-la-epigenetica
http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/865-conferencia-las-vacunas
Conferencia de D. Antonio Martín, Enfermero de Atención Primaria (Tres Cantos II) y Sociólogo, sobre la necesidad de adoptar una postura madura y lógica acerca de las vacunaciones.
Conferencia impartida el 12 de marzo de 2013 en la Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos.
Más información en:
Este documento presenta información sobre la historia y cultura de la ciudad de Logroño, capital de la región de La Rioja en España. Comienza describiendo el origen del nombre Logroño y brevemente resume los períodos prehistórico, romano y medieval de la ciudad. Luego proporciona más detalles sobre la historia de Logroño durante la Edad Moderna y Contemporánea, incluidos eventos como el asedio de 1521. También menciona algunos personajes ilustres asociados con Logroño como el filósofo y teólogo
Más información en:
http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/2433-conferencia-vida-y-obra-de-juan-luis-vives
Ponente: D. Andrés Acosta González, Doctor en Historia.
Tema: Conferencia sobre Juan Luis Vives, importante figura de la cultura española.
Fecha: 15 de enero de 2016
Lugar: Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos.
1. The document describes a study comparing two models - one using optimal uptake kinetics (SPONGE) and one using Michaelis-Menten kinetics - in simulating a multi-element ecosystem in an iron-enrichment experiment.
2. The SPONGE model allows phytoplankton to dynamically allocate their internal nutrients between uptake sites and enzymes in response to nutrient availability, while the Michaelis-Menten model uses fixed uptake parameters.
3. Both models were able to fit the in-patch data from the iron-enrichment experiment similarly well but the SPONGE model was better able to capture changes in nutrient uptake rates and ratios observed during the transition from iron-
Affinity: the meaningful trait-based alternative to the half-saturation constantLanimal
1) The document discusses two common equations used to model nutrient uptake rates: the affinity-based equation and the Michaelis-Menten/Monod equation.
2) While the equations appear different, they actually describe the same curve relationship between uptake rate and nutrient concentration.
3) The key difference is that the affinity-based equation defines competitive ability using the parameter "a", whereas the Michaelis-Menten equation uses the "Ks" parameter. However, "a" and "Ks" are mathematically related.
This document discusses an organization and its members. It mentions veterans, military members, and others working together towards a goal. The document expresses optimism and enthusiasm for cooperation between the group.
Affinity: the meaningful trait-based alternative to the obsolete obfuscation ...Lanimal
The document presents an argument that affinity is a superior metric to half-saturation constant (Ks) for describing nutrient uptake rates. It shows that affinity (a) and the Michaelis-Menten constant (Ks) are mathematically related through the maximum uptake rate (Vmax), and that using affinity removes trade-offs seen when using Ks. Plots of uptake rates using the affinity-based and Michaelis-Menten equations show that the affinity formulation is less sensitive to changes in Vmax, improving parameter tuning. Data transformed from a previous study to use affinity rather than Ks shows all data points falling on a straight line with no trade-off, in contrast to the original analysis. The document concludes K
Affinity: the meaningful trait-based alternative to the obsolete obfuscation ...Lanimal
1) The document presents an argument that affinity, represented by the variable "a", is a superior metric to the half-saturation constant "Ks" for modeling nutrient uptake kinetics in aquatic systems. Affinity separates the traits relevant for uptake at high versus low nutrient concentrations in a clearer way.
2) Analysis of multiple data sets shows relationships between maximum uptake rate (Vmax) and affinity, but these relationships do not necessarily indicate a physiological trade-off as relationships between Vmax and Ks had been interpreted. In some cases there was a strong positive correlation between Vmax and affinity.
3) Adopting affinity over Ks allows models to be more easily tuned and better reveals relationships between kinetic parameters,
1. El documento describe varios proyectos ambiciosos para estudiar el cerebro humano a través de enfoques interdisciplinarios como la neurociencia computacional, incluyendo los proyectos Blue Brain, Cajal Blue Brain y Human Brain Project.
2. Los proyectos buscan crear modelos funcionales del cerebro utilizando supercomputadoras para comprender mejor su funcionamiento a través de la ingeniería inversa.
3. El proyecto Blue Brain creó un modelo de la columna cortical en 2006, mientras que Cajal Blue Brain y Human Brain Project son inic
Siendo muy conservador en la cifra, es posible decir que más del 50% de las enfermedades tienen una causa psicosomática. Esto no quiere decir que los síntomas no sean reales, lo son y pueden tener efectos muy graves. Pero la causa de la presencia de esos síntomas radica en que la persona vive una situación de estrés emocional intenso, que dispara por parte del cerebro toda una respuesta de adaptación fisiológica cuyos resultados experimentamos como la enfermedad.
En esta práctica aprenderemos a encontrar los eventos estresantes y desactivarlos, haciendo lo mismo con las situaciones experimentadas a lo largo de nuestra vida que nos han programado a reaccionar con estrés en el momento actual.
Más información: http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/seminarios/details/2415
Los documentos presentan resúmenes de obras musicales como los Wesendonck Lieder de Wagner, la ópera Electra de Richard Strauss, la ópera Los Hugonotes de Meyerbeer, la canción de Marietta de la ópera La ciudad muerta de Korngold, el aria "Ombra mai fu" de la ópera Serse de Händel, y los arias "Da tempeste" y "Va tacito e nascosto" de la ópera Giulio Cesare de Händel. Se describen brevemente los contextos musicales y argumentales de cada obra.
El documento describe un viaje programado para el 17 de diciembre que incluye una visita guiada a la localidad de Colmenar de Oreja, con paradas en el Museo de Ulpiano Checa, la Plaza Mayor, el túnel del Zacatín, el Teatro Antonio Diéguez y la Iglesia de Santa María la Mayor, así como una visita a una bodega local. Por la tarde se realizará un paseo por el pueblo de Chinchón antes de regresar a Tres Cantos.
El documento presenta un taller literario sobre la historia de Madrid entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, que incluye sesiones presenciales sobre varios temas como la ilustración, el romanticismo, la arquitectura y artistas de la época como Goya. También incluye visitas guiadas por la ciudad para explorar lugares y obras literarias de esos períodos.
Lan\'s Presentation at the Ocean Sciences Meeting 2010Lanimal
First, I briefly review of selected recent studies which have improved our understanding of phytoplankton through the concept of optimality. Then, I present my most recent study of the combined effects of temperature and nutrient concentrations on the rates of nutrient uptake by phytoplankton. The point is that our assumptions about the fundamental dependencies affect our interpretation of the patterns observed in field experiments.
Conferencia de la Dra. Ana María Roa, Bióloga Molecular, sobre Epigenética, impartida en la Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos el 1 de marzo de 2013.
Más información en:
http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/448-conferencia-una-revision-de-los-conocimientos-fundamentales-de-la-biologia-de-la-celula-la-epigenetica
http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/865-conferencia-las-vacunas
Conferencia de D. Antonio Martín, Enfermero de Atención Primaria (Tres Cantos II) y Sociólogo, sobre la necesidad de adoptar una postura madura y lógica acerca de las vacunaciones.
Conferencia impartida el 12 de marzo de 2013 en la Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos.
Más información en:
Este documento presenta información sobre la historia y cultura de la ciudad de Logroño, capital de la región de La Rioja en España. Comienza describiendo el origen del nombre Logroño y brevemente resume los períodos prehistórico, romano y medieval de la ciudad. Luego proporciona más detalles sobre la historia de Logroño durante la Edad Moderna y Contemporánea, incluidos eventos como el asedio de 1521. También menciona algunos personajes ilustres asociados con Logroño como el filósofo y teólogo
Más información en:
http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/2433-conferencia-vida-y-obra-de-juan-luis-vives
Ponente: D. Andrés Acosta González, Doctor en Historia.
Tema: Conferencia sobre Juan Luis Vives, importante figura de la cultura española.
Fecha: 15 de enero de 2016
Lugar: Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos.
1. Ocean Sciences Meeting 2012 Salt Lake City
Optimality-based modeling of plankton
for use in Earth-system modeling
S. Lan Smith1, Markus Pahlow2,
Agostino Merico3, Kai W. Wirtz4, Andreas Oschlies2
1 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama
2 Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University (IFM-GEOMAR)
3 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen
4 Helmholtz Center for Materials & Coastal Research, Geesthacht
S. Lan Smith Feb. 23, 2012
2. Optimality-based models of plankton
Assumptions
Natural Selection produces optimally adapted organisms
Fitness = Growth Rate Goal-oriented
Considerable success over the past decade
Recent Developments:
models of optimal foraging & Primary Production
Major Challenge
Dynamic models consistent with Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS)
ESS formulated in terms of steady state (John Maynard Smith)
i.e., how to describe short-term dynamics, e.g., acclimation,
consistent with evolutionary adaptation of the very ability to acclimate.
from the review by Smith et al. (Limnology & Oceanography 56, 2011)
S. Lan Smith p. 2 Feb. 23, 2012
3. Acclimation vs. Adaptation
Acclimation
short-term changes
e.g., seasonal change of a dog’s coat of hair
Adaptation
long-term changes
evolution (genetic changes in a species)
species succession (changes in community composition)
The same approaches can be used to model both.
e.g., Wirtz and Eckhardt (Ecol. Mod., 1996), Merico et al. (Ecol. Mod., 2009)
S. Lan Smith p. 3 Feb. 23, 2012
4. Optimality at different levels of organization
Maximal net growth rate
Quantity Maximal specific growth rate
being
optimized
Maximal uptake rate
nutrients zooplankton light nutrient
N uptake uptake
uptake defense
N used N used
trade-off iron iron
for other for uptake
used for light used for N
harvesting assimilation enzymes sites
phytoplankton (max. rate) (affinity)
phytoplankton
Community dynamics, Autotrophic growth, Nutrient uptake,
e.g., grazers and phytoplankton e.g., iron-light-nitrogen e.g., Optimal Uptake
as in Merico et al. (2009) colimitation as in Armstrong (1999) as in Smith et al. (2009)
(Smith et al. L&O 2011, fig. 2)
S. Lan Smith p. 4 Feb. 23, 2012
5. Trade-offs as ‘Hyper-Parameterizations’
‘Hyper-Parameters’ in hierarchical Bayesian modeling
specify prior distributions of model parameters
(e.g., Gelman et al. Bayesian Data Analysis, 2nd edition, 2004)
Trade-offs specify how the shapes of functional relationships
may change, rather than fixing their shapes.
Optimal Uptake kinetics
Trade-off Adaptive Response
1.0
Uptake
0.8
Rate
0.6
0.4
Vmax
0.2
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
NO3 in incubation expts.
KNO3
0
log KNO3
-1
-2
n = 61 data pts.
-3
-2.5 -1.0 0.0
Smith et al. (MEPS 2009) log NO3 (in seawater)
S. Lan Smith p. 5 Feb. 23, 2012
6. Shape-shifting of the Growth vs. Irradiance curve
Optimal Resource Allocation Flexible Response
subject to Trade-offs
Max. Growth Rate
CO 2
C-uptake loss
Pigments Rubisco
CHLa Carot
fθ fR
POC PON Q0
Q
1-f θ-f R
Growth Rate
?
loss
N-uptake
DIN
Wirtz & Pahlow (MEPS 2010) Light
S. Lan Smith p. 6 Feb. 23, 2012
7. New interpretations from optimality-based modeling
1. Instead of ‘Inhibition of NO3 uptake by NH4‘
-> co-limitation by Fe, light and nitrogen (Armstrong L&O 1999)
2. Instead of either multiplicative models or Liebig’s Law of the min.
-> co-limitation by N, P and light (Pahlow & Oschlies MEPS 2009)
3. Instead of fixed Droop-type quota equation
-> saturating response from optimization (Wirtz & Pahlow MEPS 2010)
4. Instead of Q10 ~ 2 for phytoplankton
-> Q10 ~ 3 for N uptake inferred from field obs. (Smith JGR 2011)
These have implications for ecology & Earth-System Modeling.
S. Lan Smith p. 7 Feb. 23, 2012
8. T sensitivity for phytoplankton
Common view: Bacteria are more T sensitivity than Phytoplankton.
Q10 ~ 2 to 3 (Pomeroy and Wiebe. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2001)
OU kinetics applied to field obs. implies: Q10 ~ 3 for nutrient uptake
(Smith. GRL 2010, JGR 2011), rather than Q10 ~ 2 (Eppley. 1972).
Standard Assumption: Degradation has greater T sensitivity than Production
CO2 CO2
Inorganic C Organic C Inorganic C Organic C
warming Less Uptake &
sinking & export Less Export sinking & export
However, if Production has the same T sensitivity as Degradation
CO2 CO2
Inorganic C Organic C Inorganic C Organic C
No Net Effect on
warming
sinking & export Uptake or Export sinking & export
S. Lan Smith p. 8 Feb. 23, 2012
9. Differences between species: Large-scale patterns of dominance
Litchman et al. (Ecology Letters 10, 2007)
“These trade-offs, arising from fundamental relations such as cellular scaling
laws and enzyme kinetics, define contrasting ecological strategies ... [which] can
explain the distribution patterns of major functional groups and size classes
along nutrient availability gradients.”
Applications in 3-D models (Follows et al. Science, 2007) & the MIT group.
Monteiro et al. (GBC, 2011)
‘environment selects’ for N2 fixers
But how to model more
detailed (finely resolved)
& realistic biodiversity?
& account for the
adaptive capacity of each
species?
S. Lan Smith p. 9 Feb. 23, 2012
10. ‘adaptive dynamics’: modelling how fast traits change
Trait x should change in proportion to its effect on fitness, F:
dx = d ∂F(x,E) Also allows modeling
x
dt ∂x the dist. of x, without
discretely resoving it.
dx: flexibility ~ diversity (trait distribution)
E: Environment (light, temperature, etc.)
For plankton F = Growth; dx/dt depends on E (Smith et al. L&O, 2011)
Acclimation Rates depend on:
1. possible range of trait values (adaptive capacity),
2. environmental variability
3. current distribution of trait values
Remaining Challenge: modelled diversity tends to collapse
immigration required to maintain diversity (Bruggeman & Kooijman L&O 2007)
‘Adaptive Dynamics’: evolutionary changes
McGill and Brown (An. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2007), Litchman et al. (PNAS 2009)
‘adaptive dynamics’: species succession, communities
Wirtz & Eckhardt (Ecol. Modell. 1996), Wirtz (J. Biotech. 2002), Abrams (J. Evol. Biol. 2005)
S. Lan Smith p. 10 Feb. 23, 2012
11. Different Postulates about the Nature of Life
1. Life is tough and flexible vs. 2. Life is fragile and inflexible
because organisms and so that any change in
species had to be so environmental conditions
in order to survive might cause Scary Disasters!
throughout billions of despite the fact that life
years of evolution (for evolved experiencing changes
bacteria & plankton). in climate & geography.
Pro: Pro:
Basis for more general understanding May identify real threats & risks.
New interpretations of obs. Many opportunities for
sensational papers (e.g., in Nature),
Con: which advance scientists’ careers.
Risk: may over-estimate the Con:
‘Adaptive Capacity of Life’,
which does have limits; Risk: loss of credibility,
i.e., may miss some real threats. if predicted Disasters do not occur.
Humans have driven some No basis for understanding or
species extinct. modeling ‘Adaptive Capacity of Life’.
S. Lan Smith p. 11 Feb. 23, 2012
12. Conclusions
Life is tough and flexible, to a non-neglible extent.
Earth-System Models should account for ‘Adaptive Capacity of Life’.
Optimality-based models are one means to do this
using trade-offs as ‘Hyper-Parameterizations’
to constrain adaptive responses.
We need observations to keep this realistic.
S. Lan Smith p. 12 Feb. 23, 2012